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Al-Shawafi A, Zhu H, Haruna SI, Ibrahim YE, Yang J, Borito SM. Experimental Study of a Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogel in an Alkali Environment and Its Effects on the Mechanical and Shrinkage Properties of Cement Mortars. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1158. [PMID: 38675077 PMCID: PMC11054658 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As internal curing self-healing agents in concrete repair, the basic properties of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), such as water absorption and release properties, are generally affected by several factors, including temperature and humidity solution properties and SAP particle size, which regulate the curing effect and the durability of cementitious composites. This study aimed to investigate the water retention capacities of SAPs in an alkaline environment over extended periods by incorporating liquid sodium silicate (SS) into SAP-water mixtures and examining the influence of temperature. The influence of SAP particle size on mortar's water absorption capacity and mechanical behavior was investigated. Two mixing techniques for SAPs (dry and pre-wetting) were employed to assess the influence of SAP on cement mortars' slump, mechanical properties, and cracking resistance. Four types of SAPs (SAP-a, SAP-b, SAP-c, and SAP-d), based on the molecular chains and particle size, were mixed with SS to study their water absorption over 30 days. The results showed that SAPs exhibit rapid water absorption within the first 30 min, exceeding 85% before reaching a saturation point, and the chemical and temperature variations in the water significantly affected water absorption and desorption. The filtration results revealed that SAP-d exhibited the slowest water release rate, retaining water for considerably longer than the other three types of SAPs. The mechanical properties of SAP mortar were reduced due to the addition of an SAP and the improved cracking resistance of the cement mortars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Shawafi
- School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (A.A.-S.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Han Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (A.A.-S.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.B.)
- Engineering Management Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sadi Ibrahim Haruna
- Engineering Management Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasser E. Ibrahim
- Engineering Management Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (A.A.-S.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Said Mirgan Borito
- School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (A.A.-S.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.B.)
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Hafidi Y, El Hatka H, Schmitz D, Krauss M, Pettrak J, Biel M, Ittobane N. Sustainable Soil Additives for Water and Micronutrient Supply: Swelling and Chelating Properties of Polyaspartic Acid Hydrogels Utilizing Newly Developed Crosslinkers. Gels 2024; 10:170. [PMID: 38534588 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drought and water shortage are serious problems in many arid and semi-arid regions. This problem is getting worse and even continues in temperate climatic regions due to climate change. To address this problem, the use of biodegradable hydrogels is increasingly important for the application as water-retaining additives in soil. Furthermore, efficient (micro-)nutrient supply can be provided by the use of tailored hydrogels. Biodegradable polyaspartic acid (PASP) hydrogels with different available (1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HMD) and L-lysine (LYS)) and newly developed crosslinkers based on diesters of glycine (GLY) and (di-)ethylene glycol (DEG and EG, respectively) were synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and regarding their swelling properties (kinetic, absorbency under load (AUL)) as well as biodegradability of PASP hydrogel. Copper (II) and zinc (II), respectively, were loaded as micronutrients in two different approaches: in situ with crosslinking and subsequent loading of prepared hydrogels. The results showed successful syntheses of di-glycine-ester-based crosslinkers. Hydrogels with good water-absorbing properties were formed. Moreover, the developed crosslinking agents in combination with the specific reaction conditions resulted in higher water absorbency with increased crosslinker content used in synthesis (10% vs. 20%). The prepared hydrogels are candidates for water-storing soil additives due to the biodegradability of PASP, which is shown in an exemple. The incorporation of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions can provide these micronutrients for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Hafidi
- Molecular Chemistry and Organic Materials Team (CMMO), Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Hicham El Hatka
- Molecular Chemistry and Organic Materials Team (CMMO), Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Dominik Schmitz
- IAP-Institute for Applied Polymer Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Manuel Krauss
- Research Institute of Water Management and Climate Future at RWTH Aachen University e.V., 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pettrak
- IAP-Institute for Applied Polymer Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Biel
- IAP-Institute for Applied Polymer Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Najim Ittobane
- Molecular Chemistry and Organic Materials Team (CMMO), Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50050, Morocco
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3
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Yang Y, Liang Z, Zhang R, Zhou S, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yin H, Yu D. Research Advances in Superabsorbent Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:501. [PMID: 38399879 PMCID: PMC10892691 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers are new functional polymeric materials that can absorb and retain liquids thousands of times their masses. This paper reviews the synthesis and modification methods of different superabsorbent polymers, summarizes the processing methods for different forms of superabsorbent polymers, and organizes the applications and research progress of superabsorbent polymers in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical industries. Synthetic polymers like polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinyl alcohol exhibit superior water absorption properties compared to natural polymers such as cellulose, chitosan, and starch, but they also do not degrade easily. Consequently, it is often necessary to modify synthetic polymers or graft superabsorbent functional groups onto natural polymers, and then crosslink them to balance the properties of material. Compared to the widely used superabsorbent nanoparticles, research on superabsorbent fibers and gels is on the rise, and they are particularly notable in biomedical fields like drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dengguang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
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4
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Zhang W, Cui K, Chen X, Ran Q, Wang Z. One Novel Hybrid Flexible Piezoresistive/Piezoelectric Double-Mode Sensor Design for Water Leakage Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:1439-1450. [PMID: 38155411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Water leakage is a significant issue in infrastructure, such as submarine tunnels, which can lead to major disasters and property losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a water leakage detection sensor with simple preparation process, low cost, and small limitation of applicable location. In this study, a novel hybrid flexible piezoresistive/piezoelectric double-mode sensor with a sandpaper negative microstructure is proposed. A unique dual-path perception structure is designed that can simultaneously and independently detect two signals of water leakage frequency and water leakage volume. The piezoresistive layer is formed by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which is molded by sandpaper molding. By sensing the deformation caused by the swelling of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), the water leakage volume can be detected as low as 0.5 mL. The piezoelectric layer is a polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer (PVDF-TrFE) film prepared by the spin-coating method, and the water leakage frequency (0.5-4 Hz) is detected by direct contact with water droplets. This work also studied the performance of the double-mode sensor under low temperature and seawater leakage conditions and further verified its reliability in different environments. The design of the new hybrid flexible piezoresistive/piezoelectric double-mode sensor provides a new possibility for water leakage monitoring, such as in submarine tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key lab. of Construction Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Kewen Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key lab. of Construction Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Qianping Ran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key lab. of Construction Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Zengmei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key lab. of Construction Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
- School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
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Nduka DO, Olawuyi BJ, Cantero B, González-Fonteboa B. Assessment of Water Transport and Chemical Attack of Meta-Illite Calcined Clay Blended Cement in High-Performance Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7149. [PMID: 38005079 PMCID: PMC10672139 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanisation causes a rise in the need for infrastructure, which in turn fuels the creation of additional concrete and further increases cement supplies. Activation of illite-based clay mineral and usage in concrete production is one of the sustainable ways to address the cement industry anthropogenic issues. This study evaluates the durability properties of water transport (water absorption, and capillary water absorption), and resistance to aggressive environments (5% solutions of hydrochloric acid, HCl; sodium sulphate, Na2SO4; and calcium chloride, CaCl2) of meta-illite calcined clay (MCC)-based high-performance concrete (HPC). For this purpose, concrete was produced with 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% MCC content in partial substitution of CEM II. Results from the water absorption tests indicate an average percentage value of 3.57%, 3.35% and 2.52% for all the observed mixes at 28, 56 and 90 days, respectively, with MCCC-10 HPC having an average best value of 2.23% across the curing ages. On all observed days, the 5 to 15% cement replacements had very close average water sorptivity value of 0.125 ± 0.001 mm/min0.5 with the control mix (0.113 ± 0.011 mm/min0.5). The aggressive environments exposure findings of the hardened MCC-based HPC specimens of 10 to 20% recorded an approximately 15% compressive strength loss in HCl, Na2SO4 and CaCl2 solutions over the 90 days of curing. In all, the HPC mixes of 5 to 15% MCC content obtained an average durability performance factor of 89%. As a result, these findings imply that MCC can replace cement in up to 15% of HPC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Nduka
- Department of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota 12212, Ogun State, Nigeria;
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universidade da Coruña, 15179 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Babatunde J. Olawuyi
- Department of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota 12212, Ogun State, Nigeria;
- Department of Building, School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna 92010, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Blas Cantero
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universidade da Coruña, 15179 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Belén González-Fonteboa
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universidade da Coruña, 15179 A Coruña, Spain;
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Jamnam S, Sua-Iam G, Maho B, Pianfuengfoo S, Sappakittipakorn M, Zhang H, Limkatanyu S, Sukontasukkul P. Use of Cement Mortar Incorporating Superabsorbent Polymer as a Passive Fire-Protective Layer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501660 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Concrete structures, when exposed to fire or high temperatures for a certain time, could suffer partial damage or complete structural failure. Passive fire-protective coating materials are an alternative way to prevent or delay damage to concrete structures resulting from fire. Superabsorbent polymer (SP) is a synthetic material known for its ability to absorb and retain a large volume of water within itself. With this unique property, the SP exhibits great potential for use as a passive fire protection material. Although several studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of SP as a surface coating material for fire protection, very few have been investigated on the potential use of SP mixed with mortar as a passive fire-protective layer. The objective of this study is to introduce the use of SP in plastering mortar as a fire-protective layer for concrete subjected to temperatures up to 800 °C. This study is divided into two parts: (1) investigating the properties of cement mortar mixed with SP at 0.5% (CONC/SP-0.5) and 1.0% (CONC/SP-1.0) by weight of cement, and (2) investigating the potential use of SP mortar as a plastering layer for concrete subject to high temperatures. The experimental results showed that the density and compressive strength of SP mortar decreases with increasing SP dosages. From the heat exposure results, SP mortar exhibited lower strength loss due to the ability to mitigate moisture through its interconnected pore system. As for the use of SP mortar as a plastering layer, the results demonstrated the concrete specimen plastered with SP mortar had a lower temperature at the interface and core than that plastered with plain mortar. This led to a reduced strength loss of 20.5% for CONC/SP-0.5 and 17.2% for CONC/SP-1.0.
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Krasnopeeva EL, Panova GG, Yakimansky AV. Agricultural Applications of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315134. [PMID: 36499461 PMCID: PMC9738811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents data from the past five years on the use of polymeric superabsorbent hydrogels in agriculture as water and nutrient storage and retention materials, as well as additives that improve soil properties. The use of synthetic and natural polymeric hydrogels for these purposes is considered. Although natural polymers, such as various polysaccharides, have undoubted advantages related to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cost, they are inferior to synthetic polymers in terms of water absorption and water retention properties. In this regard, the most promising are semi-synthetic polymeric superabsorbents based on natural polymers modified with additives or grafted chains of synthetic polymers, which can combine the advantages of natural and synthetic polymeric hydrogels without their disadvantages. Such semi-synthetic polymers are of great interest for agricultural applications, especially in dry regions, also because they can be used to create systems for the slow release of nutrients into the soil, which are necessary to increase crop yields using environmentally friendly technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L. Krasnopeeva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Gaiane G. Panova
- Agrophysical Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 195220, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Yakimansky
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Gubišová M, Hudcovicová M, Matušinský P, Ondreičková K, Klčová L, Gubiš J. Superabsorbent Polymer Seed Coating Reduces Leaching of Fungicide but Does Not Alter Their Effectiveness in Suppressing Pathogen Infestation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:76. [PMID: 35012099 PMCID: PMC8747295 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) applied to soil have been recognized as water reservoirs that allow plants to cope with periods of drought. Their application as a seed coat makes water available directly to the seeds during their germination and early growth phase, but on the other hand, it can affect the efficiency of plant protection substances used in seed dressing. In our experiments, we evaluated the effect of seed coating with SAP on fungicide leaching and changes in their effectiveness in suppressing Fusarium culmorum infestation. Leaching of fungicide from wheat seeds coated with SAP after fungicide dressing, as measured by the inhibition test of mycelium growth under in vitro conditions, was reduced by 14.2-15.8% compared to seeds without SAP coating. Germination of maize seeds and growth of juvenile plants in artificially infected soil did not differ significantly between seeds dressed with fungicide alone and seeds treated with SAP and fungicide. In addition, plants from the seeds coated with SAP alone grew significantly better compared to untreated seeds. Real-time PCR also confirmed this trend by measuring the amount of pathogen DNA in plant tissue. Winter wheat was less tolerant to F. culmorum infection and without fungicide dressing, the seeds were unable to germinate under strong pathogen attack. In the case of milder infection, similar results were observed as in the case of maize seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Gubišová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piestany, Slovakia; (M.G.); (M.H.); (L.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Martina Hudcovicová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piestany, Slovakia; (M.G.); (M.H.); (L.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Pavel Matušinský
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; or
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787, 767 01 Kromeriz, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Ondreičková
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piestany, Slovakia; (M.G.); (M.H.); (L.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Lenka Klčová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piestany, Slovakia; (M.G.); (M.H.); (L.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Jozef Gubiš
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piestany, Slovakia; (M.G.); (M.H.); (L.K.); (J.G.)
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Yang M, Wu J, Graham GM, Lin J, Huang M. Hotspots, Frontiers, and Emerging Trends of Superabsorbent Polymer Research: A Comprehensive Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:688127. [PMID: 34395377 PMCID: PMC8358602 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.688127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is a kind of functional macromolecule with super-high water absorption and retention properties, which attracts extensive research and has wide application, especially in the areas of hygiene and agriculture. With reference to the Web of Science database, the SAP research literature from 2000 to 2019 is reviewed both quantitatively and qualitatively. By examining research hotspots, top research clusters, the most influential works, the representative frontier literature, and key emerging research trends, a visual panorama of the continuously and significantly increasing SAP research over the past 2 decades was presented, and issues behind the sharp increase in the literature were discovered. The findings are as follows. The top ten keywords/hotspots headed by hydrogel highlight the academic attention on SAP properties and composites. The top ten research themes headed by clay-based composites which boast the longest duration and the strongest impact have revealed the academic preference for application rather than theoretical study. Academically influential scholars and research studies have been acknowledged, and the Wu group was at the forefront of the research; however, more statistically significant works have been less detected in the last 10 years despite the sharper increase in publications. Hydrogel, internal curing, and aerogel are both current advances and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Yang
- College of Foreign Languages, International School, Huaqiao Univ., Quanzhou, China
| | - Jihuai Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Geoffrey M. Graham
- College of Foreign Languages, International School, Huaqiao Univ., Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Lin
- Engineering Research Centre of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Miaoliang Huang
- Engineering Research Centre of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
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Kalinowski M, Woyciechowski P. Chloride Diffusion in Concrete Modified with Polyacrylic Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) Hydrogel-The Influence of the Water-to-Cement Ratio and SAP-Entrained Water. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14154064. [PMID: 34361258 PMCID: PMC8347897 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the influence of polyacrylic superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the properties concerning chloride diffusion in cementitious materials. The conducted study investigated the influence of SAP on chloride diffusion in concretes of the initial w/c = 0.4 (for which the changes in compressive strength due to the SAP presence were negligible). The impact on the diffusivity of concrete of several variables was analyzed: the material characteristics of SAP, additional water added to the concrete to make up for the amount of water stored in the SAP structure, and the method of SAP dosing to the mix (either in a non-saturated form or in a hydrogel form). We found that, in the case of modifying concrete with polyacrylic SAP of a median particle size in dry conditions of 330 µm and without additional water, the coefficient of chloride ion diffusion was reduced to 65% of the reference value. The negative influence (increase) of increasing w/ctot by the amount of water initially entrained by SAP on the chloride diffusivity of concrete was identified. The conducted study indicates the premise of the mechanism of the water release from SAP in cementitious composites.
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11
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Pačuta V, Rašovský M, Michalska-Klimczak B, Wyszyňski Z. Impact of Superabsorbent Polymers and Variety on Yield, Quality and Physiological Parameters of the Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris prov. Altissima Doell). Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:757. [PMID: 33924309 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we focus on the mitigation of the negative impact of drought using the application of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) to seed. One way to monitor drought and quantify its impact on crops in field conditions is the nondestructive measurement of physiological processes of the crops using spectral indexes LAI and PRI during vegetation. Therefore, during 2018 and 2019, the increase in biomass and intensity of photosynthetic activity was monitored, and the effect of the SAPs application on the yield parameters of the sugar beet was evaluated in the trial conditions (control, SAPs) at the end of the vegetation period. Through statistical analysis, the significant impact (α ≤ 0.01) of SAPs application on the values of spectral indexes LAI and PRI as well as root and white sugar yields was found. Although the sugar content difference between SAPs and control conditions was not statistically significant, SAPs had a positive influence on the value of this parameter. It was found through periodic monitoring of spectral indexes during the growing period that the crop in the SAPs condition showed higher values of PRI at the beginning of vegetation, which was caused by the accumulation of moisture in the vicinity of the seed and subsequent faster growth of roots and photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, the values of LAI were significantly higher (α ≤ 0.01) in the SAPs condition throughout the vegetation period. In the interaction evaluation, we confirmed that in both years the values of LAI were higher in the condition with SAPs compared with the control. In contrast, the PRI values were significantly different across conditions. The interaction of conditions with variety showed that the variety Brian obtained higher values of LAI and PRI in the SAPs condition. The correlation analysis found a positive correlation between spectral indexes LAI:PRI (r = 0.6184**), and between LAI:RY (r = 0.6715**), LAI:WSY (r = 0.5760**), and PRI:RY (r = 0.5038*), which confirms the close relationship between physiological processes in the plant and the size of its yield.
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12
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Lefever G, Snoeck D, De Belie N, Van Hemelrijck D, Aggelis DG. Elastic Wave Monitoring of Cementitious Mixtures Including Internal Curing Mechanisms. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21072463. [PMID: 33918247 PMCID: PMC8037980 DOI: 10.3390/s21072463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mitigation of autogenous shrinkage in cementitious materials by internal curing has been widely studied. By the inclusion of water reservoirs, in form of saturated lightweight aggregates or superabsorbent polymers, additional water is provided to the hydrating matrix. The onset of water release is of high importance and determines the efficiency of the internal curing mechanism. However, the monitoring of it poses problems as it is a process that takes place in the microstructure. Using acoustic emission (AE) sensors, the internal curing process is monitored, revealing its initiation and intensity, as well as the duration. In addition, AE is able to capture the water evaporation from saturated specimens. By ultrasonic testing, differences in the hydration kinetics are observed imposed by the different methods of internal curing. The results presented in this paper show the sensitivity of combined AE and ultrasound experiments to various fundamental mechanisms taking place inside cementitious materials and demonstrate the ability of acoustic emission to evaluate internal curing in a non-destructive and easily implementable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Lefever
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.S.); (D.V.H.); (D.G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-629-29-27
| | - Didier Snoeck
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.S.); (D.V.H.); (D.G.A.)
- Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Nele De Belie
- Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Danny Van Hemelrijck
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.S.); (D.V.H.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Dimitrios G. Aggelis
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.S.); (D.V.H.); (D.G.A.)
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13
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Yeon JH. Restrained Stress Development in Hardening Mortar Internally Cured with Superabsorbent Polymers under Autogenous and Drying Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060979. [PMID: 33806826 PMCID: PMC8004907 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the results of a series of experiments, particularly paying attention to the early-age behavior and response of hardening mortars incorporating different types and contents of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) under autogenous (sealed) and drying shrinkage (unsealed) conditions. To achieve this primary aim, the effects of SAP type (i.e., cross-linking density and grain size) and content on the internal relative humidity (IRH) changes and corresponding free shrinkage behavior, restrained stress development, and cracking potential of the mortar were extensively measured and analyzed, along with their strength and set time properties. The results of this study have shown that the internal curing (IC) via SAP effectively counteracted the early-age residual stress build-up due to autogenous shrinkage, as many other former studies described. No or little tensile residual stresses due to autogenous shrinkage took place when more than 0.4% SAP was added, regardless of the SAP type. However, it should be mentioned that the addition of SAP, irrespective of its content and type, hardly improved the shrinkage cracking resistance of the mortar when directly exposed to drying environment at early ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Heum Yeon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
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14
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Misiewicz J, Głogowski A, Lejcuś K, Marczak D. The Characteristics of Swelling Pressure for Superabsorbent Polymer and Soil Mixtures. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E5071. [PMID: 33182827 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are used in agriculture and environmental engineering to increase soil water retention. Under such conditions, the swelling pressure of the SAP in soil affects water absorption by SAP, and soil structure. The paper presents the results of swelling pressure of three cross-linked copolymers of acrylamide and potassium acrylate mixed at the ratios of 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% with coarse sand and loamy sand. The highest values of swelling pressure were obtained for the 1% proportion, for coarse sand (79.53 kPa) and loamy sand (78.23 kPa). The time required to reach 90% of swelling pressure for each type of SAP differs. Samples of coarse sand mixed with SAP K2 in all concentrations reached 90% of total swelling pressure in 100 min, while the loamy sand mixtures needed only about 60 min. The results were the basis for developing a model for swelling pressure of the superabsorbent and soil mixtures, which is a fully stochastic model. The conducted research demonstrated that the course of pressure increase depends on the available pore capacity and the grain size distribution of SAPs. The obtained results and the proposed model may be applied everywhere where mixtures of SAPs and soils are used to improve plant vegetation conditions.
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15
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He Q, Peng H, Sheng M, Hu S, Qiu J, Gu J. Humidity Control Strategies for Solid-State Fermentation: Capillary Water Supply by Water-Retention Materials and Negative-Pressure Auto-controlled Irrigation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:263. [PMID: 31681743 PMCID: PMC6812397 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has regained interest owing to its advantages in solid waste treatment and fermentation industries. However, heterogeneous heat and mass transfer are often caused by the absence of free water and noticeable water loss from microbial utilization and moisture evaporation in SSF. It is necessary to explore more effective ways to solve issues of water loss and water supplement in SSF based on online capillary water monitoring, because capillary water is the dominant form of water that is present and lost in substrate. Two novel capillary-water supply strategies were proposed, established and evaluated using three selected reference strains, including water-retention materials and negative-pressure auto-controlled irrigation (NPACI). This study employed superabsorbent polymer, a kind of water-retention material to enhance enzyme productivity with the most significant increase of 2.47 times. Moreover, the combination of NPACI and 0.1% superabsorbent polymers increased productivity by 2.80-fold, together with lowered gradients of temperature, moisture and products. Furthermore, a modified liquid-supply SSF was constructed through successful capillary water control by proposed humidity control strategies. This modified SSF system could address the shortcomings of inhomogeneous culture of traditional SSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huadong Peng
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mengyao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shishan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Nantong Lianhai Weijing Biology Co., Ltd., Haimen, China
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Abstract
A hydrogel is a polymeric three-dimensional network structure. The applications of this material type are diversified over a broad range of fields. Their soft nature and similarity to natural tissue allows for their use in tissue engineering, medical devices, agriculture, and industrial health products. However, as the demand for such materials increases, the need to understand the material mechanics is paramount across all fields. As a result, many attempts to numerically model the swelling and drying of chemically responsive hydrogels have been published. Material characterization of the mechanical properties of a gel bead under osmotic loading is difficult. As a result, much of the literature has implemented variants of swelling theories. Therefore, this article focuses on reviewing the current literature and outlining the numerical models of swelling hydrogels as a result of exposure to chemical stimuli. Furthermore, the experimental techniques attempting to quantify bulk gel mechanics are summarized. Finally, an overview on the mechanisms governing the formation of geometric surface instabilities during transient swelling of soft materials is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eanna Fennell
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jacques M Huyghe
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Eindhoven, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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17
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Tenório Filho JR, Pereira Gomes de Araújo MA, Snoeck D, De Belie N. Discussing Different Approaches for the Time-Zero as Start for Autogenous Shrinkage in Cement Pastes Containing Superabsorbent Polymers. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12182962. [PMID: 31547313 PMCID: PMC6766250 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have already been published concerning autogenous shrinkage in cementitious materials. Still, no consensus can be found in the literature regarding the determination of the time-zero to initiate the recording of autogenous shrinkage. With internal curing agents, a correct evaluation of their efficiency depends on an appropriate choice of the time-zero. This study investigates different approaches to estimate the time-zero for cement paste mixtures with and without superabsorbent polymers as internal curing agents. The initial and final setting times were determined by an electronic Vicat and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements (UPV); the transition point between the fluid and solid state was determined from the autogenous strain curve; the development of the capillary pressure was also studied. The choice of time-zero before the transition point led to higher values of shrinkage strain that should not be taken into account for autogenous shrinkage. A negligible difference was found between the strains when the final setting time and the transition point were taken as time-zero. Considering the artefacts and practical issues involving the different methods, the use of the transition point from the autogenous strain curve is the most suitable technique for determining the time-zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Tenório Filho
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- SIM vzw, Technologiepark 48, Zwijnaarde, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Maria Adelaide Pereira Gomes de Araújo
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Didier Snoeck
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nele De Belie
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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18
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Ji Y, Sun Z, Chen C, Pel L, Barakat A. Setting Characteristics, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cement Pastes Containing Accelerators Mixed with Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs): An NMR Study Combined with Additional Methods. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12020315. [PMID: 30669526 PMCID: PMC6356829 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the setting property and mechanical strength of cement pastes containing accelerators (CPCA) with or without superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were first studied. The early microstructure evolution and water distribution at 7 and 28 days were probed by 1D (T₂) and 2D (T₁-T₂ maps) H¹ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry, and the microstructure was systematically investigated by using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), back-scattered electron (BSE) image and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Results showed that the SAPs in the cement paste containing accelerators had various influences on setting time and compressive strength depending on the type of accelerators. The presence of SAPs in the cement paste containing alkaline free accelerators could alleviate the decrease of internal relative humidity, promote hydration and help to modify the pore structure. Moreover, it was observed that the SAP cavities could be nicely filled with calcium hydroxide (CH) in the cement paste with alkaline free accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Transport in Permeable Media, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Zhenping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Leo Pel
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Transport in Permeable Media, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Ahmed Barakat
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Transport in Permeable Media, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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19
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Urgessa G, Choi KB, Yeon JH. Internal Relative Humidity, Autogenous Shrinkage, and Strength of Cement Mortar Modified with Superabsorbent Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1074. [PMID: 30960999 PMCID: PMC6403663 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory evaluations were performed to investigate the effect of internal curing (IC) by superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the internal relative humidity (IRH), autogenous shrinkage, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and strength characteristics of low water-cement ratio (w/c) mortars. Four types of SAP with different cross-linking densities and particle sizes were used. Test results showed that the SAP inclusion effectively mitigated the IRH drops due to self-desiccation and corresponding autogenous shrinkage, and the IC effectiveness tended to increase with an increased SAP dosage. The greater the cross-linking density and particle size of SAP, the less the IRH drop and autogenous shrinkage. The trend of autogenous shrinkage developments was in good agreement with that of IRH changes, with nearly linear relationships between them. Both immediate deformation (ID)-based and full response-based CTEs were rarely affected by SAP inclusions. There were no substantial losses in compressive and flexural strengths of SAP-modified mortar compared to reference plain mortar. The findings revealed that SAPs can be effectively used to reduce the shrinkage cracking potential of low w/c cement-based materials at early ages, without compromising mechanical and thermal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girum Urgessa
- Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Ki-Bong Choi
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Jung Heum Yeon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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20
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Woyciechowski PP, Kalinowski M. The Influence of Dosing Method and Material Characteristics of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) on the Effectiveness of the Concrete Internal Curing. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1600. [PMID: 30177666 PMCID: PMC6164015 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the influence of dosing method and material characteristic of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) used for internal curing, on the selected concrete properties. A new method of introducing SAP into the concrete mix and its impact on the shrinkage and compressive strength of concrete was studied. It was shown that the method of dosing SAP to the concrete mix and the differences in the properties of the tested SAPs have a significant impact on the course of changes of selected properties of the tested concrete composites. In order to compare tested series with each other and with other published results on the subject, a new method of including SAP mass content in the concrete mix, as a percentage of absorbed mixing water, was presented. The effectiveness of internal curing using different types of SAP under different dosing methods was presented as a percentage difference in tested concrete properties between modified series and reference series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr P Woyciechowski
- Department of Building Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kalinowski
- Department of Building Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Chi M, Liu C, Shen J, Dong Z, Yang Z, Wang L. Antibacterial Superabsorbent Polymers from Tara Gum Grafted Poly(Acrylic acid) Embedded Silver Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10090945. [PMID: 30960870 PMCID: PMC6404042 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tara gum/silver composite superabsorbent polymers were synthesized with tara gum grafted poly(acrylic acid), using K2S2O8 (KPS) as an initiator and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linker. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the silver ions were partially reduced to Ag0 and the amorphous nanoparticles containing Ag0 and Ag2O were around 10~50 nm in size The tara gum/silver composite superabsorbent polymers exhibited an interconnected porous structure with strong water absorption capacity. The swelling ratio of each product could reach 473 g/g in distilled water and 62 g/g in 0.9% NaCl solution. The antimicrobial activity of the samples against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli increased with the addition of AgNO3 from 0 to 125 mg. This work indicates that the developed tara gum/silver composite superabsorbent polymers can be potentially used for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Chi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhehai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Research Center of Wood Bionic Intelligent Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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22
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Lee J, Park S, Roh HG, Oh S, Kim S, Kim M, Kim D, Park J. Preparation and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymers Based on Starch Aldehydes and Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060605. [PMID: 30966639 PMCID: PMC6404157 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are crosslinked hydrophilic polymers that are capable of absorbing large amounts of water. Commercial SAPs are mostly produced with acrylic acid that cannot be easily biodegraded. Therefore, in this study, polysaccharide-based SAPs using carboxymethyl cellulose as a major component were prepared. Starch aldehydes and citric acid were selected due to their environment-friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradable properties compared to conventional crosslinking agents. Starch aldehydes were prepared by periodate oxidation, which forms aldehyde groups by taking the places of C–OH groups at C-2 and C-3. Furthermore, starch aldehydes were analyzed through the change in FT-IR spectra, the aldehyde quantitation, and the morphology in FE-SEM images. In the crosslinking of polysaccharide-based SAPs, the acetal bridges from starch aldehydes led to a large amount of water entering the network structure of the SAPs. However, the ester bridges from citric acid interfered with the water penetration. In addition, the swelling behavior of the SAPs was analyzed by the Fickian diffusion model and the Schott’s pseudo second order kinetics model. The relationship between swelling behavior and morphology of the SAPs was analyzed by FE-SEM images. In conclusion, polysaccharide-based SAPs were well prepared and the highest equilibrium swelling ratio was 87.0 g/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Soohee Park
- LOTTE Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., 19, Yeocheon-ro 217 beon-gil, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44714, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Gyoo Roh
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Seungtaek Oh
- HYOSUNG CORPORATION, R&D Business Labs, 74, Simin-daero, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14080, Korea.
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Myounguk Kim
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Ceramic Fiber & Composite Center, Jinju 52851, Korea.
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence Human and Culture Convergence R&D Group, 143, Hanggaulro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Jongshin Park
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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23
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Tao J, Zhang W, Liang L, Lei Z. Effects of eco-friendly carbohydrate-based superabsorbent polymers on seed germination and seedling growth of maize. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:171184. [PMID: 29515838 PMCID: PMC5830727 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and semi-arid areas. Nowadays, lack of water and desertification are extreme problems for plant survival and growth in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world. It becomes increasingly important as to how to let the plant absorb moisture more effectively for keeping growth strong. We synthesized superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) with carbohydrate and characterized them by Fourier transform infrared spectra analyses, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Then, a completely randomized experiment was conducted to assess the effect of carbohydrate-based SAPs on seed germination and seedling growth of maize in an artificial climate chest. The results showed that adding an appropriate amount of SAPs could improve root length, shoot length, total biomass, germination potential and germination rate. It indicates that this SAP is not toxic to plants and can promote seed germination, and at the same time provides a possibility of replacing other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Authors for correspondence: Wenxu Zhang e-mail:
| | | | - Ziqiang Lei
- Authors for correspondence: Ziqiang Lei e-mail:
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24
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Yun KK, Kim KK, Choi W, Yeon JH. Hygral Behavior of Superabsorbent Polymers with Various Particle Sizes and Cross-Linking Densities. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110600. [PMID: 30965900 PMCID: PMC6418620 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on investigating the effects of particle size and cross-linking density on the hygral behavior of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), which are increasingly used as an internal curing material for high-performance concrete. Four SAPs with different mean particle diameters and cross-linking densities were tested under controlled wetting and drying conditions to measure free absorption and desorption kinetics. Absorption capacities of SAPs under actual mixing conditions were additionally measured and verified by means of mortar flow and semi-adiabatic hydration heat measurements. In addition, the effects of SAP type and dosage (i.e., 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% by mass of cement) on the mechanical properties of hardened mortar were assessed. The results indicated that: (1) the absorption capacity increased with decreased cross-linking density and increased particle size under both load-free and mixing conditions; and (2) the greater the cross-linking density and the lower the particle size, the shorter the desorption time. It was also confirmed that while the early-age mechanical properties were more related with the gel strength of swollen SAP, the later-age mechanical properties were more affected by the water retention capacity and spatial distribution of SAP in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Ku Yun
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
| | - Kwan-Kyu Kim
- North Gyeonggi Branch, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Pocheon 11184, Korea.
| | - Wonchang Choi
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Jung Heum Yeon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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25
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Camarena LR, Glasscock BK, Daniels D, Ackley N, Sciarretta M, Seashols-Williams SJ. An Optimized Centrifugal Method for Separation of Semen from Superabsorbent Polymers for Forensic Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:411-416. [PMID: 27907243 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Connection of a perpetrator to a sexual assault is best performed through the confirmed presence of semen, thereby proving sexual contact. Evidentiary items can include sanitary napkins or diapers containing superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), complicating spermatozoa visualization and DNA analysis. In this report, we evaluated the impact of SAPS on the current forensic DNA workflow, developing an efficient centrifugal protocol for separating spermatozoa from SAP material. The optimized filtration method was compared to common practices of excising the top layer only, resulting in significantly higher sperm yields when a core sample of the substrate was taken. Direct isolation of the SAP-containing materials without filtering resulted in 20% sample failure; additionally, SAP material was observed in the final eluted DNA samples, causing physical interference. Thus, use of the described centrifugal-filtering method is a simple preliminary step that improves spermatozoa visualization and enables more consistent DNA yields, while also avoiding SAP interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy R Camarena
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA, 23284
| | - Bailey K Glasscock
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA, 23284
| | - Demi Daniels
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA, 23284
| | - Nicolle Ackley
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA, 23284
| | | | - Sarah J Seashols-Williams
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA, 23284
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26
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Abstract
Absorbency effectiveness in diapers has improved significantly in recent years with the advent of new ingredient combinations and advanced design features. With these features, many leading products maintain their dryness performance overnight. Considering the importance of holding liquid away from the skin, ongoing research in diaper construction focuses on strategies to increase the effectiveness to capture liquid and help avoid rewetting of infant skin. The layout and design of a disposable diaper allows for distribution of absorbency features where they can provide the optimal benefit. Clinical evidence indicates materials can keep moisture away from the skin in the diapered area, helping maintain proper skin hydration, minimizing irritation, and contributing to reduced rates of diaper rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tucker Helmes
- Center for Baby and Adult Hygiene Products, Washington, DC, USA
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27
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Abstract
Disposable diapers today employ dramatically better fitting, less bulky, and more environmentally friendly features that deliver better performance and help provide protection for infant skin. Continuous innovations in technology and materials have resulted in new generations of disposable diapers that provide extended dryness and reduced leakage. Driven by studies on the skin's response to inherent influences, such as overhydration and irritation, the qualities of disposable diapers today present significant enhancements for skin health compared with earlier disposable versions and even cloth diapers. Over the years, these enhancements in disposable diapers have helped lead to a reduction in incidence and severity of diaper dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Tucker Helmes
- Center for Baby and Adult Hygiene Products, Washington, DC, USA
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28
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Abstract
Disposable diapers are primarily composed of polymers, such as cellulose, polypropylene, polyester, and polyethylene, which are biologically inert and not bioavailable. They are used in clothes, fabrics, personal hygiene products, and other materials that are commonly in contact with the skin. Each component used throughout the production process must undergo rigorous safety evaluations and assessments and are proven to be well tolerated and safe for their intended uses. No materials are incorporated into a diaper until their safety is confirmed through robust assessments, and additional factors are integrated into the process to compensate for the uncertainty associated with extrapolating toxicity data. After a thorough assessment of the materials and final product, extensive skin compatibility evaluations are conducted as appropriate. This rigorous safety process provides reassurance that consumers can rely on the safety of these diapers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Tucker Helmes
- Center for Baby and Adult Hygiene Products, Washington, DC, USA
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29
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Zhang S, Wang W, Wang H, Qi W, Yue L, Ye Q. Synthesis and characterisation of starch grafted superabsorbent via 10 MeV electron-beam irradiation. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 101:798-803. [PMID: 24299841 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A starch-graft-polyacrylamide (St-g-PAM) superabsorbent crosslinked by N,N'-methyl bisacrylamide (MBA) was prepared using 10 MeV simultaneous electron beam irradiation at room temperature and subsequent alkaline hydrolysis. The effects of the irradiation dose, acryliamide-to-anhydroglucose unit (AM-to-AGU) ratio and crosslinker amount on the properties of the obtained polymers were evaluated. The structure of the graft copolymer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Optimisation treatments were carried out and found for a total dose of 8 kGy, an AM-to-AGU ratio of 4.5 mol mol(-1) and a crosslinker-to-AM ratio of 0.4%mol mol(-1). The obtained superabsorbent polymer showed the maximum absorptions of 1,452 gg(-1) and 83 gg(-1) for distilled water and saline solution, respectively (relative to its own dry weight). The results suggest 10 MeV electron beam irradiation is more efficient than γ-ray irradiation due to its higher energy and dose rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agricultural, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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30
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Abstract
The application of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) and/or biochars to stressed lands offer solutions to several critical ecological, energy and economic challenges posed by degraded lands due to human activities. These substances are like, 'artificial humus' as they are hydrophilic and contain carboxylic groups (SAPs) which enable them to bind cations and water and sequester carbon from air to reverse global warming (biochars). Several research studies using these substances point to their ability to increase the plant-available water in the soil which enables the plants to survive longer with water shortage, increase soil fertility and agricultural yields, improve soil structure, aeration and water penetration, reduce use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, reduce nitrous oxide and methane emission from soil, reduce nitrate and farm chemicals leaching into watersheds, convert green and brown wastes into valuable resources, and reduce the evapotranspiration rate of the plants. SAPs and biochars induce a significantly higher growth rate in plants; they bind heavy metals and mitigate their action on plants as well as mitigate the effects of salinity. This paper reviews what is known about these claims and considers the wider environmental implications of the adoption of these processess. The intention is not just to summarise the current knowledge but also to identify gaps that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Ekebafe
- Chemistry Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, P.M.B. 1030, Benin City, Nigeria.
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