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Dutta M, Cai J, Gui W, Patterson AD. A review of analytical platforms for accurate bile acid measurement. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4541-4549. [PMID: 31127337 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are acidic steroids which help in lipid absorption, act as signaling molecules, and are key intermediate molecules between host and gut microbial metabolism. Perturbations in the circulating bile acid pool can lead to dysregulated metabolic and immunological function which may be associated with liver and intestinal disease. Bile acids have chemically diverse structures and are present in a broad range of concentrations in a wide variety of samples with complex biological matrices. Advanced analytical methods are therefore required to identify and accurately quantify individual bile acids. Though enzymatic determination of total bile acid is most popular in clinical laboratories, these methods provide limited information about individual bile acids. Advanced analytical methods such as gas chromatography- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are highly informative techniques which help in identification and quantification of individual bile acids in complex biological matrices. Here, we review the detection technologies currently used for bile acid identification and quantification. We further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these analytical techniques with respect to sensitivity, specificity, robustness, and ease of use. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 322 Life Sciences Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wei Gui
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 322 Life Sciences Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 322 Life Sciences Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
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Tsai SJJ, Zhong YS, Weng JF, Huang HH, Hsieh PY. Determination of bile acids in pig liver, pig kidney and bovine liver by gas chromatography-chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry with total ion chromatograms and extraction ion chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:524-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Bousquet E, Santagati NA, Tirendi S. Determination of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations of Ursodeoxycholic Acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Coulometric Electrochemical Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708014140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Bousquet
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università di Catania , V.1e A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - N. A. Santagati
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università di Catania , V.1e A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - S. Tirendi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università di Catania , V.1e A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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4
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Iida T, Ogawa S, Kakiyama G, Goto T, Mano N, Goto J, Nambara T. Capillary gas chromatographic separation of bile acid acyl glycosides without thermal decomposition and isomerization. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1057:171-6. [PMID: 15584236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A direct method for the capillary gas chromatographic (cGC) separation of the acyl glycosides of bile acids was successfully attained. The free acyl glycosides were derivatized to their complete trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatives with N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide). The highly volatile TFA derivatives were chromatographed on a short-length (10 m), narrow-bore (0.1 mm) capillary column coated with a thin film (0.1 microm) of 5% phenyl polysilphenylene-siloxane at a column temperature below 280 degrees C. Each exhibited a single, well-separated peak of the theoretical shape without any accompanying peaks due to the thermal decomposition and isomerization. The bile acid 24alpha-glucosides were always eluted faster than the corresponding 24beta-glucosides, which eluted before the corresponding 24beta-galactosides. The method could be usefully applied to biosynthetic and metabolic studies of bile acid acyl glycosides in biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan.
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Sasaki T, Iida T, Nambara T. High-performance ion-pair chromatographic behaviour of conjugated bile acids with di-n-butylamine acetate. J Chromatogr A 2000; 888:93-102. [PMID: 10949476 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper dealt with a simple and efficient method for separating a mixture of different series of ionic, high polar, and hydrophilic conjugates of bile acids by high-performance ion-pair chromatography (HPIPC) with a new volatile ion-pair chromatographic reagent, di-n-butylamine acetate (DBAA), as a mobile phase additive. The substrates examined included eleven different classes of C-24 glycine- or taurine-amidated, 3-sulfated, 3-glucosylated, 3-N-acetylglucosaminidated, and 3-glucuronidated conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, urosodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acids, as well as their double-conjugated forms. The anionic conjugated bile acids were chromatographed on a C18, reversed-phase ion-pair column, eluting with methanol-water (65:35, v/v) containing 5 mM of DBAA as a counter ion. Satisfactory chromatographic separation and column performance were attained by DBAA, compared with conventionally used non-volatile tetra-n-butylammonium phosphate. The present HPIPC method with DBAA provides an insight into the separation and structural elucidation of these biologically important bile acid conjugates and may be proved to be applied to HPLC-mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Separation of double conjugates of bile acids by two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography with tetra-n-butylammonium phosphate and methyl β-cyclodextrin. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Batta AK, Salen G. Gas chromatography of bile acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 723:1-16. [PMID: 10080627 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids, the end products of cholesterol metabolism in the liver, are of vital importance in the tissue distribution of cholesterol. Abnormalities in cholesterol biosynthesis or metabolism are often reflected in the proportions, concentrations and conjugation of bile acids in various tissues and determination of bile acids in these tissues is important in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases. Several methods for quantitative determination of bile acids in biological fluids are known and have been reviewed. In this review, we have discussed the gas-chromatographic method for determination of bile acids with special reference to bile acid quantitation in plasma, bile, urine and stool.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Batta
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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Roda A, Piazza F, Baraldini M. Separation techniques for bile salts analysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:263-78. [PMID: 9832249 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of bile salts in biological samples has remained a difficult task, due to the complex nature of the salts and also to their low concentration in common sample fluids such as plasma and urine. Given their importance, the development of accurate and sensitive methods of instrumental analysis has been the subject of intensive research, and recent advances have eliminated or lessened some of the difficulties. Currently available techniques are the following: thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (thermospray, fast atom bombardment, electrospray and ionspray), a method undergoing continuous improvement, is also being applied to bile salts analysis. In this paper, these various techniques, which differ greatly in specificity, accuracy and simplicity, are reviewed and discussed, in terms of analytical performance, applicability to a given sample fluid, major limitations, ability to identify uncommon bile salts, including unsaturated oxo derivatives, glucuronides, sulfates, glycosides and bile alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy
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9
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Momose T, Mure M, Iida T, Goto J, Nambara T. Method for the separation of the unconjugates and conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid by two-dimensional reversed-phase thin layer chromatography with methyl beta-cyclodextrin. J Chromatogr A 1998; 811:171-80. [PMID: 9691303 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the separation of individual unconjugated bile acids and their glycine- and taurine-amidated, 3-sulfated, 3-glucosylated and 3-glucuronidated conjugates is described. The method involves the use of a two-dimensional (2D) reversed-phase (RP) high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) technique with methyl beta-cyclodextrin (Me-beta-CD). Five major unconjugated bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, and their conjugates were examined as the solutes. A high degree of separation of individual bile acids in each homologous series was achieved on a RP-HPTLC plate by developing with aqueous methanol in the first dimension and the same solvent system containing Me-beta-CD in the second dimension. In particular, all of the six 'difficult-to-separate' pairs, unconjugated CDCA and DCA and their conjugated forms with glycine, taurine, sulfuric acid, D-glucose and D-glucuronic acid, were effectively resolved by adding Me-beta-CD in the aqueous mobile phases with the formers having larger mobilities than the latter. The application of this 2D inclusion RP-HPLC method to the separation of glycine-conjugated bile acids in human bile is also described. The present method would be useful for separating and characterizing these bile acids present in biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Momose
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Fukushima, Japan
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10
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Yarabe HH, Shamsi SA, Warner IM. Capillary zone electrophoresis of bile acids with indirect photometric detection. Anal Chem 1998; 70:1412-8. [PMID: 9553497 DOI: 10.1021/ac970922t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigations in our laboratory have demonstrated that capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with indirect photometric detection is a viable approach to the separation and identification of free bile acids along with their taurine and glycine derivatives. Various parameters such as pH, organic solvent concentrations, column temperature, and type of chromophore electrolyte were investigated to optimize the electrophoretic separation and to maximize the peak capacity. The quality of separation of bile acids can be dramatically improved by incorporating gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) in the running electrolyte. This improvement in resolution is accompanied by a decreased migration time, suggestive of an increase in association of gamma-CD with bile acids. As a result, a CZE separation of all 15 bile acids was possible in approximately 30 min using 5 mM adenosine 5'-monophosphate, 7 mM gamma-CD in 75% (v/v) methanol at pH 7.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Yarabe
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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11
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Batta AK, Salen G, Batta M, Earnest D, Alberts D. Capillary gas-liquid chromatography of acetate-methyl esters of bile acids. J Chromatogr A 1997; 766:286-91. [PMID: 9134735 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)01016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gas-liquid chromatographic separations of acetate-methyl esters of several common bile acids with and without a hydroxyl group at C-6 are compared with those of the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether-methyl esters on a CP-Sil-5 CB capillary column. Unlike the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives, the retention indices of the corresponding acetates were greatly influenced by the number of hydroxyl groups in the ring system. Epimeric hydroxyl groups at carbons 6, 7 as well as 12 increased retention index of the acetate-methyl esters of the bile acids, the effect of the 7 beta-hydroxyl group being most prominent. The 6 beta-acetoxyl group increased the retention index more than the 6 alpha-acetoxy group and contrary to the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives, a 6 beta, 7 beta-diacetoxy group showed larger increase in the retention index than the corresponding 6 alpha, 7 beta-diacetoxy group. The acetate derivatives of bile acid-methyl esters show larger retention times and reduced sensitivity than the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. However, gas chromatography of bile acid acetate-methyl esters can be very useful for the characterization of bile acids and for bile acid analysis in the rat where muricholic acids and hyodeoxycholic acid are in abundance, since these bile acids are difficult to resolve from each other and from other common bile acids as the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Batta
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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12
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Crosignani A, Battezzati PM, Setchell KD, Invernizzi P, Covini G, Zuin M, Podda M. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. A dose-response study. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:809-15. [PMID: 8674405 DOI: 10.1007/bf02213140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, a highly hydrophilic bile acid, may be of therapeutic value for chronic cholestatic liver diseases. We performed a dose-response study on 24 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who were randomly assigned to receive 500, 1000, or 1500 mg daily of tauroursodeoxycholic acid for six months. Biliary enrichment with ursodeoxycholic acid ranged from 15% to 48% and was not related with the dose. Serum liver enzyme levels decreased significantly after the first month of treatment with all the three doses. No significant difference among the three doses was found, although further reduction over time occurred with 1000 and 1500mg daily. Plasma total and HDL cholesterol significantly decreased in patients administered the two higher doses. Diarrhea was the only side effect. In conclusion, a dose of about 10mg/kg body wt/day of tauroursodeoxycholic acid should be used for long-term studies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crosignani
- Institute of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
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13
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Abstract
A review of the methods available for the separation of bile acids is presented, highlighting the most recent developments. The major chromatographic techniques (TLC, GC, HPLC) and combined detection systems for the determination of bile acids are critically evaluated and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. Moreover, future directions in which progress might occur are also indicated. Capillary GC-MS is the more established method since it provides higher efficiency combined with greater sensitivity and specificity and has proven crucial in identifying unusual bile acids. However, it requires deconjugation and derivatization and hence the conjugated species must be inferred from the initial isolation procedure. HPLC is directly amenable to the different forms of bile acids, but it suffers from insufficient resolving power which can be enhanced by exploiting the mobile-phase selectivity. The development of HPLC detection systems with higher sensitivity and specificity than conventional HPLC-UV is reported. In particular, methods for the direct coupling of HPLC to MS are examined with special emphasis on soft ionization processes (thermospray, fast atom bombardment, ion spray). Finally, the analytical potential for bile acid assays of more recent techniques including supercritical fluid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scalia
- Università di Catania, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica, Italy
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14
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Iida T, Tazawa S, Tamaru T, Goto J, Nambara T. Gas chromatographic separation of bile acid 3-glucosides and 3-glucuronides without prior deconjugation on a stainless-steel capillary column. J Chromatogr A 1995; 689:77-84. [PMID: 7881536 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00860-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A method for the gas chromatographic (GC) separation of the 3-glucoside and 3-glucuronide conjugates of bile acids without the necessity for a hydrolytic step is described. The bile acid glycosides were derivatized to their complete methyl ester trimethylsilyl (Me-TMS) or methyl ester dimethylethylsilyl (Me-DMES) ether derivatives, which in turn were chromatographed on an inert and thermostable stainless-steel capillary column, Ultra ALLOY-1 (HT), coated with a thin film (0.15 micron) of chemically bonded and cross-linked dimethylsiloxane. They exhibited a single peak of the theoretical shape without any accompanying peaks due to thermal decomposition, even at oven temperatures of 320-330 degrees C. Excellent GC separation of isomeric bile acid glycosides was achieved by the combined use of suitable derivatives and column. This method, which does not need the prior deconjugation of the glycosidic moiety, could be usefully applied to biosynthetic and metabolic studies of bile acids in biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iida
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Fukushima, Japan
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15
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Vescina MC, Mamianetti A, Vizioli NM, Lucangioli SE, Rodriguez V, Orden A, Garrido D, Carducci CN. Evaluation of faecal bile acid profiles by HPLC after using disposable solid-phase columns. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:1331-5. [PMID: 8123750 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80120-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Vescina
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhao RH, Li BY, Chen N, Zhang YK, Wang ZY, Lu PC. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of individual bile acids in serum for automatic diagnosis of various liver and biliary diseases. Biomed Chromatogr 1993; 7:139-42. [PMID: 8318830 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130070307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the high sensitivity determination of individual bile acids in serum using a C18 column with a ternary solvent system combined with fluorometric techniques using immobilized enzymes is described. A computer-assisted diagnosis system using pattern recognition was developed to assist the clinical diagnosis of various liver and biliary diseases. A total consistency rate of 95% can be reached using this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Zhao
- National Chromatographic R.&A. Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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17
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Warrack BM, DiDonato GC. Ion spray liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric characterization of bile acids. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 22:101-11. [PMID: 8448218 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200220202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ion spray mass spectra of selected bile acid standards are presented. Full-scan positive ion spectra obtained in solutions of acetonitrile-water-trifluoroacetic acid and methanol-water-trifluoroacetic acid show the presence of intense [M + S + H]+ and [M + 2S + H]+ ions (where S is either methanol or acetonitrile, depending on the solvent system) in addition to [M + H]+ ions. The relative abundance of the protonated and solvent adduct ions are reproducible and unique for several of the bile acids, and provide a means of identifying isomeric bile salts. Adduct ions are most abundant for free acids and weaker for glycine and taurine conjugates. On-line ion spray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) using a 3 cm x 4.6 mm cartridge column containing 3 microns particle size C18 packing was utilized for the separation and identification of components of monkey bile. Eight common bile acid conjugates were separated in less than 8 min utilizing a water-acetonitrile gradient with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile-phase modifier. Full-scan data were acquired from 1 microliter of untreated bile injected on-column. Identification of component bile acids from the equivalent of 1 nl injected on-column was obtained with the use of a 1 mm diameter microbore column. Limits of detection for bile acid conjugates using a microbore column and selected ion monitoring (SIM) range from 40 to 100 fmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Warrack
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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18
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Nichols JH, Ellefson RD, Hermansen J, Schifferdecker K, Burritt MF. Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Free, Conjugated, and Sulfated Bile Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308019557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Zhang YK, Chen N, Zao RH, Li T, Wang ZY, Lu PC. The retention behaviour of conjugated bile acids in reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1992; 6:255-7. [PMID: 1463939 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The retention behaviour of conjugated bile acids has been studied in a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) system by using the mixture of methanol and aqueous phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. The retentions of the conjugates in RP-HPLC have been found to be mainly controlled by the glycine and taurine groups. The selectivity between five different glycine and taurine conjugated bile acids is a constant in RP-HPLC. This selectivity has been used for peak identification in the practical separation of conjugated bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Zhang
- National Chromatographic R. & A. Centre, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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20
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Chen N, Zhang Y, Lu P. Peak Identification of the Conjugated Bile Acids in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography by Using the Conjugation Selectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079208018305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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22
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Iida T, Tamaru T, Chang FC, Goto J, Nambara T. Preparation of glycine-conjugated bile acids and their gas/liquid chromatographic analysis on an aluminum-clad flexible fused silica capillary column. Biomed Chromatogr 1992; 6:4-8. [PMID: 1600374 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the direct gas/liquid chromatographic (GC) analysis of 46 glycine-conjugated bile acids, which differ from one another in the number, position and configuration of the hydroxyl groups at positions C-2, C-3, C-4, C-6, C-7 and/or C-12. Free bile acids were converted quantitatively on a micro scale to ethyl ester-trimethylsilyl (Et-TMS) and methyl ester-dimethylethylsilyl (Me-DMES) ether derivatives of the corresponding glycine conjugates. The Et-TMS and Me-DMES ethers of the glycine conjugates were chromatographed on an aluminum-clad flexible fused silica capillary column coated with a thin film (0.1 micron) of chemically bonded and cross-linked methylpolysiloxane. Relative retention time (RRT) and methylene unit (MU) values were determined for the 46 compounds and their GC behaviour was discussed. The derivatization procedure and the retention data would be useful for the direct GC identification of unknown glycine-conjugated bile acid mixtures extracted from biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iida
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Fukushima-ken, Japan
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23
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Goto J, Teraya Y, Nambara T, Iida T. Studies on steroids. CCLIII. Capillary gas chromatographic behaviour of diethylhydrogensilyl-diethylsilylene derivatives of stereoisomeric bile acids. J Chromatogr A 1991; 585:281-8. [PMID: 1804843 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(91)85089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The capillary gas chromatographic behaviour of diethylhydrogensilyl (DEHS) ethers and/or diethylsilylene (DES) derivatives of fifty bile acids including 4- and 6-hydroxylated compounds is described. The methylene unit (MU) values of methyl and pentafluorobenzyl esters of bile acids were determined as their trimethylsilyl (TMS), dimethylethylsilyl (DMES) ethers and DEHS-DES derivatives. The differences in methylene unit values between the corresponding TMS ethers and DMES ethers or DEHS-DES derivatives were used for estimating the number and stereochemistry of hydroxyl groups on the steroid nucleus. On treatment with the silylating agent N,O-bis (diethylhydrogensilyl)trifluoroacetamide, bile acids possessing isolated hydroxyl in addition to diaxial trans-glycol groups were easily converted into the DEHS ehters, whereas those having a vicinal glycol group except for the diaxial group were converted into cyclic DES derivatives. The mass spectrometric properties obtained with negative-ion chemical ionization detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Goto
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Capillary gas chromatographic behaviour of stereoisomeric bile acids with a vicinal glycol structure by their “mixed” alkylboronate derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Capillary gas-liquid chromatographic separation of oxo and oxo-hydroxy bile acid isomers of theallo and normal series. Lipids 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02544046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nakagawa M, Colombo C, Setchell KD. Comprehensive study of the biliary bile acid composition of patients with cystic fibrosis and associated liver disease before and after UDCA administration. Hepatology 1990; 12:322-34. [PMID: 2391071 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The biliary bile acid composition was determined for patients with cystic fibrosis and associated liver disease before and after the administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (10 to 15 mg/kg body wt/day). Bile acids were analyzed by fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after individual bile acids were separated according to their mode of conjugation using the lipophilic anion exchanger, diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20. More than 50 individual bile acids were identified in the bile of cystic fibrosis patients and these acids were predominantly secreted as glycine and taurine conjugates. Small proportions (less than 8% of the total) of unconjugated and sulfate conjugates were present. Of interest was the identification of two side-chain-elongated (C25) bile acids, homocholic and homochenodeoxycholic acids. After ursodeoxycholic acid was administered, duodenal bile became enriched with the conjugated species of ursodeoxycholic acid (accounting for 11.9% to 32.5% of the total biliary bile acids), but to a lesser extent than reported previously for patients with other liver diseases or gallstones who received comparable doses of ursodeoxycholic acid, and this presumably occurs because of bile acid malabsorption that is a feature of cystic fibrosis. The mean glycine/taurine ratio increased from 2.4 before ursodeoxycholic acid administration to 5 after ursodeoxycholic acid administration even though these patients also received taurine. Despite the relatively low enrichment of the bile by ursodeoxycholic acid, biochemical indices of liver function all improved in these patients after ursodeoxycholic acid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-2899
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Iida T, Itoh T, Hagiwara K, Chang FC, Goto J, Nambara T. A method for the simultaneous analysis of unconjugated and glycine-conjugated bile acids by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Lipids 1989; 24:1053-5. [PMID: 2615572 DOI: 10.1007/bf02544079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous analysis of unconjugated and glycine-conjugated bile acids by means of capillary gas-liquid chromatography without need for prior deconjugation is described. The method involves: i) the use of an aluminum-clad fused-silica capillary column coated with a very thin film (0.1 micron) of a highly thermostable bonded and crosslinked methyl polysiloxane, and ii) the analysis of the bile acids as their methyl ester-dimethylethylsilyl ether derivatives. This method, used to separate the major free and glycine-conjugated bile acids from human gall bladder bile, should be applicable for the analysis of other biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iida
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Fukushima-ken, Japan
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28
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Setchell KD, Vestal CH. Thermospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: a new and highly specific technique for the analysis of bile acids. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Identification of 3 alpha,4 beta,7 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid in human bile: reflection of a new pathway in bile acid metabolism in humans. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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