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Betancur-Galvis L, Jimenez-Jarava OJ, Rivas F, Mendoza-Hernández WE, González-Cardenete MA. Synergistic In Vitro Antiviral Effect of Combinations of Ivermectin, Essential Oils, and 18-(Phthalimid-2-yl)ferruginol against Arboviruses and Herpesvirus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1602. [PMID: 38004467 PMCID: PMC10674234 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action can help prevent the development of resistance by attacking the infectious agent through multiple pathways. Additionally, by using faster and more economical screening methods, effective synergistic drug candidates can be rapidly identified, facilitating faster paths to clinical testing. In this work, a rapid method was standardized to identify possible synergisms from drug combinations. We analyzed the possible reduction in the antiviral effective concentration of drugs already approved by the FDA, such as ivermectin (IVM), ribavirin (RIBA), and acyclovir (ACV) against Zika virus (ZIKV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and herpes virus type 2 (HHV-2). Essential oils (EOs) were also included in the study since they have been reported for more than a couple of decades to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. We also continued studying the antiviral properties of one of our patented molecules with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, the ferruginol analog 18-(phthalimid-2-yl)ferruginol (phthFGL), which presented an IC99 of 25.6 μM for the three types of virus. In general, the combination of IVM, phthFGL, and oregano EO showed the greatest synergism potential against CHIKV, ZIKV, and HHV-2. For instance, this combination achieved reductions in the IC99 value of each component up to ~8-, ~27-, and ~12-fold for CHIKV, respectively. The ternary combination of RIBA, phthFGL, and oregano EO was slightly more efficient than the binary combination RIBA/phthFGL but much less efficient than IVM, phthFGL, and oregano EO, which indicates that IVM could contribute more to the differentiation of cell targets (for example via the inhibition of the host heterodimeric importin IMP α/β1 complex) than ribavirin. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among the combination groups tested, especially in the HHV-2 and CHIKV models, with p = 0.0098. Additionally, phthFGL showed a good pharmacokinetic profile that should encourage future optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Betancur-Galvis
- Grupo GRID—Grupo de Investigaciones Dermatológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Orlando José Jimenez-Jarava
- Grupo GRID—Grupo de Investigaciones Dermatológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - William E. Mendoza-Hernández
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. González-Cardenete
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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Phytochemical Compound Profile and the Estimation of the Ferruginol Compound in Different Parts (Roots, Leaves, and Seeds) of Juniperus procera. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary plant metabolites and their derivatives play a significant role in human health. Ferruginol is a diterpene phenol that has recently received attention for its pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antitumor, antimalarial, and cardioprotective effects. Recently, we detected the ferruginol compound in the leaf and seed extracts of Juniperus procera using different analytical approaches. The present work aims at detecting phytochemical compounds in a root extract of J. procera and estimating the amount of ferruginol compound in different parts of Juniperus procera. To screen the phytochemical compounds present in the root extract of J. procera, Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was performed. For ferruginol identification and estimation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the ferruginol reference standard and high-resolution direct analysis in real-time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) (DART-TOF-MS) analysis were used. GC/MS analysis revealed more than 20 bioactive compounds related to secondary plant metabolites in the root extract of J. procera with biological activity. The DART-TOF-MS result showed the typical positive ion spectra of ferruginol, and the HPLC result confirmed that the root extract of J. procera contains the ferruginol compound. In contrast, the root extract of J. procera contained a significant amount of ferruginol compared to that in the leaf and seed extracts. All parts of the J. procera contained the ferruginol compound and proved that ferruginol might be accumulated in the roots, leaves, and seeds of J. procera.
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Salih AM, Al-Qurainy F, Khan S, Nadeem M, Tarroum M, Shaikhaldein HO. Biogenic silver nanoparticles improve bioactive compounds in medicinal plant Juniperus procera in vitro. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:962112. [PMID: 36226285 PMCID: PMC9549325 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.962112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds of medicinal plants present as natural ingredients provide health benefits beyond the basic nutritional value of these products. However, the availability of bioactive compounds in the current natural sources is limited. Hence, the induction of bioactive compound production from medicinal plants through nanoparticles (NPs) might play a vital role in industrially important medicinal compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biologically and to investigate their effect on phytochemical compound production from the callus of Juniperus procera. AgNPs were synthesized biologically using aqueous leaf extract of Phoenix dactylifera, which acted as a reducing and capping agent, and silver nitrate solution. The formation of AgNPs has been confirmed through different analytical techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The impact of different concentrations (0.0, 5, 20, and 50 mg/L) of AgNPs on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of the callus of J. procera was investigated. The obtained results showed a significant effect of AgNPs on biomass accumulation and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenol, tannin, and flavonoid content). Additionally, total protein content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were increased in response to AgNPs. Furthermore, bioactive compounds like gallic acid, tannic acid, coumarin, hesperidin, rutin, quercetin, and ferruginol were chromatographically separated and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reference standards. These compounds were increased significantly in response to AgNPs treatments. We concluded that AgNPs could be a promising elicitor for improving the production of phytochemical compounds in medicinal plants. This work can serve asa good model for improving the production of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants in vitro. This molecular investigation should be done to understand better the metabolic mechanism leading to bioactive compound production scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalrhaman M. Salih
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Optimization Method for Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Medicinal Plant ( Juniperus procera) and Phytochemicals Screening. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247454. [PMID: 34946537 PMCID: PMC8708409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Juniperus procera is a natural source of bioactive compounds with the potential of antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. An optimization method was developed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) in leaf and seed extract of Juniperus procera. Organic solvents (methanol (99.8%), ethanol (99%), and acetone (99.5%)), and deionized water (DI) were used for extraction. The estimation of TPC, TFC, and TTC in plant materials was carried out using UV-spectrophotometer and HPLC with the standards gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid. Recovery of TPC in leaf extract ranged from 2.9 to 9.7 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.9 to 5.9 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 1.5 to 4.3 mg TA/g DW while the TPC value in the seed extract ranged from 0.53 to 2.6 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.5 to 1.6 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 mg TA/g DW. This result revealed that methanol is the best solvent for recovery of the TPC value (9.7 mg) from leaf extract in comparison to other solvents. Ethanol recorded the highest result of TFC (5.9 mg) in leaf extract among the solvents whereas acetone was the best for TTC yield recovery from leaf extract (4.3 mg). In the case of the seed extract, ethanol was the best solvent for both TPC (2.6 mg), and TFC (1.6 mg) recovery in comparison to other solvents. Total tannin content in methanol resulted in significant recovery from seed extract (1.4 mg). Separation and quantification of gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid in plant materials were undertaken using HPLC. Gallic acid in leaf and seed of J. procera ranged from 6.6 to 9.2, 6.5 to 7.2 µg/g DW, quercetin from 6.3 to 18.2, 0.9 to 4.2 µg/g DW, and tannic acid from 16.2 to 29.3, 6.6 to 9.3 µg/g DW, respectively. Solvents have shown a significant effect in the extraction of phenolic compounds. Moreover, phytochemicals in plant materials were identified using GC-MS and resulted in very important bioactive compounds, which include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antitumor agents such as ferruginol, phenanthrene, and n-hexadecanoic acid. In conclusion, the optimal solvent for extraction depends on the part of the plant material and the compounds that are to be isolated.
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Verification of the Potential Targets of the Herbal Prescription Sochehwan for Drug Repurposing Processes as Deduced by Network Pharmacology. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Network pharmacology (NP) is a useful, emerging means of understanding the complex pharmacological mechanisms of traditional herbal medicines. Sochehwan (SCH) is a candidate herbal prescription for drug repurposing as it has been suggested to have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome. In this study, NP was adopted to complement the shortcomings of literature-based drug repurposing strategies in traditional herbal medicine. We conducted in vitro studies to confirm the effects of SCH on potential pharmacological targets identified by NP analysis. Herbal compounds and molecular targets of SCH were explored and screened from a traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP) and an oriental medicine advanced searching integrated system (OASIS). Forty-seven key targets selected from a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were analyzed with gene ontology (GO) term enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to identify relevant categories. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were presented as significant signaling pathways with lowest p-values by NP analysis, which were downregulated by SCH treatment. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was identified as a core key target by NP analysis, and its phosphorylation ratio was confirmed to be significantly suppressed by SCH. In conclusion, the NP-based approach used for target prediction and experimental data obtained from Raw 264.7 cells strongly suggested that SCH can attenuate inflammatory status by modulating the phosphorylation status of STAT3.
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Salih AM, Al-Qurainy F, Khan S, Tarroum M, Nadeem M, Shaikhaldein HO, Alabdallah NM, Alansi S, Alshameri A. Mass propagation of Juniperus procera Hoechst. Ex Endl. From seedling and screening of bioactive compounds in shoot and callus extract. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:192. [PMID: 33882830 PMCID: PMC8059214 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juniperus procera Hoechst. ex Endl. is a medicinal tree in Saudi Arabia, primarily in the Enemas region, but it is locally threatened due to die-back disease and difficulties regarding seed reproduction (seed dormancy and underdeveloped embryonic anatomy, and germination rate < 40%). Hence, the alternative methods for reproduction of Juniperus procera are really needed for conservation and getting mass propagation for pharmaceutical uses. RESULTS In this manuscript, we articulated the successful in vitro shoot multiplication and callus induction of J. procera by using young seedling as explants and detected an important antibacterial and antitumor product. Explants were grown on different types of media with the supplement of different combinations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) at different concentrations. The best media for shoot multiplication was Woody Plant Media (WPM) supplemented with PGRs (0.5 μM of IAA and 0.5 μM BAP or 0.5 μM IBA and 0.5 μM BAP). Whereas for callus induction and formation Woody Plant Media (WPM) with the addition of PGRs (0.5 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM BAP) was better than the Chu Basal Salt Mixture (N6), Gamborg's B-5 Basal Medium (B5), and Murashige and Skoog media. The possibility of multiplication of J. procera in vitro creates significant advantages to overcome the difficulties of seeds dormancy for the reproduction of plants, conservation of trees, and getting mass propagation material for pharmaceutical studies. The shoot and callus extract of J. procera was detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and revealed more than 20 compounds related to secondary metabolites, which contained antibacterial and antitumor agents, such as ferruginol, Retinol, and Quinolone as well as confirmed by Direct Analysis in Real Time, Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (DART-ToF-MS). Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) was detected in callus material by HPLC with sigma standard and confirmed by DART-ToF-MS and UV spectra. CONCLUSION We successfully conducted in vitro shoot multiplication and callus induction from J. procera seedlings using WPM and a different combination of PGRs and, detected an important antibacterial and antitumor product such as ferruginol and podophyllotoxin. According to our findings, J. procera has become a new natural source of novel bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalrhaman M Salih
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad Al-Qurainy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Khan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Tarroum
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Nadeem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan O Shaikhaldein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadiyah M Alabdallah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 383, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alansi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aref Alshameri
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Cao G, Han S, Li K, Shen L, Wang X, Zhang Y. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution Study of Ferruginol in Wistar Rat by High-performance Liquid Chromatography. CURR PHARM ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180508154147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ferruginol (FRGN) exhibits a broad range of pharmacological properties
which make it a promising candidate for chemoprevention. However, little is known about its absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties.
Methods:
A rapid, sensitive and specific HPLC-DAD method was established to quantify FRGN in the
plasma and tissues of Wistar rats. After extraction of FRGN with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), chromatographic
separation was performed on a YMC ODS C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm I.D., 5 µm) with a mobile
phase consisting of methanol-water (92:8, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. Detection was conducted
with a wavelength of 273 nm at 25 °C.
Results:
The calibration curves for FRGN were linear in the concentration range of 0.5-20 µg/mL for
plasma, 0.5-10 µg/mL for heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain and muscle. After
three cycles of freezing and thawing, the concentration variations were within ± 7% of nominal concentrations,
indicating no significant substance loss during repeated thawing and freezing. The assay was
applied to pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study in rats. Results suggested that lung, heart, liver,
spleen and kidney were the major distribution tissues of FRGN in rats, and FRGN could permeate the
blood-brain barrier to distribute in the brain of rats.
Conclusion:
The information provided by this research is very useful for gaining knowledge of the
pharmacokinetic process and tissue distribution of FRGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding, RNA Research, medical department, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Suqiao Han
- Medical department, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Keke Li
- Medical department, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Li Shen
- Medical department, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding, RNA Research, medical department, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Youbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Naman CB, Gromovsky AD, Vela CM, Fletcher JN, Gupta G, Varikuti S, Zhu X, Zywot EM, Chai H, Werbovetz KA, Satoskar AR, Kinghorn AD. Antileishmanial and Cytotoxic Activity of Some Highly Oxidized Abietane Diterpenoids from the Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:598-606. [PMID: 26905523 PMCID: PMC4831050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds, namely, a para-benzoquinone ring-containing abietane (1) and a para-benzoquinone ring-containing 7,8-seco-abietane (2), and 14 other known highly oxidized abietane diterpenoids (3-16) were isolated from an extract prepared from the cones of Taxodium distichum, collected in central Ohio. The active subfraction from which all compounds isolated in this study were purified was tested in vivo using Leishmania donovani-infected mice and was found to dose-dependently reduce the parasite burden in the murine livers after iv administration of this crude mixture at 5.6 and 11.1 mg/kg. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by detailed 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, HRESIMS data, and electronic circular dichroism studies. Compounds 3 and 4 were each fully characterized spectroscopically and also isolated from a natural source for the first time. Compounds 2-16 were tested in vitro against L. donovani promastigotes and L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. Compound 2 was the most active against L. amazonensis amastigotes (IC50 = 1.4 μM), and 10 was the most potent against L. donovani promastigotes (IC50 = 1.6 μM). These compounds may be suggested for further studies such as in vivo experimentation either alone or in combination with other Taxodium isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Benjamin Naman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anthony D. Gromovsky
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Cory M. Vela
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Joshua N. Fletcher
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emilia M. Zywot
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Heebyung Chai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Author. Tel: 1-614-247-8094. Fax: 1-614-247-8119.
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Sadgrove NJ, Jones GL. Medicinal compounds, chemically and biologically characterised from extracts of Australian Callitris endlicheri and C.glaucophylla (Cupressaceae): used traditionally in Aboriginal and colonial pharmacopoeia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:872-83. [PMID: 24690774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Callitrisendlicheri and C.glaucophylla were highly valued by Australian Aboriginal people for use in medicinal applications. Pine needles were prepared using modalities of either smoking or topical preparations, requiring either aqueous or lipophilic extraction into animal fat. Extracts treated various ailments consistent with pathogenic infection, or other topical or tracheal ailments not clearly elucidated in ethnopharmacological records. AIM OF THE STUDY Here we aim firstly to investigate antimicrobial activities of both smoke, essential oil and solvent extracts and secondly to chemically characterise significant volatile compounds potentially related to medicinal or antimicrobial activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Essential oils were produced using traditional hydrodistillation of pine needles collected from Callitrisendlicheri and C.glaucophylla. From the same material, solvent extracts were produced separately, using acetone and methanol, and then smoke extracts were produced with separate methods described herein, using fresh needles. All extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial organisms and sporicidal activity against pathogenic fungi (Trichophytonmentagrophytes, T.interdigitalis and T.rubrum). RESULTS Essential oils produced only modest antibacterial activity and the Callitris endlicheri essential oil had moderate antifungal activity. Smoke extracts demonstrated considerable broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, but solvent extracts demonstrated more selective activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and the yeast Candida albicans. Chemical character of essential oils was consistent with previous studies; however, solvent and smoke extracts from fresh needles produced high concentrations of potentially medicinal abietane diterpenes, specifically pisiferal, pisiferol and ferruginol; well known from Japanese species with demonstrated bioactivity. CONCLUSION The occurrence of these diterpenes and other phenolics, in conjunction with significant antimicrobial activities from the various extracts, is in alignment with the use of Australian Callitris species in Aboriginal medicinal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas John Sadgrove
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals Group, Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Graham Lloyd Jones
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals Group, Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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