Stapling instruments for intestinal anastomosis in colorectal surgery

Application of Y-Z deformable magnetic ring for recanalization of transanal single-access rectal stricture

Magnetic compression anastomosis has been reported to have remarkable clinical outcomes. Here, we tested the applicability of a Y-Z deformable magnetic ring (DMR) for non-surgical manipulation of rectal stenosis (RS) in a beagle dog model under a transanal single-access condition. RS was modeled in 8 beagle dogs using partial ligation with silk thread. Under X-ray guidance, the Y-Z DMR was positioned at the proximal and distal ends of the RS, and the magnetic ring was bent into an "O" shape, such that the two rings were magnetically attracted. Operation time, complications during or after operation, and discharge time of the magnetic rings were recorded. The anastomosis bursting pressure was measured two weeks after removing the rings, and its formation was assessed through gross and histological examination. Partial ligation with a silk thread successfully established the canine RS model. After Y-Z DMR installation, the magnetic ring was successfully reconfigured from an "S" to an "O" shape. Strong attraction existed between the rings. The operation time was 9-15 min (average: 11.75 ± 1.98 min). No rectal bleeding or perforation occurred during or after operation. The ring was naturally expelled 7-10 days after surgery. A pressure of > 300 mmHg was recorded at the point of anastomosis rupture. The rectal anastomosis appeared to have healed properly on the surface, which was confirmed histologically, signifying the success of this procedure. A Y-Z DMR facilitated the successful recanalization of transanal single-channel RS without needing surgery in an animal model.

Colorectal cancer: Artificial intelligence and its role in surgical decision making

Despite several advances in the oncological management of colorectal cancer (CRC), there still remains a lacuna in the treatment strategy, which differs from center to center and on the philosophy of the treating clinician that is not without bias. Personalized treatment is essential for the treatment of CRC to achieve better long-term outcomes and to reduce morbidity. Surgery has an important role to play in the treatment. Surgical treatment of CRC is decided based on clinical parameters and investigations and hence likely to have judgmental errors. Artificial intelligence has been reported to be useful in the surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up with accuracy in several malignancies. However, it is still evolving and yet to be established in surgical decision making in CRC. It is not only useful preoperatively but also intraoperatively. Artificial intelligence helps to rectify the human surgical decision when clinical data and radiological and laboratory parameters are fed into the computer and may guide correct surgical treatment.

Transanal and transabdominal combined endoscopic resection of rectal stenosis and anal reconstruction based on transanal endoscopic technique

OBJECTIVE

To propose a method for the resection of the rectal anastomotic stenosis and anal reconstruction based on the transanal endoscopic technique through a transanal and transabdominal combined endoscopic resection, and to verify its clinical effectiveness.

METHODS

Thirty-eight patients with anastomotic stenosis were admitted to the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China, from January 2016 to September 2019. Patients were divided into an experimental group (17 patients) and a control group (21 patients) subjected to the removal of the intestinal stenosis followed by anal reconstruction, they underwent transanal and transabdominal endoscopic surgery and traditional transabdominal surgery, respectively. Data on intraoperative blood loss, operation time, postoperative recovery, and prognosis were collected.

RESULTS

(1) The median intraoperative blood loss was approximately 100 ml, without conversion to laparotomy during the surgery and intraoperative complications. The safety of the surgical operation was improved. (2) The operation time was shortened compared to previous reports, and the median operative time was 193 min. The average time of transanal endoscopic dissociation to the retroperitoneal fold was 76 min. (3) Laparoscopic assistance was carried out on 14 of the17 patients, and the incision was reduced. (4) The short-term curative effect was quite satisfactory, without permanent stoma. The average time to recover food intake after the surgery was 1.5 days. The average ambulation time was 3 days. Within 30 days after the surgery, one case suffered anastomotic leakage and then underwent refunctioning stoma through a second surgery. One patient suffered from intestinal obstruction, and the condition was improved through a conservative treatment. One case experienced delayed abdominal wound healing.

CONCLUSION

The transanal and transabdominal endoscopic resection of the rectal anastomotic stenosis and anal reconstruction reduced the difficulty of the surgery, improved its safety, shortened the operation time, decreased the operative complications, and enabled patients to recover well after surgery.

Laparoscopic Lower Anterior Rectal Resection Using a Curved Stapler: Original Technique and Preliminary Experience

Laparoscopic low anterior rectal resection (LLAR), allowing better visualization and rectal mobilization, can reduce postoperative pain and recovery. A Contour Curved Stapler (CCS) is a very helpful device because of its curved profile that consents better access into the pelvic cavity and allows to perform rectal closure and section in one shot, especially in the presence of a narrow pelvis, complex anatomy, or large tumors. We developed an original technique of laparoscopic rectal resection using CCS. Between 2005 and 2009, in 36 cases, we performed LLAR with a three-trocar technique, starting with mobilization of left colonic flexure followed by the section of inferior mesenteric vessels. The rectum was prepared up to the levator ani with total mesorectal excision. The Lapdisc® was inserted trough a suprapubic midline incision, allowing the CCS stapler placement into the pelvic cavity. After the rectal section, the anastomosis was then performed with a circular stapler. Ileostomy was performed if neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been carried out or if the anastomosis was below 4 cm from the anal verge. Mean operative time was 135 minutes and no intra- or postoperative bleeding occurred. In 27 patients we performed temporary ileostomy. In two cases we observed anastomotic leakage; one of these patients already had ileostomy. No anastomotic stenosis occurred after one-year follow-up. This procedure simplifies the section of the lower rectum, reduces leaking rate resulting from technical difficulties, and does not nullify the benefits of laparoscopy.

Benefits of Outcomes of the Microscopic Examination of Anastomotic Donuts After Colorectal Resection for Oncological Purposes: A Medical Record-Based Study

Objective 

The objective of the study is to investigate the benefits of pathological assessment of donuts removed during coloanal anastomosis after anterior resection.

Methodology

During three years, 220 patients underwent circular stapled anastomosis. It is a retrospective study with convenient sampling. Involvement of donuts, the involvement of margins, length of donuts, and margins were primarily recorded. Ethical review approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board. Hospital electronic system was used to retrieve the data.

Results

Two hundred and twenty patients underwent circular end to end anastomosis (CEEA) stapled gun anastomosis. All had adenocarcinoma. Most of the patients had T3 disease (n=113). Low anterior resection was the most common procedure followed by anterior resection and sigmoid colectomy, respectively. We performed all rectal cancers anastomosis with a circular stapling gun. On histological analyses among 220 patients, only two patients were found to have a positive distal donut. No proximal donuts were positive. Both patients were also found to have positive distal margins. The mean length of the proximal donut was 1.79±0.45 cm. The mean length of the distal donut was 1.68±0.48 cm. Two distal margins and none of the proximal margins were positive for cancer. The mean length of the proximal margin was 8.69±4.48 cm. The mean length of the distal margin was 4.9±5.98 cm. Both patients had already received six months of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy and were not offered any additional treatment. Both patients were kept on close surveillance.

Conclusion

Routine analyses of the donuts after anterior resection has no impact on the management and outcome of the disease.

Analysis of the impact of EEA stapler size on risk of anastomotic complications in colorectal anastomosis: does size matter?

BACKGROUND

Colorectal anastomotic complications are dreaded and dramatically affect outcomes. Causes are multifactorial, with the size of the end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) stapler a modifiable factor and potential target for risk reduction. Our goal was to examine the impact of the EEA stapler size on the risk of anastomotic complications in left-sided colorectal resections.

METHODS

A prospective divisional database was reviewed for consecutive elective left-sided resections with a colorectal anastomosis using an EEA stapler from January 2013 May 2018 inclusive. Patients were stratified into 25-29 mm or 30-33 mm cohorts. Patient and disease demographics, operative variables, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. The main outcome measures were the rate and factors associated with anastomotic complications.

RESULTS

Four hundred seventy-three cases were evaluated, 185 ( 39.1%) were in the 25-29 mm group and 288 (60.9%) in the 30-33 mm group. Patients were comparable in demographics and operative variables. More males were anastomosed with the 30-33 mm than with the 25-29 mm stapler (57.6% vs 28.6%, p < 0.01). Significantly more patients developed an anastomotic stricture with the 25-29 mm than with the 30-33 mm staplers (7.1% vs. 2.1%; p = 0.007). There was no significant difference in leak rates or reoperation/interventions between groups. On logistic regression, neither gender, operative indication nor approach were associated with anastomotic leak, readmission, or reoperation/intervention. Stapler size remained significantly associated with stricture (p = 0.032).

CONCLUSIONS

The 25-29 mm EEA staplers were associated with an increased rate of anastomotic stricture compared to 30-33 mm staplers in left-sided colorectal anastomoses. As stapler size is a simple process measure that is easily modifyable, this is a potential target for improving anastomotic complication rates. Further controlled trials may help assess the impact of stapler size on improving patient and quality outcomes.

Mechanotechnical faults and particular issues of anastomotic complications following robot-assisted anterior resection in 968 rectal cancer patients

BACKGROUND

As most risk factors for anastomotic complications (AC) in rectal cancer patients appear to be noncorrectable, it is needed to find the correctable causes. Additionally, the outcomes of indocyanine-green fluorescence imaging (IFI) and robot-stapled anastomosis have yet been undetermined.

METHODS

This study retrospectively analyzed 968 consecutive patients with rectal cancer, who underwent curative robot-assisted anterior resections between 2010 and 2018. IFI parameters and stapling features in the surgical records were reviewed, and reconfirmed.

RESULTS

AC occurred in 54 patients (5.6%), 34 (3.5%) with anastomotic leakage (AL) and 24 (2.5%) with anastomotic stenosis (AS). Mechanotechnical faults including defective stapling configurations, including angles lesser than or equal to 150° and outer deviation (more than half from the center of the circle) of linear staples, between the two linear staples were independently associated with AL (P < .001 each). IFI significantly reduced AL rate (2.5% vs 5.3%, P = .029) and AS rate (2% vs 18.8%, P = .006), respectively. Robot linear stapling enabled to maintain the obtuse angle during consecutive staplings and reduced console time. AL and AS were independent risk factors for disease-free survival (P = .02) and local recurrence (P = .03), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

AC were associated with some correctable causes, namely, mechanotechnical errors and lack of use of IFI.

Uni-center, patient-blinded, randomized, 12-month, parallel group, noninferiority study to compare outcomes of 3-row vs 2-row circular staplers for colorectal anastomosis formation after low anterior resection for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most serious complications in rectal cancer surgery due to its negative impact on the overall as well as cancer-specific survival. Two-row stapling technique has become standard in low anterior resections (LARs), but has neither alleviated the morbidity, nor reduced the incidence of AL. This is the 1st study that aims to compare the success rate of new 3-row circular staplers compared to that of conventional 2-row staplers in a prospective, randomized clinical trial.

METHODS

The THREESTAPLER trial (Clinical Trials NCT03910699) is a prospective, noninferiority, 2-armed, parallel-group, patient and outcomes assessor blinded study with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Colorectal anastomosis will be formed using Ethicon 29 mm Curved Intraluminal Stapler (CDH29A) in the active comparator group, and using Mirus Disposable Circular Stapler 3 Row 29 (MCS-29R3) in the experimental group. The hypothesis states that the incidence of AL in the 3-row stapler group is at least not higher than in the 2-row stapler group. Assuming there is a difference in success rate of 12% and noninferiority margin Δ = 5%, 154 patients will be required to achieve statistical significance. An interim analysis will be performed after recruitment of 20 patients per group to assess safety profile of 3-row circular staplers. The primary endpoint is the rate of AL, documented by imaging studies, assessed with Pearson Chi-squared test and Fisher exact test. The secondary outcomes include severity of AL (A, B, or C), anastomotic bleeding, postoperative complication rate graded with the Clavien-Dindo classification, reintervention rate, stapler dysfunction rate, complications of defunctioning stoma, overall and cancer-specific quality of life, assessed with short form (36) and quality-of-life questionnaire core 30 questionnaires, respectively, fecal incontinence assessed with Cleveland clinic incontinence score form, and manifestation of LAR syndrome. All patients will be monitored for 12 months following the LAR.

DISCUSSION

This is the 1st prospective randomized trial to assess the safety profile of 3-row staplers for colorectal anastomosis after LAR for rectal cancer. It may provide evidence of feasibility of 3-row circular staplers in LAR with respect to short-term and long-term patient outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT03910699 on 10 April 2019.

The evolution of pelvic dissection for rectal cancer from blunt dissection to total mesorectal excision

"Modern" rectal cancer treatment began in the 18th century. However, initial results of the pioneer surgeons were very poor. During the next several decades, significant progress was made towards the cure of rectal cancer. Improvements have included lowering mortality, reducing recurrence, and optimizing functional outcomes. This article reviews the individuals and their advancements in rectal cancer treatment. It describes the changes in the surgical approach for tumor resection, the study of the lymphatic spread of rectal cancer and the advances in sphincter preservation procedures from the era of blunt dissection until the paradigm changing revolution of total mesorectal excision.

Evolution of Surgical Treatment for Rectal Cancer: a Review

Surgery that produces an optimal total mesorectal excision (TME) resection specimen remains the cornerstone of curative rectal cancer management. In the modern era, despite the results of recent randomised trials, laparoscopic TME is a crucial technique in the TME surgery armamentarium. Laparoscopic surgery offers the benefit of magnified views that aid sharp and precise dissection. However operating in the confines of a narrow pelvis, particularly when the mesorectum is bulky, requires significant technical skill. This is compounded by limited angulation of laparoscopic instruments and staplers. The final challenge is to preserve the integrity of the mesorectum during delivery of the specimen. The principles of TME surgery, on which Bill Heald founded the Basingstoke Colorectal unit, can equally be applied to laparoscopic, transanal and robotic TME, but great care must be taken to preserve the key principle-that no steps are taken that have the potential to shed tumour cells or compromise the quality of the mesorectal specimen.

An Effective New Intestinal Anastomosis Method

Background

This study aimed to establish an easy, safe, and cost-saving intestinal anastomotic method.

Material/Methods

Between January 2014 and February 2016, a total of 150 patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery in the Department of General Surgery of Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital were divided into 2 groups: the treatment group (80) using new hand-sewn anastomoses, and the control group (70) using stapled anastomoses. Briefly, a new hand-sewn anastomosis of continuous suture without inversion was performed, with the first layer encompassing the entire layer of the intestinal wall. The edge was about 5 mm, and the stitch spacing was about 6 mm. Continuous suturing was performed only in the seromuscular layer of intestinal wall for the second layer, with the same edge and stitch spacing as the first layer. All 70 patients in the control group underwent intestinal stapled anastomoses. Surgical anastomotic time and cost, postoperative anastomotic bleeding, leakage, and stricture were recorded and analyzed.

Results

The surgical anastomotic time using the new method was relatively short compared with the control group (8±1.6 min vs. 9±2.8 min), and the cost of anastomosis using the new method was significantly lower compared to the control group ($30±6.8 vs. $1000±106.2). The new method exhibited lower anastomotic bleeding (0/80 vs. 2/70) and anastomotic leakage (0/80 vs. 1/70), but similar anastomotic stricture (0/80 vs. 0/70).

Conclusions

Our results suggest the new hand-sewn intestinal anastomosis is a safe, easy-to-learn, cost-saving, and time-saving method that also avoids some of the drawbacks of the stapled anastomoses.

Validation of the NITI Endoluminal Compression Anastomosis Ring (EndoCAR) Device and Comparison to the Traditional Circular Stapled Colorectal Anastomosis in a Porcine Model

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the characteristics of compression anastomoses created by a new device are comparable to existing stapler technology. A total of 18 pigs were studied, and each served as its own control using a 27-mm compression device and a 29-mm stapler. Anastomoses were randomized to proximal and distal positions along the rectum and were separated by 10 cm. Six nonsurvival pigs were sacrificed at zero time to failure test the anastomoses. Twelve pigs were sacrificed at 14 days. Failure pressures, circumferences, and radiographic leak rates were determined. Anastomotic tissue was processed for matrix metalloproteinase, collagen, and elastin levels. The compression anastomoses had higher mean failure pressures than stapled anastomoses at zero time (103 vs 29.9 mm Hg). At 2 weeks, there was no difference between failure pressures (256 vs 250 mm Hg). During burst testing, 3 of the compression anastomoses failed at the anastomosis at 2 weeks, whereas none of the stapled anastomoses failed. The mean anastomotic circumference of the compression anastomoses was narrower than the stapled anastomoses (9.63 vs 11.25 cm, P = .001). There were no clinical leaks or radiographic leaks by barium enema at 2 weeks. There was no difference between matrix metalloproteinase, collagen, or elastin content based on tissue analysis. There were dense adhesions to 7 of 12 (58.3%) of the stapled anastomoses, whereas only 1 of 12 (8.3%) of the compression anastomoses had flimsy adhesions. A new compression anastomosis technique using a nickel-titanium alloy may be an advance in technology by reducing leaks and eliminating foreign material in the anastomosis.

Current concepts in rectal cancer

The history of rectal cancer management informs current therapy and points us in the direction of future improvements. Multidisciplinary team management of rectal cancer will move us to personalized treatment for individuals with rectal cancer in all stages.

Routine histological sampling of doughnuts post oncologic anterior resection is not necessary

BACKGROUND

A stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis is increasingly adopted following a proctectomy for various colorectal conditions. The ensuing doughnuts of colonic tissue created from the stapling device have been routinely sent for histological analysis. However, its efficacy remains debatable. This study aims to determine if there is a role in sending colonic doughnuts for histological examination following a stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis following proctectomy for colorectal cancers.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all histological reports of the doughnuts from patients who underwent a proctectomy followed by a stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis for colorectal cancer in the National University Hospital, Singapore, from 2004-2010 was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 336 patients who underwent a stapled end-to-end anastomosis following proctectomy for colorectal cancer from 2004-2010 had available histological reports. The specimen margins and colonic doughnuts were all negative for malignancy. Clinical decisions were not altered based on doughnut histology results. A total cost of USD$61,017.60 was incurred for the histological processing of these doughnuts.

CONCLUSION

There appears to be no additional oncological or cost benefits in sending doughnuts after a stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis following proctectomy for colorectal cancers except in selected clinico-pathological conditions whereby the risk of a positive margin is deemed higher.

Can a curved stapler made for open surgery be useful in laparoscopic lower rectal resections? Technique and experience of a single centre

BACKGROUND

The use of laparoscopy to perform lower anterior rectal resection is increasing worldwide because it allows better visualisation and rectal mobilisation and also reduces postoperative pain and recovery. The Contour Curved Stapler (CCS) is a very helpful device because of its curved profile that enables better access into the pelvic cavity and allows rectal closure and section to be performed in one shot. In this paper, we present an original technique to use this device, made for open surgery, in laparoscopy and the results of our experience.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated the data of all patients who underwent lower laparoscopic anterior rectal resection and in which the CCS was used to perform section of the rectum between September 2005 and September 2011. To perform section of the rectum a Lapdisc(®) was inserted through a 6-7 cm supra-pubic midline incision to allow placement of the CCS into the pelvic cavity. Patients' biographical and surgical data such as sex, age, indication for surgery, infection, anastomotic leakage or stenosis and staple-line bleeding were prospectively collected in a computerised database and evaluated.

RESULTS

Between September 2005 and September 2011, we performed 45 laparoscopic lower rectal resection using CCS, 27 male and 18 female with a mean age of 61 years (range 40-82 years) and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.5 kg/m(2) (range 16.5-35 kg/m(2)). In 29 cases a temporary ileostomy was performed. Mean operative time was 131 min (range 97-210 min). In all cases it was possible to perform a lower section of the rectum with CCS. No intraoperative or postoperative staple line bleeding occurred. In two patients we observed anastomotic leaks and in one of these a temporary ileostomy was performed. None of the patients showed an anastomotic stenosis at 1-year follow-up colonoscopy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that CCS enables section of the lower rectum to be easily performed, especially in adverse anatomical condition, and the technique proposed by us allows the use of this stapler without giving up the benefits of laparoscopic access.

Rectal washout and local recurrence in rectal resection for cancer: a meta-analysis

AIM

The effectiveness of rectal washout was compared with no washout for the prevention of local recurrence after anterior rectal resection for rectal cancer.

METHOD

The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, OVID Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBM Reviews, CINAHL and EMBASE.

RESULTS

Five nonrandomized studies including a total of 5012 patients were identified. Meta-analysis suggested that rectal washout significantly reduced the local recurrence rate (P < 0.0001; OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.43-0.74). It was also significantly lower after washout in patients having radical resection only (P = 0.0004; OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.39-0.76), patients treated by a curative resection (P < 0.0001; OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.42-0.72) and those undergoing preoperative radiotherapy (P = 0.04; OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.39-0.98).

CONCLUSION

Taking into account the limitations of the design of the included studies the meta-analysis showed that rectal washout is associated with reduced local recurrence and therefore should be routine during anterior resection for rectal cancer.

The effect of intraoperative rectal washout on local recurrence after rectal cancer surgery: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Implantation of exfoliated cancer cells has been suggested as a possible mechanism of local recurrence at the site of colorectal anastomosis. Intraoperative rectal washout has been suggested to eliminate free cancer cells; however, there is no conclusive evidence of a beneficial effect of intraoperative rectal washout on local recurrence after anterior resection of rectal cancer.

METHODS

Studies published through February 2012 evaluating the impact of intraoperative rectal washout for local recurrence or positive cytology from donuts wash were identified by an electronic literature search. A meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models to compute risk ratio (RR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding a total of 5,395 patients. Eight studies evaluated overall local recurrence, including anastomotic recurrence, and five of the eight studies evaluated anastomotic recurrence separately. Two studies evaluated positive cytology from donuts wash. Local recurrence rate was 5.79% in the washout group and 10.05% in the no washout group-a difference that was statistically significant (RR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.46-0.71; P < 0.00001). Rectal washout significantly reduced the risk of anastomotic recurrence (RR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.12-0.71; P = 0.007). No influence of rectal washout was observed on positive cytology from donuts wash.

CONCLUSIONS

From the results of this meta-analysis, it may be justified to recommend intraoperative rectal washout to prevent local recurrence in rectal cancer surgery.

Stapled versus handsewn methods for ileocolic anastomoses

BACKGROUND

Ileocolic anastomoses are commonly performed for right-sided colon cancer and Crohn's disease. The anastomosis may be constructed using a linear cutter stapler or by suturing. Individual trials comparing stapled versus handsewn ileocolic anastomoses have found little difference in the complication rate but they have lacked adequate power to detect potential small difference. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2007.

OBJECTIVES

To compare outcomes of ileocolic anastomoses performed using stapling and handsewn techniques. The hypothesis tested was that the stapling technique is associated with fewer complications.

SEARCH STRATEGY

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group specialised register SR-COLOCA, Cochrane Library were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing use of a linear cuter stapler with any type of suturing technique for ileocolic anastomoses in adults from 1970 to 2005 and were updated in December 2010. Abstracts presented to the following society meetings between 1970 and 2010 were handsearched: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, European Association of Coloproctology.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials comparing use of linear cutter stapler (isoperistaltic side to side or functional end to end) with any type of suturing technique in adults.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were selected and their methodological quality assessed. Relevant results were extracted and missing data sought from the authors. RevMan 5 was used to perform meta-analysis when there were sufficient data. Sub-group analyses for cancer inflammatory bowel disease as indication for ileocolic anastomoses were performed.

MAIN RESULTS

After obtaining individual data from authors for studies that include other anastomoses, seven trials (including one unpublished) with 1125 ileocolic participants (441 stapled, 684 handsewn) were included. The five largest trials had adequate allocation concealment.Stapled anastomosis was associated with significantly fewer anastomotic leaks compared with handsewn (S=11/441, HS=42/684, OR 0.48 [0.24, 0.95] p=0.03). One study performed routine radiology to detect asymptomatic leaks. For the sub-group of 825 cancer patients in four studies, stapled anastomosis led to significantly fewer anastomotic leaks (S=4/300, HS=35/525, OR 0.28 [0.10, 0.75] p=0.01). In subgroup analysis of non-cancer patients (3 studies, 264 patients) there were no differences for any reported outcomes. All other outcomes: stricture, anastomotic haemorrhage, anastomotic time, re-operation, mortality, intra-abdominal abscess, wound infection, length of stay, showed no significant difference.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Stapled functional end to end ileocolic anastomosis is associated with fewer leaks than handsewn anastomosis.

Comparison of the Compression Anastomosis Ring (EndoCAR) With a Circular Stapled Anastomosis in a Porcine Model

Purpose. The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of rectal compression and stapled anastomoses at multiple time points. Methods. A total of 50 domestic pigs underwent a rectal anastomosis with a compression device or a circular stapler. They were sacrificed at zero-time, 2 days, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Burst and maximal tolerated pressure and sites of failure, internal diameters, and radiographic leak rates were assessed. Desmosine (elastin) levels were determined. Results. There were no clinical or radiographic leaks. Overall, 10 out of 27 (37%) compression anastomoses burst at higher pressures than the 14 out of 24 (58%) stapled anastomoses. Mean circumference and anastomotic index were greater for the EndoCAR at 1 week and 3 months. Desmosine levels were similar. Conclusions. In the porcine model, compression rectal anastomoses with the EndoCAR had improved bursting pressures and internal circumference compared with circular stapled anastomoses.

Technical feasibility of robot-sewn anastomosis in robotic surgery for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Although several studies have reported on the feasibility of robot-assisted gastric cancer surgery using the da Vinci surgical system, reconstruction techniques have depended on staplers or hand sewing through minilaparotomy.

AIM

The aim of this study is to report on the feasibility of reconstruction methods using a robot-sewing technique in robotic surgery for treatment of gastric cancer.

PATIENT AND METHODS

Between January and April 2010, 7 patients in whom gastric adenocarcinoma was diagnosed underwent robotic surgery including robot-sewn anastomosis. We demonstrated the surgical techniques with analysis of clinicopathologic characteristics and surgical outcomes.

RESULTS

All robotic surgeries were performed without other laparoscopic instruments. Two Roux-en-Y reconstructions for two total gastrectomy, two Roux-en-Y reconstructions, and three gastroduodenostomies, for five subtotal gastrectomies, were successfully accomplished. Total median operation time was 205 minutes, and median reconstruction time was 69 minutes. One patient was readmitted for stasis in the remnant stomach but conservatively recovered.

CONCLUSIONS

A robot-sewn anastomosis for reconstruction in robotic surgery for gastric cancer was feasible regardless of the reconstruction method.

Protection of intestinal anastomosis with biological glues: an experimental randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to compare the degree of healing and air tightness of hand-sewn colonic anastomoses provided by different biological glues.

METHODS

Thirty colonic anastomoses were fashioned in ten rabbits, at 5, 10, 15 cm from the ileocecal valve, with 4/0 PDS running sutures. Each suture was randomized to treatment with fibrin sealant (Tissucol®), a synthetic glue (Coseal®), or nothing (control). After 15 days, the rabbits were killed and the anastomoses examined for their integrity and resistance to bursting. The van der Hamm scale was used to evaluate postoperative adhesions. A blind histological evaluation of the newly formed tissue was made (Ehrlich-Hunt scale).

RESULTS

Two rabbits developed an intraabdominal abscess, one in the control anastomosis group without glue. Postoperative adhesions were present in all animals. Median anastomosis bursting pressures were 0.9 atm in all three groups: Tissucol, Coseal, and control. Pressure values were 0.9, 1.0, and 0.9 atm in the three different proximodistal sites, respectively. A trend toward an increased resistance was observed in the glued anastomosis, although this was not significant. Lymphocyte infiltration, fibroblast activity, blood vessel density, and collagen deposition were lower in controls. Anastomoses treated with Tissucol had the highest lymphocyte infiltration level. The Coseal group developed the highest rates of fibroblast activity, collagen deposition, and blood vessel neogenesis.

CONCLUSION

The use of biological glues did not result in a statistically significantly increased bursting resistance. Histological evaluation demonstrated more intense tissue neoformation in the glue groups, particularly in the Coseal group. The role of biological glues in decreasing the leakage rate of intestinal anastomoses is uncertain, and larger trials using different protective agents are warranted.

Pouch operation for rectal cancer

Many retrospective studies have found that the functional outcome after a low anterior resection for rectal cancer is better with colonic J-pouch reconstruction than with conventional straight anastomosis. This advantage was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and meta-analyses. However, despite its increasing popularity there are several areas of controversy about the use of the colonic J-pouch reconstruction. These issues include anastomotic leaks, the part of the colon used for the pouch, the pouch size, causes of difficulty in evacuation, indications (the optimum level of anastomosis), appropriateness for the elderly, and long-term (2 years or more after surgery) functional outcome. All relevant articles identified from MEDLINE databases were reviewed. The incidence of anastomotic leaks is apparently reduced by colonic J-pouch reconstruction. A 5-cm colonic J-pouch using the sigmoid colon increases the reservoir function without compromising evacuation, and provides better functional outcome than straight anastomosis, even 2 years or more after surgery, in patients whose anastomosis is less than 8 cm from the anal verge. Patients with ultralow anastomoses, less than 4 cm from the verge, appear to benefit the most. At a time when the indications for abdominoperineal excision appear to be reduced for low rectal cancer, the demand for colonic J-pouch reconstruction (the best technique in pouch operations) is therefore likely to increase.

High incidence of technical errors involving the EEA circular stapler: a single institution experience

BACKGROUND

The use of stapling devices is now widespread in colorectal resections. However, the incidence and clinical consequence of technical error involving the circular stapler are still poorly characterized.

STUDY DESIGN

We reviewed the operative reports and Web-based charts for all colon and rectal resections performed at our institution that used a circular stapler. Technical error was defined as any deviation from the normal technical performance of the circular stapler, including, but not limited to, surgeon misfiring, incomplete anastomosis (inadequate donuts or staple line defects), and primary device failure. The unpaired t- and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis; p < 0.05.

RESULTS

There were 349 colorectal resections performed and 67 (19%) featured a technical error. Thirty-two resections (9%) included an anastomotic error. The control group (n = 282) and the error group (n = 67) were comparable with regard to leaks, reoperation, suture line strictures, and hospital stay. The malfunction group had higher incidences of proximal diversions (34% versus 16%; p = 0.0003), ileus (24% versus 8%; p = 0.002), gastrointestinal bleeding (4% versus 0.4%; p = 0.023), and transfusion requirements (13% versus 4%; p = 0.004). Although proximal diversions in the error cohorts were also less likely to be planned (p < 0.001), reversal rates were similar in both groups (p = 0.28).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of technical error involving the circular stapler is considerable. Technical error was found to be associated with a significantly higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, transfusions, and unplanned proximal diversions.

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic intracorporeal colorectal anastomosis with a double stapling technique

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic rectal transection carries the risk of anastomotic leakage because of its technical difficulty and long staple line with an inadequate cutting angle. Our objective was to investigate the risk factors affecting anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic intracorporeal colorectal anastomosis with a double stapling technique.

STUDY DESIGN

Between November 2006 and September 2008, 270 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic sigmoidectomy and anterior resection with double stapling technique for distal sigmoid and rectal cancer. Data were collected prospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine risk factors for anastomotic leakage. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship between the number of stapler firings and clinical parameters.

RESULTS

Anastomotic leakage was noted in 17 (6.3%) of 270 patients. In univariate analyses, tumor location (p = 0.021), operation time (p = 0.025), number of stapler firings (p = 0.040), and diameter of the circular stapler (p = 0.022) were significant risk factors for anastomotic leakage. Multivariate analyses showed that middle or lower rectal cancer was an independent factor affecting anastomotic leakage (p = 0.013). The number of stapler firings increased significantly in men (p = 0.023), in patients with a tumor at a lower level (p = 0.034), and in those with longer operation times (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

A reduction in the number of linear stapler firings is necessary to avoid anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic colorectal anastomosis with a double stapling technique. We recommend that a diverting ileostomy is mandatory in patients with middle and lower rectal cancer where multiple linear staplers were used.

Staple line haemorrhage following laparoscopic left-sided colorectal resections may be more common when the inferior mesenteric artery is preserved

BACKGROUND

Anastomotic bleeding following stapled left-sided colorectal resections is uncommon. There have been few reports on the incidence, severity, management and outcome of such stapled line haemorrhage in the literature. Here, we report our experience of anastomotic bleeding from a stapled anastomosis in laparoscopic left-sided colorectal surgery.

METHODS

Data were collected prospectively on all patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery from 2003. Patients who had a left-sided stapled anastomosis requiring intervention for staple line haemorrhage were studied. Patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for benign colorectal disease were compared with those who underwent laparoscopic surgery for a malignant condition. Risk factors for bleeding, management and outcome are reported.

RESULTS

Over a 5-year period, 143 patients underwent laparoscopic left-sided colorectal surgery, 72 for benign disease and 71 for a malignant condition. Postoperative anastomotic bleeding occurred in six patients (4%). All were in the benign pathology group, and all had preservation of the inferior mesenteric artery during surgery. None of the patients required operative intervention for staple line haemorrhage.

CONCLUSIONS

Anastomotic bleeding from a stapled anastomosis in laparoscopic left-sided colorectal surgery is an infrequent complication and it may be more common with preservation of the inferior mesenteric artery. In the majority, bleeding is self limiting and will settle with nonoperative means. Endoscopic procedures may be useful for confirmation of bleeding and for therapeutic intervention, and may avoid the need for surgical intervention.

Total mesorectal excision and management of rectal cancer

Treatment of rectal cancer over the last two decades has evolved with changes in techniques of surgery and radiation based on national and international trials. Preoperative adjuvant radiation is now preferred over postoperative adjuvant radiation, and total mesorectal excision with preservation of pelvic nerves is the gold standard for surgical treatment of rectal cancer. Preservation of the anal sphincter without compromising oncological outcome is an additional benefit for patients with carcinoma in the distal rectum. Further progress in imaging and a multidisciplinary team approach will facilitate individualization of treatment strategy with more focus on quality of life.

Factors affecting anastomotic complications following anterior resection in rectal cancer

OBJECTIVE

Anastomotic complications following sphincter saving rectal surgery remains a significant clinical problem in rectal cancer surgery. Preoperative combined modality therapy followed by anterior resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) has become the preferred treatment paradigm for locally advanced rectal cancer. However, its impact on anastomotic complications has not been adequately evaluated. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the response of the primary tumour to neo-adjuvant therapy with anastomotic complications and to evaluate the effect of other clinico-pathological factors previously implicated, in this patient cohort.

METHOD

A total of 119 consecutive patients with primary rectal cancer were assessed of which there were 87 anterior resections. A prospectively collected database was queried to determine the incidence of anastomotic complications, association with response to neo-adjuvant therapy and other clinico-pathological factors. Data were analysed with SPSS 14.0.

RESULTS

Anterior resection was performed in 87/111 (78.4%) patients of which 46/84 (56%) were low resections, with an abdominoperineal excision of rectum rate of 11/111 (9.9%). Anastomotic complications were seen as clinical leaks in 10/87 (11.5%) and late colo-visceral fistulae in 2/87 (2.2%) patients. Subclinical/ radiological 'leaks' were quantified as 4/87 (4.5%). A good pathological response to neo-adjuvant therapy was found to be strongly associated with anastomotic complications (P = 0.006). Presence of a perioperative cardiac event was the only other clinical factor associated with anastomotic complications (P = 0.004) in our study.

CONCLUSION

Rectal cancer treated with neo-adjuvant therapy and radical resection with TME for better local control may be associated with greater anastomotic complications particularly when a good pathological response is seen.

The status of radical proctectomy and sphincter-sparing surgery in the United States

PURPOSE

Worldwide, "centers of excellence" in rectal cancer surgery report high rates of anal sphincter-sparing surgery (70-90 percent) after proctectomy. The rate of sphincter-sparing surgery with reestablishment of intestinal continuity in the general population of the United Stares is unknown.

METHODS

We used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a 20 percent stratified random sample of patients admitted to hospitals in the United States. We identified patients with rectal cancer from 1988 through 2003 who underwent sphincter-sparing surgery with reestablishment of intestinal continuity or proctectomy with colostomy. To determine predictors of sphincter-sparing surgery with reestablishment of intestinal continuity, we constructed a multivariate model that analyzed patients' age, gender, race, insurance status, and income level.

RESULTS

During our 16-year study period, radical extirpative procedures were performed in 41,631 patients: 16,510 (39.7 percent) sphincter-sparing surgery with reestablishment of intestinal continuity, and 25,121 (60.3 percent) sphincter-sacrificing procedures. The proportion of sphincter-sparing procedures increased from 26.9 percent in 1988 to 48.3 percent in 2003 (P < 0.001). There has been no significant change in the rate of sphincter-sparing surgery since 1999 (P = not significant). Logistic regression revealed that patients who were older, male, black, used Medicaid insurance, or lived in lower-income zip codes were less likely to have sphincter-sparing surgery with reestablishment of intestinal continuity (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite a significant increase in the rate of sphincter-sparing surgery with reestablishment of intestinal continuity, most radical resections for rectal cancer in hospitals in the United States result in a colostomy. Patients vulnerable to proctectomy without sphincter preservation were older, male, black, used Medicaid insurance, or lived in lower income zip codes.

Stapled versus handsewn methods for ileocolic anastomoses

BACKGROUND

Ileocolic anastomoses are commonly performed for right-sided colon cancer and Crohn's disease. The anastomosis may be constructed using a linear cutter stapler or by suturing. Individual trials comparing stapled versus handsewn ileocolic anastomoses have found little difference in the complication rate but they have lacked adequate power to detect potential small difference. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review specifically investigating ileocolic anastomosis.

OBJECTIVES

To compare outcomes of ileocolic anastomoses performed using stapling and handsewn techniques. The hypothesis tested was that the stapling technique is associated with fewer complications.

SEARCH STRATEGY

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group specialised register SR-COLOCA, Cochrane Library were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing use of a linear cuter stapler with any type of suturing technique for ileocolic anastomoses in adults from 1970 to 2005. Abstracts presented to the following society meetings between 1970 and 2002 were handsearched: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, European Association of Coloproctology.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials comparing use of linear cutter stapler (isoperistaltic side to side or functional end to end) with any type of suturing technique in adults.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Eligible studies were selected and their methodological quality assessed. Relevant results were extracted and missing data sought from the authors. RevMan 4.2 Analysis version 1.0.5 was used to perform meta-analysis when there were sufficient data. Sub-group analyses for cancer and inflammatory bowel disease as indication for ileocolic anastomoses were performed.

MAIN RESULTS

After obtaining individual data from authors for studies that include other anastomoses, six trials (including one unpublished) with 955 ileocolic participants (357 stapled, 598 handsewn) were included. The three largest trials had adequate allocation concealment. Stapled anastomosis was associated with significantly fewer anastomotic leaks compared with handsewn (S=5/357, HS=36/598, OR 0.34 [0.14, 0.82] p=0.02). One study performed routine radiology to detect asymptomatic leaks. For the sub-group of 825 cancer patients in four studies, stapled anastomosis led to significant fewer anastomotic leaks (S=4/300, HS=35/525, OR 0.28 [0.10, 0.75] p=0.01). There were too few Crohn's disease patients to perform sub-group analysis. All other outcomes: stricture, anastomotic haemorrhage, anastomotic time, re-operation, mortality, intra-abdominal abscess, wound infection, length of stay, showed no significant difference.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Stapled functional end to end ileocolic anastomosis is associated with fewer leaks than handsewn anastomosis.

Vascular anatomy of the rectal stump after total mesorectal excision

PURPOSE

For many years, poor vascularization of the short rectal stump has been considered the main cause of leakage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vascularization of the rectal stump after total mesorectal excision.

METHODS

We studied the iliac vascularization on 28 volunteers with healthy rectum to have an anatomic basis. Then, we studied the vascularization of the rectal stumps after total mesorectal excision by using angio computed tomography at seven and three months after operating on 22 patients; we validated this technique by studying the vascularization using angio computed tomography in 18 rectal specimens from cadavers.

RESULTS

Both in healthy rectums and in rectal stumps after total mesorectal excision, there is good vascularization sustained by middle and inferior rectal arteries. The former is more important and frequent as described in previous literature.

CONCLUSIONS

The vascularization of the short rectal stump is generally well represented even after total mesorectal excision.

The application of a new stapling device for open surgery (Contour Curved Cutter Stapler) in the laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer

Anastomotic leakage is a serious problem in the laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer. Although stapling devices and techniques for colorectal or coloanal anastomosis have been improved, laparoscopic anastomosis is still technically difficult and the rate of leakage is high. To resolve this problem, a new stapling device (the Contour Curved Cutter Stapler) for open surgery was applied to the laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer. After intracorporeal mobilization and vessel ligation, a 6-cm Pfannenstiel incision was made to insert the device into the peritoneal cavity, and a hand access device was placed on the site. The head of the device was put through a cutoff of the middle finger of a surgical glove, after which the wrist of the glove was attached to the hand access device. To prevent leakage of CO2 gas through the gap between the shaft and the glove, the shaft covered by the glove was tied, and the gap was filled with bone wax. After re-creation of the pneumoperitoneum, the rectum was transected with the stapling device, and the anastomosis was accomplished by the double stapling technique. This technique enabled a reliable transection of the rectum because of the easy handling of the device and the wide laparoscopic view of the lower rectum in the deep pelvis.

Management of colorectal anastomotic membrane by an endoscopic double-illumination technique

Two cases of postoperative colorectal anastomotic mucosal membrane completely occluding the lumen of the bowel are described. Although an unusual event, patency may be readily re-established by an endoscopic double-illumination technique.

The circular stapling device as a risk factor for anastomotic leakage

AIM

To investigate the relation between the type of circular stapler and anastomotic leak in rectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND

During the past decades results from rectal cancer surgery have improved considerably regarding risk of local recurrence and survival. Two main paradigm changes are considered to be the cause for this: the introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) and the increasing use of radiotherapy. However, rectal cancer surgery is associated with an unacceptably high frequency of complications of which anastomotic leak is one of the most severe ones. The hypothesis was raised that the choice of stapler influenced the leakage rates.

METHODS

A questionnaire was sent to all departments of surgery (n = 66) performing rectal cancer surgery in Sweden to determine the choice of circular stapler when performing anterior resection for rectal cancer. These data were linked to the Swedish Rectal Cancer Registry for the period 1995-99.

RESULTS

A total of 3316 patients had an anterior resection. The choice of circular stapling device was determined in 70% of the cases. When stapler A was used, the leakage rate was 11% whereas it was 7% when stapler B was used (P = 0.0039). In the cases where it was impossible to determine which stapler had been used the leakage rate was 8%.

CONCLUSION

Quality control is an important part of medicine and the present study suggests that it also must include surgical instruments. A prospective randomised study is needed to confirm the results.

Anastomotic leakage after curative anterior resection results in a higher prevalence of local recurrence

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to determine whether leakage from a colorectal anastomosis following potentially curative anterior resection for rectal cancer is an independent risk factor for local recurrence.

METHODS

The study included all patients who had a potentially curative anterior resection with anastomosis for adenocarcinoma of the rectum between 1971 and 1991 at Concord Hospital. The data were collected prospectively, with complete follow-up for at least 5 years. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare time to recurrence between strata of categorical variables. Proportional hazards regression was used in multivariate modelling.

RESULTS

There were 403 patients in the study. After adjustment for lymph node metastases, the distal resection margin of resection, non-total anatomical dissection of the rectum and the level of anastomosis, multivariate analysis identified a significant association between anastomotic leakage and local recurrence (hazard ratio 3.8, 95 per cent confidence interval 1.8 to 7.9).

CONCLUSION

Leakage following a colorectal anastomosis after potentially curative resection for adenocarcinoma of the rectum is an independent predictor of local recurrence.

Predicting risk and diminishing the consequences of anastomotic dehiscence following rectal resection

Anastomotic dehiscence is a serious, life-threatening complication of any rectal anastomosis and may be associated with an increased risk of local cancer recurrence. The leak rate following low anterior resection is in the region of 10% as supported by the recent randomised Dutch rectal cancer trial. Although accurate prediction of risk is impossible, certain factors are known to influence leak rates. There is an inverse relationship between the height of anastomoses from the anal verge and leak rate, with the lower anastomoses carrying the highest risk. Proximal defunctioning mitigates the consequences of leakage but does not abolish risk. There is little difference in rates of dehiscence between stapled and sutured colorectal anastomoses. A short colon pouch may reduce the chance of leakage. The highest risks are in unprotected anastomoses less than 5 cm from the anal verge in men who smoke and/or drink excessively, particularly if they have received pre-operative chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy. A high index of suspicion is required in detecting the early nonspecific signs of a leak and urgent surgical intervention is usually required to avert a life-threatening situation. Judicious use of faecal diversion should never be regarded as surgical timidity.

Continent urinary tract reconstruction - the Lund experience

The Department of Urology in Lund, Sweden, has a long association with innovations in reconstructive urology. The authors from that department describe their experience over a long period with orthotopic bladder substitution and continent cutaneous urinary diversion. They conclude that continent urinary tract reconstruction is associated with a high incidence of early and late complications. They also found that for storage and emptying, their Lundiana pouch was superior to the Goldwasser neobladder.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the early and late complications and functional results in patients undergoing continent reconstruction of the urinary tract, i.e. orthotopic bladder substitution (OBS) or continent cutaneous diversion (CCD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The medical records of all patients undergoing OBS (Goldwasser technique) or CCD ('Lundiana' technique) for malignant or benign disease during 1987-1999 and followed to December 2001 were reviewed. There were 67 patients with neobladders, 77 with a Lundiana pouch who had undergone radical cystectomy and 22 with a Lundiana pouch operated for benign disorders.

RESULTS

Early complications requiring reoperation occurred in 12% of the cystectomy group, with no difference with type of reconstruction, and in 10% with benign diseases. Four patients (3%) undergoing radical cystectomy died from early cardiovascular complications, two after surgery for intra-abdominal complications. Intestinally related complications and wound dehiscence requiring re-operation occurred in nine and six patients, respectively. The incidence of late complications requiring open surgery was 22% and 23% after cystectomy with OBS and CCD, respectively. The value in patients with benign diseases undergoing CCD was also 23%. Stone formation in the pouch was common, occurring in 12% in patients with OBS and in 10% after CCD. The pouch perforated or ruptured in four patients. The incidence of uretero-intestinal stricture using the Le Duc technique was 2.4% and renal function was well preserved. The incidence of revisional surgery of the Lundiana pouch outlet for incontinence was low and all patients but four were continent. The functional outcome in patients with OBS was less good; some needed pouch augmentation or an artificial urinary sphincter. Most patients used incontinence products and many needed clean intermittent self-catheterization.

CONCLUSION

Continent urinary tract reconstruction is associated with a high incidence of early and late complications. For storage and emptying, the CCD Lundiana pouch is superior to the OBS of Goldwasser.

Options for sphincter preservation in surgery for low rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with a permanent end-sigmoid colostomy was the classical operation for cancer of the distal third of the rectum. A number of factors have recently led to a more conservative approach, allowing sphincter preservation when excising tumours that are not invading the anal sphincter.

METHODS

The review is based on the published literature of the treatment of low rectal cancers accessed by searching Medline and other online databases. It includes a description of all the surgical options currently available for low rectal tumours, and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the types of anastomosis and reconstruction.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

It is now technically possible to remove rectal cancer that is extending into the anal canal with preservation of the anal sphincter mechanism and with a satisfactory oncological outcome. Ultra-low colorectal and coloanal anastomosis, together with a colonic pouch or coloplasty, produces acceptable function in many patients. However, there is still controversy about the risk of tumour implantation, the place of downsizing neoadjuvant therapy, and true long-term functional outcome. Despite these concerns, surgeons should strive to perform rectal resection with sphincter preservation for low-lying rectal cancer whenever possible.