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Lopes L, Bitencourt TA, Lang EAS, Sanches PR, Peres NTA, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM. Genes coding for LysM domains in the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum: A transcription analysis. Med Mycol 2020; 58:372-379. [PMID: 31226713 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichophyton rubrum is a pathogen that causes superficial mycoses in humans, predominantly in keratinized tissues. The occurrence of dermatophytoses has increased in the last decades, mainly in immunocompromised patients, warranting research on the mechanisms involved in dermatophyte virulence. The genomes of dermatophytes are known to be enriched in genes coding for proteins containing the LysM domain, a carbohydrate-binding module, indicating the possible involvement of these genes in virulence. Although the LysM domains have already been described in other fungi, their biological functions in dermatophytes are unknown. Here we assessed the transcription of genes encoding proteins containing the LysM domains in T. rubrum grown on different substrates using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Some of these genes showed changes in transcription levels when T. rubrum was grown on keratin. In silico analyses suggest that some of these proteins share features, namely, they are anchored in the plasma membrane and contain the catalytic domain chitinase II and signal peptide domains. Here we show a detailed study of genes encoding the proteins with LysM-containing domains in T. rubrum, aiming to contribute to the understanding of their functions in dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elza A S Lang
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Salehi Z, Fatahi N, Taran M, Izadi A, Badali H, Hashemi SJ, Rezaie S, Daie Ghazvini R, Ghaffari M, Aala F, Barac A, Khodavaisy S. Comparison of in vitro antifungal activity of novel triazoles with available antifungal agents against dermatophyte species caused tinea pedis. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100935. [PMID: 32139093 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi that invade and infect the keratinized tissues and cause dermatophytosis. We investigated effectiveness of novel triazole (luliconazole and lanaconazole) in comparison with available antifungal agents against dermatophyte species isolated from patients with tinea pedis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 60 dermatophytes species were isolated from the patients with tinea pedis. Identification of species was done by DNA sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 rDNA region. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing with luliconazole and lanaconazole and available antifungal agent was done in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, M38-A2 document. RESULTS In all investigated isolates, luliconazole had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (MIC range=0.0005-0.004μg/mL), while fluconazole (MIC range=0.4-64μg/mL) had the highest MICs. Geometric mean MIC was the lowest for luliconazole (0.0008μg/mL), followed by lanoconazole (0.003μg/mL), terbinafine (0.019μg/mL), itraconazole (0.085 μg/mL), ketoconazole (0.089μg/mL), econazole (0.097μg/mL), griseofulvin (0.351 μg/mL), voriconazole (0.583μg/mL) and fluconazole (11.58μg/mL). CONCLUSION The novel triazoles showed potent activity against dermatophytes and promising candidates for the treatment of tinea pedis caused by Trichophyton and Epidermophyton species. However, further studies are warranted to determine the clinical implications of these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Salehi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Fatahi
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M Taran
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - A Izadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - S J Hashemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rezaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Ghaffari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva, Iran
| | - F Aala
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - A Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Khodavaisy
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Blechert O, Mei H, Zang X, Zheng H, Liang G, Liu W. Auxotrophic mutations of Trichophyton rubrum created by in vitro synthesized Cas9 ribonucleoprotein. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:6. [PMID: 31959181 PMCID: PMC6971929 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-0601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton rubrum is an obligate human parasitic fungus and responsible for approximately 80-90% of dermatomycosis in human. Molecular genetic manipulations of this pathogen are challenging and available tools and protocols are only rudimentary. We adapt molecular genetics methods of well established fungal model organism, to knock out genes in T. rubrum. For the adaptation, crucial modifications are necessary. With the implementation of in vitro synthesized Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, it is possible to adapt molecular genetic methods, to knock out genes in T. rubrum. RESULTS The gene knock-out method is based on integration of a selection marker into the target site, to interrupt the gene translation. The target gene gets preassigned by the homologous sequence of the in vitro synthesized Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex. To develop the method, we first isolated and characterized a T. rubrum strain with a high amount of microconidia. Next, we developed a transformation protocol, whereby the Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein gets delivered into the fungal protoplast by the PEG method. We knocked out the URA3 gene and resulted, as predicted, uracil auxotrophic strains. These strains can be used for specific gene knock-outs by reintegrating the URA3 fragment and selection on uracil lacking cultivation media. Exemplary, we knocked out the TRP3 gene and got the predicted phenotype, tryptophan auxotrophic strains. The mutation had been verified by sequencing. CONCLUSIONS We developed a method, based on in vitro synthesized Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, for target specific gene knock-outs in T. rubrum. We knocked out the Ura3 gene and resulted uracil auxotrophic strains. These strains were used for target specific gene knock-outs by reintegrating the Ura3 fragment into the target gene site to interrupt the gene transcription. The developed method allows to adapt sophisticate gene manipulation methods of model fungal species to non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Blechert
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Mei
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Zheng
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanzhao Liang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
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George D, Maheswari PU, Sheriffa Begum KMM, Arthanareeswaran G. Biomass-Derived Dialdehyde Cellulose Cross-linked Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogel with Phytosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Curcumin Delivery and Bioactivity. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:10880-10890. [PMID: 31508956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable biomass-based nanocomposite hydrogel was formulated, characterized, and applied for curcumin delivery. Phytosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) employing musk melon (Cucumis melo) seed extract was embedded in the hydrogel matrices and cross-linked using Dialdehyde cellulose prepared from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse (SCB). Nanoparticle incorporation enhanced the hydrogel's swelling degree to 4048% at pH 4.0. Also, an improved tensile strength of 14.1 ± 0.32 MPa was exhibited by the nanocomposite hydrogel compared to 9.79 ± 0.76 MPa for the pure chitosan cellulose hydrogel. A curcumin loading efficiency of 89.68% with around 30% increased loading was exhibited for the nanocomposite hydrogel. A Fickian diffusion-controlled curcumin release mechanism with maximum release at pH 7.4 was obtained. The synergistic effect on the antimicrobial activity was exhibited against Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton rubrum. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies employing L929 cells and A431 cells demonstrated good biocompatibility and enhanced anticancer activity of the curcumin-loaded green nanocomposite hydrogel compared to pure curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya George
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirapalli 620015 , Tamilnadu , India
| | - Palanisamy Uma Maheswari
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirapalli 620015 , Tamilnadu , India
| | | | - Gangasalam Arthanareeswaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirapalli 620015 , Tamilnadu , India
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Blechert O, Zheng H, Zang X, Wang Q, Liu W. Influence of the cultivation medium and pH on the pigmentation of Trichophyton rubrum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222333. [PMID: 31504066 PMCID: PMC6736311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a human pathogenic fungus. As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced by pH. Under alkaline conditions, T. rubrum has a red pigmentation, whereas at acid conditions, T. rubrum has a yellow pigmentation. Moreover, the color change immediately from yellow to red by adding NaOH and reverse immediately from red to yellow by adding HCl. We suggest that the chemical compound Xanthomegnin is responsible for red as well for yellow pigmentation in T. rubrum. To figure out, why T. rubrum has red pigmentation on Trichophyton medium, adjust to alkaline, but not on Synthetic-Complete medium, also adjusted to alkaline, we measure the pH of liquid media, adjusted to pH 3.5, 6 and 8, over a period of four weeks. The pH of both cultivation media changes significantly, with a maximum of five pH levels. Whereas the Trichophyton medium, initially adjusted to pH 8, stays alkaline, the pH of the Synthetic-Complete medium drops to acid conditions. The acidification of the SC medium and the alkalization of the Trichophyton medium explains the different pigment color of the T. rubrum colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Blechert
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailin Zheng
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Pfeifer Barbosa AL, Wenzel-Storjohann A, Barbosa JD, Zidorn C, Peifer C, Tasdemir D, Çiçek SS. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and its main diterpene acids. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 233:94-100. [PMID: 30472403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The oleoresin of Brazilian Copaifera reticulata is a traditional remedy used for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections, respiratory diseases, rheumatism, ulcer and tumours; thus, playing an important role in the primary health care of the indigenous population. AIM As most previous pharmacological tests used the crude oleoresin and only a few studies so far dealt with enriched fractions or pure chemically defined compounds, the aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and to assign traditional uses to specific secondary metabolites. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oleoresin, as well as its neutral and acidic fractions were tested for their activity against six cancer cell lines, two clinically relevant bacterial strains, and two dermatophytes. Both fractions were analysed by GC-MS and UHPLC-ELSD, respectively. The antibacterial acidic phase was further fractionated by preparative chromatography to purify and characterize the compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological effect. RESULTS Whereas no cytotoxic activity was detected, the crude oleoresin and its acidic fraction showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium (IC50 values 4.2 and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, IC50 values 5.3 and 7.2 µg/mL, respectively). Purification of the acidic fraction of the C. reticulata oleoresin yielded two dicarboxylic diterpene acids and the four main diterpene acids, comprising three different diterpene scaffolds. Interestingly, the activity was not restricted to a particular diterpene-type but rather depended on the compounds' lipophilicity, with the most active constituent showing IC50 values of 1.6 (E. faecium) and 2.5 µg/mL (MRSA), respectively. Furthermore, ent-polyalthic acid, the major diterpenoid, was significantly active against dermatophytes with IC50 values of 6.8 µg/mL (Trichophyton rubrum) and 4.3 µg/mL against (T. mentagrophytes). CONCLUSION The present study proved the antimicrobial effects of the C. reticulata oleoresin and its diterpenoid constituents, confirming its wide use in folk medicine for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections. The inhibitory activity of copaiba diterpenoids against dermatophytic fungi as well as the gram-positive bacteria E. faecium and MRSA is being reported for the first time, providing potential lead structures for the treatment of these clinically relevant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laís Pfeifer Barbosa
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arlette Wenzel-Storjohann
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany.
| | - José Diomedes Barbosa
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Castanhal, Rua Maximino Porpino da Silva, 1000, 68710-080 Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Serhat Sezai Çiçek
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Klafke GB, da Silva RA, de Pellegrin KT, Xavier MO. Analysis of the role of nail polish in the transmission of onychomycosis. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 93:930-931. [PMID: 30484548 PMCID: PMC6256209 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Baracy Klafke
- Interdisciplinary Field of Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande (RS), Brazil
| | - Raiza Alves da Silva
- Interdisciplinary Field of Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande (RS), Brazil
| | - Kelly Thaís de Pellegrin
- Interdisciplinary Field of Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande (RS), Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Interdisciplinary Field of Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande (RS), Brazil
- Post-Graduation program in Health Science, Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande (RS), Brazil
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Hulley IM, van Vuuren SF, Sadgrove NJ, van Wyk BE. Antimicrobial activity of Elytropappus rhinocerotis (Asteraceae) against micro-organisms associated with foot odour and skin ailments. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 228:92-98. [PMID: 30217789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The twigs of Elytropappus rhinocerotis are widely used in the Cape region of South Africa to treat foot odour, perspiration and also itchy, chilblained and burning feet. However, no antimicrobial studies have hitherto been published on this popular Cape herbal medicine, which is also used for a wide range of ailments. AIMS OF THE STUDY To determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts, essential oil and two major labdane diterpenes isolated from E. rhinocerotis against micro-organisms associated with foot odour and other conditions associated with skin infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leafy stems were harvested from three individual plants at three separate geographical localities, giving a total of nine plant samples. The samples were air-dried, powdered and extracted with a 1:1 mixture of methanol and dichloromethane, and also with sterile distilled water. A portion of each sample was also hydrodistilled to obtain nine samples of essential oil. Isolation of the major labdane diterpenes was performed using silica and ethyl acetate in hexane (3:7 v/v) as the mobile phase. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for nine crude extracts, as well as three essential oil samples and two labdane diterpenes obtained from a bulk sample. The test organisms used in this study were from Deutsche Sammlung von Mikrooganismen (DSM) and American type culture collection (ATCC) strains and included five bacterial species (Brevibacterium agri ATCC 51663, B. epidermidis DSM 20660, B. linens DSM 20425, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228) and one fungal species (Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533) associated with the skin. RESULTS The presence of essential oil is reported for the first time. Organic extracts and essential oil samples showed moderate to noteworthy activity against selected test organisms. For the Brevibacteria, the lowest MIC values for phenolic extracts were several times lower than the corresponding values for the positive control zinc (shown in brackets): 0.0031 mg/mL against Brevibacterium agri (0.33 mg/mL), 0.17 mg/mL against B. epidermidis (3.91 mg/mL) - both for sample 2 of Vanwyksdorp; 0.13 mg/mL against B. linens (2.28 mg/mL) - for sample 3 of Vanwyksdorp. Two isolated labdane diterpenoids (one of which is here first reported) were also antimicrobially tested and showed moderate activity but had high abundance in the extracts. Two major monoterpenes and four sesquiterpenes in the essential oil were identified as 1,8-cineole (4.6-12.3%), terpinen-4-ol (9.2-24.3%), germacrene A (3.9-15.6%), (-)-spathulenol (1.7-37.8%), viridiflorol (0.3-100%), and silphiperfol-6-en-5-one (4.5-26.8%). CONCLUSION The antimicrobial results particularly for the essential oils and against the Brevibacteria support the traditional topical use of Elytropappus rhinocerotis twigs to treat foot perspiration, foot odour and other related skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Hulley
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - S F van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Park town 2193, South Africa.
| | - N J Sadgrove
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - B-E van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
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Liu X, Liu J, Jiang T, Zhang L, Huang Y, Wan J, Song G, Lin H, Shen Z, Tang C. Analysis of chemical composition and in vitro antidermatophyte activity of ethanol extracts of Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 226:36-43. [PMID: 30063973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott is a deciduous perennial herb, which has been used traditionally for treatment of ringworm infections and others skin diseases in the north of China. AIM OF THE STUDY To characterize the chemical composition, evaluate the antifungal activity and explore possible mechanisms about action of ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical components in the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans were determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 method against 62 isolates of dermatophytes. The kinetics of fungal kill, synergy testing by checkerboard dilution and quantitation of sterol by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) on Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were also investigated. RESULTS Fourteen derivatives of phloroglucinol were identified in the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. The MIC of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans ranged from 0.059 to 3.780 mg/mL while MFC ranged from 0.118 to 3.780 mg/mL. The ethanol extracts of D. fragrans exerted fungicidal activity after 12 h of incubation against Trichophyton rubrum while it required 36 h of incubation against Trichophyton mentagrophytes at concentrations of 8 × MIC. In synergy testing, the interaction between miconazole (MCZ) and terbinafine (TBF) with the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans proved to be indifferent by testing fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values. Sterol in samples of fungal cells treated with the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS The ethanol extracts of D. fragrans had antifungal and fungicidal activity against dermatophytes and was likely a strain-dependent fungicidal agent. Interaction between drugs was indifferent on tested isolates. The inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis was one of the antifungal mechanisms of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. These results showed that the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans could be explored for promising antifungal drugs. Dozens of phloroglucinol derivatives may contribute to high antifungal activity of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixi Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangfan Wan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoqi Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibin Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chunping Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Ebani VV, Nardoni S, Bertelloni F, Giovanelli S, Ruffoni B, D'Ascenzi C, Pistelli L, Mancianti F. Activity of Salvia dolomitica and Salvia somalensis Essential Oils against Bacteria, Molds and Yeasts. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020396. [PMID: 29438274 PMCID: PMC6017378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) from Salvia dolomitica and Salvia somalensis, widely employed in the cosmetic and perfume industry, were analyzed for composition and tested against bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from clinical and environmental specimens. The analyses were carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Mucor sp. and Trichothecium roseum. Both EOs showed similar percentages of total monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The main constituents were 1,8-cineole and β-caryophyllene in S. dolomitica and bornyl acetate and camphor in S. somalensis. The selected EOs have no relevant antifungal or antibacterial activities if compared to conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Simona Nardoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Giovanelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ruffoni
- Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo (CREA), Corso Degli Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy.
| | - Carlo D'Ascenzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a common human dermatophyte that is the causative agent of 80-93% of fungal infections of the skin and nails. While dermatophyte infections in healthy people are easily treatable with over-the-counter medications, such infections pose a higher risk for patients with compromised immune function and impaired regenerative potential. The efficacy of boric acid (BA) for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections prompted an investigation of the effect of BA on growth and morphology of T. rubrum. This is of particular interest since BA facilitates wound healing, raising the possibility that treating athlete's foot with BA, either alone or in combination with other antifungal drugs, would combine the benefits of antimicrobial activity and tissue regeneration to accelerate healing of infected skin. The data presented here show that BA represses T. rubrum growth at a concentration reported to be beneficial for host tissue regeneration. Oxygen exposure increases BA toxicity, and mycelia growing under BA stress avoid colonizing the surface of the growth surface, which leads to a suppression of aerial mycelium growth and surface conidia formation. BA penetrates into solid agar matrices, but the relative lack of oxygen below the substrate surface limits the effectiveness of BA in suppressing growth of embedded T. rubrum cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
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12
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Barman S, Ghosh R, Sengupta S, Mandal NC. Longterm storage of post-packaged bread by controlling spoilage pathogens using Lactobacillus fermentum C14 isolated from homemade curd. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184020. [PMID: 28859156 PMCID: PMC5578496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One potent lactic acid bacterial strain C14 with strong antifungal activity was isolated from homemade curd. Based on morphological as well as biochemical characters and 16S rDNA sequence homology the strain was identified as Lactobacillus fermentum. It displayed a wide antimicrobial spectrum against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, and also against number of food spoilage, plant and human pathogenic fungi. The cell free supernatant (CFS) of the strain C14 was also effective against the fungi tested. Inhibition of radial growth of Penicillium digitatum, Trichophyton rubrum and Mucor sp. was noticed in the presence of CFS of C14 even at low concentration (1%). More than 94.3 ± 1.6% and 91.5 ± 2.2% inhibition of conidial germination of P. digitatum and Mucor sp. were noticed in the presence of 10-fold-concentrated CFS of C14. Massive deformation of the fungal mycelia was observed by SEM studies, and losses of cellular proteins and DNA are also evident upon its treatment with C14. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of phenyl lactic acid, lactic acid along with some unidentified compounds in the antifungal extract. Challenge experiment showed immense potential of the strain C14 in preventing the spoilage of bread samples caused by Mucor sp. and Bacillus subtilis. The bread samples remained fresh upto 25 days even after inoculation with Mucor sp. (3.7 × 104 spores /ml) and B. subtilis (4.6 × 104 CFU /ml). Along with the antifungal properties, the isolated lactic acid bacterial strain also showed very good antioxidant activities. Unchanged level of liver enzymes serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in albino mice upon feeding with C14 also suggested non-toxic nature of the bacterial isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Barman
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Ghosh
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Shreya Sengupta
- Heritage Institute of Technology, East Kolkata Township, Anandapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Narayan C. Mandal
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
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13
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黄 昊, 汤 红, 陈 颖, 郑 秀, 胡 勇, 王 瑞, 黄 美. [Effect of intense pulsed light on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2017; 37:853-857. [PMID: 28669966 PMCID: PMC6744133 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.06.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of 420 nm intense pulsed light on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro and explore the mechanism. METHODS The fungal conidia were divided into treatment group with intense pulse light irradiation and control group without irradiation. The surface areas of the fungal colonies were photographed before irradiation and on the 2nd and 3rd days after irradiation to observe the changes in fungal growth. The viability of the fungus in suspension was detected at 6 h after irradiation using MTT assay. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the fungus was determined using DCFH-DA fluorescent probe, and the MDA content was detected using TBA method. RESULTS Intense pulse light (420 nm) irradiation caused obvious injuries in Trichophyton rubrum with the optimal effective light dose of 12 J/cm2 in 12 pulses. At 6 h after the irradiation, the fungus in suspension showed a 30% reduction of viability (P<0.05), and the fungal colonies showed obvious growth arrest without further expansion. Compared to the control group, the irradiated fungus showed significant increases in ROS level and MDA content (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Intense pulse light (420 nm) irradiation can induce oxidative stress in Trichophyton rubrum to lead to fungal injuries and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- 昊 黄
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 红峰 汤
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 颖 陈
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 秀芬 郑
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 勇 胡
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 瑞华 王
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - 美玲 黄
- />南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院皮肤科,广东 佛山 528300Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
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Kucerova-Chlupacova M, Vyskovska-Tyllova V, Richterova-Finkova L, Kunes J, Buchta V, Vejsova M, Paterova P, Semelkova L, Jandourek O, Opletalova V. Novel Halogenated Pyrazine-Based Chalcones as Potential Antimicrobial Drugs. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111421. [PMID: 27801810 PMCID: PMC6273737 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones, i.e., compounds with the chemical pattern of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones, exert a wide range of bio-activities, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-infective etc. Our research group has been focused on pyrazine analogues of chalcones; several series have been synthesized and tested in vitro on antifungal and antimycobacterial activity. The highest potency was exhibited by derivatives with electron withdrawing groups (EWG) in positions 2 and 4 of the ring B. As halogens also have electron withdrawing properties, novel halogenated derivatives were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation. All compounds were submitted for evaluation of their antifungal and antibacterial activity, including their antimycobacterial effect. In the antifungal assay against eight strains of selected fungi, growth inhibition of Candida glabrata and Trichophyton interdigitale (formerly T. mentagrophytes) was shown by non-alkylated derivatives with 2-bromo or 2-chloro substitution. In the panel of selected bacteria, 2-chloro derivatives showed the highest inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus sp. In addition, all products were also screened for their antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV My 331/88, M. kansasii My 235/80, M. avium 152/80 and M. smegmatis CCM 4622. Some of the examined compounds, inhibited growth of M. kansasii and M. smegmatis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) comparable with those of isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kucerova-Chlupacova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Vyskovska-Tyllova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Richterova-Finkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Kunes
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Buchta
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcela Vejsova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Paterova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucia Semelkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Jandourek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Opletalova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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15
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Li JX, Li QJ, Guan YF, Song X, Liu YH, Zhang JJ, Li WF, Du J, Zhu M, Banas JA, Li XN, Pan LT, Zhang HJ. Discovery of antifungal constituents from the Miao medicinal plant Isodon flavidus. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 191:372-378. [PMID: 27340103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leigong Mountain is an area in the Southwest of China where there is a high incidence rate of athlete's foot, but the Miao people, a Chinese minority who reside in this mountainous area have suffered less from this disease due to their use of the herbal medicine Isodon flavidus (Hand.-Mazz.) H. Hara. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is to identify the active chemical constituents responsible for antifungal effects of the folk medicine plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The natural compounds were separated from the methanol extract of the twigs and leaves of I. flavidus by phytochemical study using chromatographic methods, and their chemical structures were determined by analysis of the spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The absolute configuration of fladin A (1) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against the athlete's foot fungus Trichophyton rubrum. They were further evaluated for their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against the dental pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans. RESULTS Phytochemical and biological studies of I. flavidus led to the discovery of two antifungal compounds, fladin A (1) and lophanic acid (2). Fladin A (1) is a novel diterpene with an unprecedented cyclic ether group formed between C-4 and C-9. Lophanic acid (2) displayed inhibition activity against the athlete's foot fungus Trichophyton rubrum with an MIC value of 7.8μg/mL, and fladin A (1) also showed inhibition activity against the fungus with a MIC value of 62.5μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Our identification of two antifungal compounds provided strong evidence for the Miao people to use I. flavidus as a medicinal plant for treatment of athlete's foot disease. The very different chemical structures of the active compounds from those in the market presents them as potential antifungal lead compounds for follow-up study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xin Li
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Road, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Qi-Ji Li
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Road, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Yi-Fu Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya-Hua Liu
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Road, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Jing-Jie Zhang
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Road, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Wan-Fei Li
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Road, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Road, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, N413 DSB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Banas
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, N413 DSB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Lu-Tai Pan
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 50 Shidong Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Da X, Takahashi H, Hein KZ, Morita E. In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Kampo Medicine Water Extracts against Trichophyton rubrum. Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11:763-766. [PMID: 27534111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kampo medicines consist of a variety of crude animal, plant, and mineral extracts that have long been used to relieve different symptoms, and are relatively safe. However, their mechanisms of actions have not been well investigated. We screened 61 commercially available Kampo medicines to determine if they contain constituents with antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum. The antifungal effect of the Kampo medicines was determined by measuring the mean absorbance of treated fungal culture media. Lower absorbance values suggested a higher inhibition of the growth rate of T. rubrum by the Kampo medicines. We found that seven of the evaluated formulations exhibited a comparable antifungal activity to that of fluconazole at 14 mg/mL. The seven active Kampo medicines were Saiko-keishi-kankyou-to, Saiko-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to, Saiko-keishi-to, Keishi-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to, Dai-saiko-to, Bohu-tsu-sho-san, and Otsu-ji-to. The seven Kampo medicines with antifungal activity contain 30 different crude extracts, and Ou-gon (Scutellaria root) is a supplement contained in six of the seven formulations. Therefore, Ou-gon was considered to play a major role in their antifungal effect. The antifungal assay of the Ou-gon water extract showed that it significantly inhibited the growth of T. rubrum at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. Future studies will focus on the isolation and identification of the antifungal components of the crude extracts of Ou-gon, which may be potentially useful, new, and safe antifungal drugs.
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Alves de Medeiros AK, Lodewick E, Bogaert DJA, Haerynck F, Van Daele S, Lambrecht B, Bosma S, Vanderdonckt L, Lortholary O, Migaud M, Casanova JL, Puel A, Lanternier F, Lambert J, Brochez L, Dullaers M. Chronic and Invasive Fungal Infections in a Family with CARD9 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:204-9. [PMID: 26961233 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic mucocutaneous or invasive fungal infections are generally the result of primary or secondary immune dysfunction. Patients with autosomal recessive CARD9 mutations are also predisposed to recurrent mucocutaneous and invasive fungal infections with Candida spp., dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton spp.) and phaeohyphomycetes (Exophiala spp., Phialophora verrucosa). We study a consanguineous family of Turkish origin in which three members present with distinct clinical phenotypes of chronic mucocutaneous and invasive fungal infections, ranging from chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) in one patient, treatment-resistant cutaneous dermatophytosis and deep dermatophytosis in a second patient, to CMC with Candida encephalitis and endocrinopathy in a third patient. Two patients consented to genetic testing and were found to have a previously reported homozygous R70W CARD9 mutation. Circulating IL-17 and IL-22 producing T cells were decreased as was IL-6 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secretion upon stimulation with Candida albicans. Patients with recurrent fungal infections in the absence of known immunodeficiencies should be analyzed for CARD9 gene mutations as the cause of fungal infection predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karina Alves de Medeiros
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building ground floor, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Evelyn Lodewick
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building ground floor, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien J A Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Centre for Primary Immune deficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Centre for Primary Immune deficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Van Daele
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Centre for Primary Immune deficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Lambrecht
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Bosma
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building ground floor, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laure Vanderdonckt
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building ground floor, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch; INSERM UMR1163, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch; INSERM UMR1163, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology-Rheumatology Unit, AP-HP, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Puel
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch; INSERM UMR1163, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP Paris, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch; INSERM UMR1163, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Jo Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building ground floor, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building ground floor, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
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Abuladze N, Javakhia M, Gabunia K, Iavich P, Gabelashvili M. CREATION OF OINTMENT COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING PHENOL COMPOUNDS FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT. Georgian Med News 2015:77-81. [PMID: 26483379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The research was aimed at studying the possibility of obtaining drug ointments with a potential anti-mycotic activity by using thick extracts obtained from the leaves of fustic, hazel, nut and bark of the oak. There were prepared the ointment compositions on different bases. As a methodology for studying the properties of the obtained ointments, there have been used the studies of colloidal stability and resorption of tanning substances in agar. The obtained results allow for making conclusion that the selected ointments are colloidally stable, and the values of movement of zones of biologically active substances in the agar body are large enough. These data allow for forecasting both the possibility of creating the similar ointment systems and their rather high properties. Based on the obtained data, there have been selected the ointment composition variants for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Abuladze
- Akaki Tsereteli State University, Kutaisi; I. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Javakhia
- Akaki Tsereteli State University, Kutaisi; I. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - K Gabunia
- Akaki Tsereteli State University, Kutaisi; I. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - P Iavich
- Akaki Tsereteli State University, Kutaisi; I. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Gabelashvili
- Akaki Tsereteli State University, Kutaisi; I. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Yang F, Ding S, Liu W, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhao Q, Ma X. Antifungal activity of 40 TCMs used individually and in combination for treatment of superficial fungal infections. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 163:88-93. [PMID: 25625353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A series of 40 important Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), which were reported effective in treating superficial fungal infections of the skin in Chinese clinical trial publications and Chinese Herbal Classics, were chosen for the investigation of the individual and combination antifungal properties against 8 superficial fungal strains in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant preparations were followed the theory of TCM by using sterile water boiled with plant material at 100°C to produce water decoction of the tested sample. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each plant for each fungus was determined. For the compatibility investigation, both invariable (same amounts of each tested TCM) and variable (different amounts of each tested TCM) combinations were evaluated. RESULTS All the tested TCMs demonstrated varying degrees of antifungal activities against one or more of the tested superficial fungi, and 16 of which were effective on all of the fungi. Strong antifungal activities were exhibited by water decoction of 7 TCMs with MIC at about 100μg/ml, and among these effective antifungal extracts, 4 TCMs including Melaphis chinensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, Punica granatum and Schisandra chinensis showed the significantly inhibitory activities against all of the fungi with MICs among 50μg/ml. Most of the invariable combinations of the above-mentioned 4 TCMs showed synergic effects against 4 of the least susceptible fungi strains, especially the invariable combination of Punica granatum, Melaphis chinensis and Schisandra chinensis, with the MIC at 23.4μg/ml. However, their further variable combinations investigation demonstrated that only the combination of 7.5g Punica granatum with 10g Melaphis chinensis and 7.5g Schisandra chinensis showed synergic effect with the MIC at19.5μg/ml. CONCLUSIONS The present study aimed the discovery of therapeutically useful agents for treatment of superficial fungal infections. Findings suggested that the combination of 3 TCMs including Punica granatum, Melaphis chinensis and Schisandra chinensis showed potential antifungal activity and thus appeared to be promising agents in preventing superficial fungal skin infectious in a natural way through herbal resources. The synergic effects of invariable and variable combinations of the tested TCMs threw a light on our further animal model and clinical practice as well as the bio-guided isolation and identification of the antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Shuqin Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Fourth People׳s Hospital of Ningxiahui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Higher Vocational Technical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Baltazar LM, Krausz AE, Souza ACO, Adler BL, Landriscina A, Musaev T, Nosanchuk JD, Friedman AJ. Trichophyton rubrum is inhibited by free and nanoparticle encapsulated curcumin by induction of nitrosative stress after photodynamic activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120179. [PMID: 25803281 PMCID: PMC4372525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition (aPI) utilizes radical stress generated from the excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) with light to destroy pathogens. Its use against Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophytic fungus with increasing incidence and resistance, has not been well characterized. Our aim was to evaluate the mechanism of action of aPI against T. rubrum using curcumin as the PS in both free and nanoparticle (curc-np) form. Nanocarriers stabilize curcumin and allow for enhanced solubility and PS delivery. Curcumin aPI, at optimal conditions of 10 μg/mL of PS with 10 J/cm2 of blue light (417 ± 5 nm), completely inhibited fungal growth (p<0.0001) via induction of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which was associated with fungal death by apoptosis. Interestingly, only scavengers of RNS impeded aPI efficacy, suggesting that curcumin acts potently via a nitrosative pathway. The curc-np induced greater NO• expression and enhanced apoptosis of fungal cells, highlighting curc-np aPI as a potential treatment for T. rubrum skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Matos Baltazar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Aimee E. Krausz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Souza
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Brandon L. Adler
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Angelo Landriscina
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Tagai Musaev
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Friedman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pereira FDO, Mendes JM, Lima IO, Mota KSDL, Oliveira WAD, Lima EDO. Antifungal activity of geraniol and citronellol, two monoterpenes alcohols, against Trichophyton rubrum involves inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:228-234. [PMID: 25414073 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.913299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Trichophyton rubrum is the most common fungus causing chronic dermatophytosis in humans. Antifungal activity of promising agents is of great interest. Geraniol and citronellol are monoterpenes with antimicrobial properties. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects and possible mechanism of antifungal activity of geraniol and citronellol against strains of T. rubrum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each drug against 14 strains was determined by broth microdilution. The effects of the drugs on dry mycelial weight, conidial germination, infectivity on human nail fragments, and morphogenesis of T. rubrum were analyzed. The effects on the cell wall (test with sorbitol) and cell membrane (release of intracellular material and ergosterol biosynthesis) were investigated. RESULTS MIC values of geraniol ranged between 16 and 256 µg/mL while citronellol showed MIC values from 8 to 1024 µg/mL. The drugs (MIC and 2 × MIC) inhibited the mycelial growth, conidia germination, and fungal growth on nail fragments. The drugs (half of MIC) induced the formation of wide, short, and crooked hyphae in T. rubrum morphology. With sorbitol, geraniol MIC was increased by 64-fold and citronellol by 32-fold. The drugs caused leakage of intracellular material and inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis. DISCUSSION The results suggest that the drugs damage cell wall and cell membrane of T. rubrum through a mechanism that seems to involve the inhibition of the ergosterol biosynthesis. CONCLUSION This study confirms that geraniol and citronellol can be regarded as potential drugs for controlling T. rubrum growth, with great potential against agents of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira
- Unidade Acadêmica de Saúde, Centro de Educação e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande , Cuité , Brasil and
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Çağrı E, Macit I. Suspension of Arthroderma and Trichophyton species in RPMI-1640 medium provided long-term viability at room temperature. Turk J Med Sci 2015; 45:738-739. [PMID: 26281347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
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Shad AA, Ahmad S, Ullah R, AbdEl-Salam NM, Fouad H, Rehman NU, Hussain H, Saeed W. Phytochemical and biological activities of four wild medicinal plants. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:857363. [PMID: 25374941 PMCID: PMC4211140 DOI: 10.1155/2014/857363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruits of four wild plants, namely, Capparis decidua, Ficus carica, Syzygium cumini, and Ziziphus jujuba, are separately used as traditional dietary and remedial agents in remote areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The results of our study on these four plants revealed that the examined fruits were a valuable source of nutraceuticals and exhibited good level of antimicrobial activity. The fruits of these four investigated plants are promising source of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. These four plants' fruits are good sources of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and chromium. It was also observed that these fruits are potential source of antioxidant agent and the possible reason could be that these samples had good amount of phytochemicals. Hence, the proper propagation, conservation, and chemical investigation are recommended so that these fruits should be incorporated for the eradication of food and health related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ali Shad
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000, Pakistan
| | - Shabir Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel, FR Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan
| | | | - H. Fouad
- Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Helwan 11790, Egypt
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products,
University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, 616 Nizwa, Oman
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products,
University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, 616 Nizwa, Oman
| | - Wajid Saeed
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000, Pakistan
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nancy Isham
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Sadgrove NJ, Jones GL. Medicinal compounds, chemically and biologically characterised from extracts of Australian Callitris endlicheri and C.glaucophylla (Cupressaceae): used traditionally in Aboriginal and colonial pharmacopoeia. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 153:872-83. [PMID: 24690774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Callitrisendlicheri and C.glaucophylla were highly valued by Australian Aboriginal people for use in medicinal applications. Pine needles were prepared using modalities of either smoking or topical preparations, requiring either aqueous or lipophilic extraction into animal fat. Extracts treated various ailments consistent with pathogenic infection, or other topical or tracheal ailments not clearly elucidated in ethnopharmacological records. AIM OF THE STUDY Here we aim firstly to investigate antimicrobial activities of both smoke, essential oil and solvent extracts and secondly to chemically characterise significant volatile compounds potentially related to medicinal or antimicrobial activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Essential oils were produced using traditional hydrodistillation of pine needles collected from Callitrisendlicheri and C.glaucophylla. From the same material, solvent extracts were produced separately, using acetone and methanol, and then smoke extracts were produced with separate methods described herein, using fresh needles. All extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial organisms and sporicidal activity against pathogenic fungi (Trichophytonmentagrophytes, T.interdigitalis and T.rubrum). RESULTS Essential oils produced only modest antibacterial activity and the Callitris endlicheri essential oil had moderate antifungal activity. Smoke extracts demonstrated considerable broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, but solvent extracts demonstrated more selective activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and the yeast Candida albicans. Chemical character of essential oils was consistent with previous studies; however, solvent and smoke extracts from fresh needles produced high concentrations of potentially medicinal abietane diterpenes, specifically pisiferal, pisiferol and ferruginol; well known from Japanese species with demonstrated bioactivity. CONCLUSION The occurrence of these diterpenes and other phenolics, in conjunction with significant antimicrobial activities from the various extracts, is in alignment with the use of Australian Callitris species in Aboriginal medicinal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas John Sadgrove
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals Group, Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Graham Lloyd Jones
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals Group, Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Iwanaga T, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. Quantification of dermatophyte viability for evaluation of antifungal effect by quantitative PCR. Mycopathologia 2014; 177:241-9. [PMID: 24760383 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a common disease caused by dermatophyte fungi such as Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. A method of quantifying fungal viability in the lesions of dermatophytosis is indispensable for understanding the therapeutic process and outcome; however, no such method has yet been developed. The aim of this study was to develop a method for quantifying dermatophyte viability by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 regions, including each of rRNA and rDNA, were chosen as the targets, and dermatophyte-specific primer pairs were designed corresponding to ITS and D1/D2 regions. The amounts of target RNA and DNA after heat or antifungal treatment were measured by qPCR and compared with colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. RNA and DNA could extract from dermatophytes by mechanical pulverization of conidia using a Multi-Beads Shocker cell disruptor. Our method was sufficiently sensitive to detect 10 copies by qPCR using both ITS and D1/D2 primer pairs. The most sensitive target was ITS-cDNA after heat or antifungal treatment, and essentially consistent with CFU counts. On the other hands, ITS-DNA and D1/D2-DNA were not decreased soon after heat or antifungal treatment, but those were decreased significantly and reflected the CFU counts after 48 h of antifungal treatment. We conclude that ITS-cDNA is useful mainly for quantifying dermatophyte viability at early responses, but ITS-DNA and D1/D2-DNA are also available for evaluation, which does not need an early response.
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Firat YH, Simanski M, Rademacher F, Schröder L, Brasch J, Harder J. Infection of keratinocytes with Trichophytum rubrum induces epidermal growth factor-dependent RNase 7 and human beta-defensin-3 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93941. [PMID: 24747887 PMCID: PMC3991580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human keratinocytes are able to express various antimicrobial peptides (AMP) to protect the skin from exaggerated microbial colonization and infection. Recently, in vitro growth-inhibiting activity of the skin-derived AMP psoriasin, RNase 7 and human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 against dermatophytes such as Trichophyton (T.) rubrum have been reported. To evaluate whether keratinocytes are able to respond to T. rubrum infection by an induced expression of AMP we exposed primary keratinocytes to living conidia of T. rubrum. This led to conidia germination and mycelial growth which was paralleled by a strong gene induction of the skin-derived AMP RNase 7 and hBD-3. Gene expression of the AMP psoriasin (S100A7) and hBD-2 were only slightly induced. The T. rubrum-mediated RNase 7 gene induction was accompanied by increased secretion of RNase 7. Parallel treatment of the keratinocytes with T. rubrum and the cytokine combination IL-17A/IFN-γ resulted in synergistic induction of RNase 7 and hBD-3 expression. Since patients receiving therapy by inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) more often suffer from dermatophytoses we investigated whether EGFR may be involved in the T. rubrum-mediated RNase 7 and hBD-3 induction. Primary keratinocytes incubated with an EGFR blocking antibody as well as with the EGFR antagonist AG1478 showed a significantly diminished RNase 7 and hBD-3 induction upon exposure of the keratinocytes to T. rubrum indicating that EGFR is involved in the T. rubrum-mediated induction of RNase 7 and hBD-3. The growth of T. rubrum in vitro was inhibited by hBD-3 in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that hBD-3 may contribute to cutaneous innate defense against T. rubrum. Taken together our data indicate that keratinocytes are able to initiate a fast defense response towards T. rubrum by the increased expression of AMP active against T. rubrum. A dysregulation of AMP may contribute to chronic and recurring dermatophytoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Helene Firat
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Simanski
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Rademacher
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez MV, Sortino MA, Ivancovich JJ, Pellegrino JM, Favier LS, Raimondi MP, Gattuso MA, Zacchino SA. Detection of synergistic combinations of Baccharis extracts with terbinafine against Trichophyton rubrum with high throughput screening synergy assay (HTSS) followed by 3D graphs. Behavior of some of their components. Phytomedicine 2013; 20:1230-1239. [PMID: 23906773 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forty four extracts from nine Baccharis spp. from the Caulopterae section were tested in combination with terbinafine against Trichophyton rubrum with the HTSS assay at six different ratios with the aim of detecting those mixtures that produced a ≥50% statistically significant enhancement of growth inhibition. Since an enhanced effect of a combination respective of its components, does not necessarily indicate synergism, three-dimensional (3D) dose-response surfaces were constructed for each selected pair of extract/antifungal drug with the aid of CombiTool software. Ten extracts showed synergistic or additive combinations which constitutes a 22% hit rate of the extracts submitted to evaluation. Four flavonoids and three ent-clerodanes were detected in the active Baccharis extracts with HPLC/UV/ESI-MS methodology, all of which were tested in combination with terbinafine. Results showed that ent-clerodanes but not flavonoids showed synergistic or additive effects. Among them, bacchotricuneatin A followed by bacrispine showed synergistic effects while hawtriwaic acid showed additive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Rodriguez
- Pharmacognosy Area, School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Vegetal Biology Area, School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Bertrand S, Schumpp O, Bohni N, Monod M, Gindro K, Wolfender JL. De novo production of metabolites by fungal co-culture of Trichophyton rubrum and Bionectria ochroleuca. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:1157-1165. [PMID: 23734767 DOI: 10.1021/np400258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The co-cultivation of fungi has recently been described as a promising strategy to induce the production of novel metabolites through possible gene activation. A large screening of fungal co-cultures in solid media has identified an unusual long-distance growth inhibition between Trichophyton rubrum and Bionectria ochroleuca. To study metabolite induction in this particular fungal interaction, differential LC-MS-based metabolomics was performed on pure strain cultures and on their co-cultures. The comparison of the resulting fingerprints highlighted five de novo induced compounds, which were purified using software-oriented semipreparative HPLC-MS. One metabolite was successfully identified as 4″-hydroxysulfoxy-2,2″-dimethylthielavin P (a substituted trimer of 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid). The nonsulfated form, as well as three other related compounds, were found in the pure strain culture of B. ochroleuca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bertrand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Mabona U, Viljoen A, Shikanga E, Marston A, Van Vuuren S. Antimicrobial activity of southern African medicinal plants with dermatological relevance: From an ethnopharmacological screening approach, to combination studies and the isolation of a bioactive compound. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 148:45-55. [PMID: 23545456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ethnobotanical reports on more than 100 southern African medicinal plants with dermatological relevance have been highlighted, yet there is still limited scientific data to support claims for their antimicrobial effectiveness against skin pathogens. Guided by ethnobotanical data, this paper explores the antimicrobial efficacies of southern African medicinal plants used to treat skin ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the antimicrobial properties of southern African medicinal plants against dermatologically relevant pathogens. The study also aimed at providing a scientific rationale for the traditional use of plant combinations to treat skin diseases and the isolation of the bio-active compound from the most active species, Aristea ecklonii (Iridaceae). MATERIALS AND METHODS Organic and aqueous extracts (132) were prepared from 47 plant species and screened for antimicrobial properties against dermatologically relevant pathogens using the micro-titre plate dilution method. Four different plant combinations were investigated for interactive properties and the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (ƩFIC) calculated. Isobolograms were used to further investigate the antimicrobial interactive properties of Pentanisia prunelloides combined with Elephantorrhiza elephantina at varied ratios. A bioactivity-guided fractionation process was adopted to fractionate the organic leaf extract of Aristea ecklonii. RESULTS Plants demonstrating notable broad-spectrum activities (MIC values ≤1.00mg/ml) against the tested pathogens included extracts from Aristea ecklonii, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Diospyros mespiliformis, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Gunnera perpensa, Harpephyllum caffrum, Hypericum perforatum, Melianthus comosus, Terminalia sericea and Warburgia salutaris. The organic extract of Elephantorrhiza elephantina, a plant reportedly used to treat acne vulgaris, demonstrated noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC value of 0.05mg/ml) against Propionibacterium acnes. Similarly, Diospyros mespiliformis reported for its traditional use to treat ringworm, also displayed noteworthy antimicrobial activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MIC 0.10mg/ml) and Microsporum canis (MIC 0.50mg/ml). The aqueous root extracts of Pentanisia prunelloides combined (1:1) with Elephantorrhiza elephantina displayed synergistic interactions (ƩFIC values 0.31-0.38) against Staphylococcus aureus, gentamycin-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. Fractionation of Aristea ecklonii resulted in the isolation of the known bio-active compound, plumbagin, displaying noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC range between 2.00μg/ml and 16.00μg/ml). CONCLUSION Most of the plant extracts demonstrated pathogen specific antimicrobial effects with a few exhibiting broad-spectrum activities. Positive antimicrobial effects noted for plants such as Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Diospyros mespiliformis used for acne vulgaris and ringworm infections, respectively, give some validation to their reported traditiona l uses. Synergistic interactions noted for Pentanisia prunelloides combined with Elephantorrhiza elephantina validate an enhanced antimicrobial effect when used in combination. Noteworthy antimicrobial activities (MIC range between 2.00μg/ml and 16.00μg/ml) were observed for plumbagin isolated from Aristea ecklonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unathi Mabona
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Tur-Tur C, Cárdenes D, Rojas F, Giusiano G. [Influence of the ecological group on the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 30:130-3. [PMID: 23318162 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes can be divided into geophilic (soil), zoophilic (animals) and anthropophilic (humans) strains, depending on the source of the keratin that they use for nutritional purposes. AIMS The in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of dermatophyte fungi has been studied in the 3 ecological groups with several antifungal agents for the topical management of dermatophytoses in order to determine their relationship with the ecological group. METHODS A standardised dilution micromethod in a liquid medium was used for the determination of the in vitro antifungal activity of 9 topical antifungal drugs: amorolfine (AMR), bifonazole (BFZ), clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, oxiconazole, terbinafine (TRB) and tioconazole. The in vitro activity was obtained against 124 clinical isolates of dermatophyte moulds from the anthropophilic, zoophilic and geophilic ecological groups. RESULTS The in vitro antifungal activity was different depending on the ecological group, although a species-dependent profile was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Azole derivatives showed a similar antifungal profile, being more active against anthropophilic dermatophytes > zoophilic > geophilic. Activity of TRB and AMR was different from that of azole derivatives (zoophilic > anthropophilic > geophilic). A higher in vitro antifungal activity against the 3 ecological groups was observed with TRB and AMR, whilst BFZ was the less active drug.
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Xu ZL, Xu J, Zhuo FL, Wang L, Xu W, Xu Y, Zhang XY, Zhao JY. Effects of laser irradiation on Trichophyton rubrum growth and ultrastructure. Chin Med J (Engl) 2012; 125:3697-3700. [PMID: 23075727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is the most common causative agent of dermatophytosis worldwide. In this study, we examined the effect of laser irradiation on the growth and morphology of T. rubrum. METHODS Colonies of T. rubrum were isolated (one colony per plate), and randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups: Q-switched 694 nm ruby laser treatment, long-pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser treatment, intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment, 308 nm excimer laser treatment and the blank control group without treatment. Standardized photographs were obtained from grown-up fungal plates prior to treatment. Colonies were then exposed to various wavelengths and fluences of laser light. To compare the growth of colonies, they were re-photographed under identical conditions three and six days post-treatment. To investigate the morphology of T. rubrum, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were obtained from specimens exposed to 24 hours of laser treatment. RESULTS Growth of T. rubrum colonies was significantly inhibited following irradiation by 694 nm Q-switched and 1064 nm long-pulsed Nd:YAG lasers. Other treatments exerted little or no effect. Q-switched laser irradiation exerted a stronger growth inhibitory effect than long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Following treatment by the Q-switched ruby laser system, T. rubrum hyphae became shrunken and deflated, and SEM images revealed rough, fractured hyphal surfaces, punctured with small destructive holes. TEM images showed that the hyphae were degenerating, as evidenced by the irregular shape of hyphae, rough and loose cell wall, and obscure cytoplasmic texture. Initially high electron density structure was visible in the cell; later, low-density structure appeared as a result of cytoplasmic dissolution. In contrast, the blank control group showed no obvious changes in morphology. CONCLUSION The Q-switched 694 nm ruby laser treatment significantly inhibits the growth and changes the morphology of T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Mansouri P, Farshi S, Khosravi AR, Naraghi ZS, Chalangari R. Trichophyton Schoenleinii-induced widespread tinea corporis mimicking parapsoriasis. J Mycol Med 2012; 22:201-5. [PMID: 23518026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of extensive tinea corporis in an 80-year-old woman on her forearms, thighs, legs, buttocks and trunk, mimicking parapsoriasis due to Trichophyton schoenleinii, without scalp involvement. Diagnosis of Trichophyton schoenleinii was confirmed by microscopy and mycological culture specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mansouri
- Dermatology Department, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
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Khan MSA, Ahmad I. In vitro antifungal, anti-elastase and anti-keratinase activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum-, Syzygium- and Cymbopogon-species against Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. Phytomedicine 2011; 19:48-55. [PMID: 21893402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate effects of certain essential oils namely Cinnamomum verum, Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini and their major components cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, citral and geraniol respectively, on growth, hyphal ultrastructure and virulence factors of Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. The antifungal activity of essential oils and their major constituents was in the order of cinnamaldehyde>eugenol>geraniol=C. verum>citral>S. aromaticum>C. citratus>C. martini, both in liquid and solid media against T. rubrum and A. fumigatus. Based on promising antifungal activity of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, these oils were further tested for their inhibitory activity against ungerminated and germinated conidia in test fungi. Cinnamaldehyde was found to be more active than eugenol. To assess the possible mode of action of cinnamaldehyde, electron microscopic studies were conducted. The observations revealed multiple sites of action of cinnamaldehyde mainly on cell membranes and endomembranous structures of the fungal cell. Further, test oils were also tested for their anti-virulence activity. More than 70% reduction in elastase activity was recorded in A. fumigatus by the oils of C. verum, C. martini, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and geraniol. Similar reduction in keratinase activity in A. niger was recorded for the oils of C. martini and geraniol. Maximum reduction (96.56%) in elastase activity was produced by cinnamaldehyde whereas; geraniol caused maximum inhibition (97.31%) of keratinase activity. Our findings highlight anti-elastase and anti-keratinase activity of above mentioned essential oils as a novel property to be exploited in controlling invasive and superficial mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Balakumar S, Rajan S, Thirunalasundari T, Jeeva S. Antifungal activity of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae) leaf extract on dermatophytes. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011; 1:309-12. [PMID: 23569781 PMCID: PMC3614230 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of Aegle marmelos leaf extracts and fractions on the clinical isolates of dermatophytic fungi like Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of various extracts and fractions of the leaves of Aegle marmelos were measured using method of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). RESULTS Aegle marmelos leaf extracts and fractions were found to have fungicidal activity against various clinical isolates of dermatophytic fungi. The MIC and MFC was found to be high in water and ethyl alcohol extracts and methanol fractions (200µg/mL) against dermatophytic fungi studied. CONCLUSIONS Aegle marmelos leaf extracts significantly inhibites the growth of all dermatophytic fungi studied. If this activity is confirmed by in vivo studies and if the compound is isolated and identified, it could be a remedy for dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, SASTRA University, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, Kumbakonam- 612001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Rajan
- Department of Microbiology, Srimad Andavan Arts & Science College, Tiruchirappalli-620 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Thirunalasundari
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Jeeva
- Centre for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam-629 165, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
AIM The aims of this study were to identify antifungal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and characterize their activity against the dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 165 different LAB were isolated and initially screened for anti-Penicillium expansum activity. Five strains, which exhibited strong inhibitory activity, were then tested against the dermatophyte T. tonsurans DSM12285, where they also caused inhibition as observed by large fungal clearing on agar surface. The strongest inhibition was seen with Lactobacillus reuteri R2. When freeze-dried cell-free supernatant powder from this strain was incorporated in culture medium at concentrations >1%, growth of fungal colony was inhibited. Conidia germination was also inhibited under these conditions as determined by microscopy. The anti-T. tonsurans activity of Lact. reuteri R2 was not affected neither by heat treatment nor by proteolytic treatment using pronase E and proteinase K, indicating that the responsible agent(s) were nonproteinaceous in nature. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus reuteri R2 was identified as having strong inhibitory activity against the dermatophyte T. tonsurans DSMZ12285. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY LAB are naturally associated with many foods and are well recognized for their biopreservative properties. The use of these and/or their products may well provide alternative safe approaches for the inhibition of dermatophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Noda S, Mizuno K, Adachi T, Adachi M. Inflammatory tinea capitis due to Trichophyton tonsurans in a high school wrestler. Mycoses 2011; 54:e862-3. [PMID: 21605194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dolezal M, Zitko J, Osicka Z, Kunes J, Vejsova M, Buchta V, Dohnal J, Jampilek J, Kralova K. Synthesis, antimycobacterial, antifungal and photosynthesis-inhibiting activity of chlorinated N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamides. Molecules 2010; 15:8567-81. [PMID: 21116226 PMCID: PMC6259134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15128567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of sixteen pyrazinamide analogues with the -CONH- linker connecting the pyrazine and benzene rings was synthesized by the condensation of chlorides of substituted pyrazinecarboxylic acids with ring-substituted (chlorine) anilines. The prepared compounds were characterized and evaluated for their antimycobacterial and antifungal activity, and for their ability to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport (PET). 6-Chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide manifested the highest activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv (65% inhibition at 6.25 μg/mL). The highest antifungal effect against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the most susceptible fungal strain tested, was found for 6-chloro-5-tert-butyl-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (MIC = 62.5 μmol/L). 6-Chloro-5-tert-butyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide showed the highest PET inhibition in spinach chloroplasts (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts (IC50 = 43.0 μmol/L). For all the compounds, the relationships between the lipophilicity and the chemical structure of the studied compounds as well as their structure–activity relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dolezal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (J.K.); (M.V.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-495-067-389; Fax: +420-495-067-167
| | - Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (J.K.); (M.V.)
| | - Zdenek Osicka
- Bioveta a.s., Komenskeho 212, 683 23 Ivanovice na Hane, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (Z.O.)
| | - Jiri Kunes
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (J.K.); (M.V.)
| | - Marcela Vejsova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (J.K.); (M.V.)
| | - Vladimir Buchta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (V.B.)
| | - Jiri Dohnal
- Zentiva k.s., U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Prague 10, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.D.); (J.J.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Zentiva k.s., U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Prague 10, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.D.); (J.J.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; E-Mail: (K.K.)
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Abstract
The essential oil of fruits of Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae), from India, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and its antifungal activity was tested on dermatophytes and phytopathogens, fungi, yeasts and some new Aspergilli. The most abundant components were cumin aldehyde, pinenes, and p-cymene, and a fraction of oxygenate compounds such as alcohol and epoxides. Because of the large amount of the highly volatile components in the cumin extract, we used a modified recent technique to evaluate the antifungal activity only of the volatile parts at doses from 5 to 20 microL of pure essential oil. Antifungal testing showed that Cuminum cyminum is active in general on all fungi but in particular on the dermatophytes, where Trichophyton rubrum was the most inhibited fungus also at the lowest dose of 5 microL. Less sensitive to treatment were the phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Romagnoli
- Department of Paleobiology and Botanical Garden, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Chen J, Yi J, Liu L, Yin S, Chen R, Li M, Ye C, Zhang YQ, Lai W. Substrate adaptation of Trichophyton rubrum secreted endoproteases. Microb Pathog 2009; 48:57-61. [PMID: 20005286 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen caused the dermatophytosis of nail and skin in human. The secreted proteases were considered to be the most important virulence factors. However, the substrates adaptation of T. rubrum secreted proteases is largely unknown. For the first time, we use the keratins from human nail and skin stratum corneum as the growth medium to investigate the different expression patterns of T. rubrum secreted endoproteases genes. During grow in both keratin-containing media SUB7 and MEP2 were the highest expressed gene in each family. These results indicated that SUB7 and MEP2 may be the dominant endoproteases secreted by T. rubrum during host infection and the other proteases may play a supplementary role. The direct comparison of T. rubrum grown on skin and nail medium showed different substrate favorite of secreted endoproteases. The genes MEP2, SUB5, SUB2 and SUB3 were more active during growth in skin medium, possibly these proteases have a higher affinity for skin original keratins. While the structures of SUB1, SUB4, and MEP4 maybe more suitable for the degradation of nail original keratins. This work presents useful molecular details for further understanding the pathogenesis of secreted proteases and the wide adaptation of T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 TianHe Road, TianHe District, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China.
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Lukmanova KA, Gizatullina SV, Magazov RS, Melent'ev AI, Galimzianova NF, Aktuganov GE. [Antagonistic activity of bacteria from Bacillus genus against dermatophyte fungi]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2008:21-23. [PMID: 18819402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic properties of the strain Bacillus subtilis IB-54 with respect to dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes var. gypseum, Microsporum canis was studied. The studied strains of bacilli effectively inhibited growth and development of dermatophytes when were cultivated on the media containing different carbon sources. Experiments on laboratory animals showed that B. subtilis IB-54 displayed no virulence, toxicity, and toxigenicity and can be considered as perspective object for development of antimycotic drugs.
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Seyfarth F, Ziemer M, Gräser Y, Elsner P, Hipler UC. Widespread tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum with non-typical cultural characteristics--diagnosis via PCR. Mycoses 2007; 50 Suppl 2:26-30. [PMID: 17681051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the epidemiological point of view, Trichophyton rubrum is the most important dermatophyte in the Western world. Mostly, the lesions of fungal infections of the skin are restricted and circumscribed. Immunodeficiency, diabetes or treatment with steroids, however, favour widespread disease involving the entire integument. In the present study, we describe a patient without immunodeficiency or diabetes presenting with widespread tinea corporis caused by T. rubrum. The fungal isolate showed atypical morphological features. Moreover, the typical metabolic features (negative urease test, production of red pigment on potato dextrose agar) were expressed with delay after 6 weeks of cultivation. Thus, sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA was applied to identify the fungal isolate and led us to the correct diagnosis, before conventional mycological methods were successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Seyfarth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Baeza LC, Bailão AM, Borges CL, Pereira M, Soares CMDA, Mendes Giannini MJS. cDNA representational difference analysis used in the identification of genes expressed by Trichophyton rubrum during contact with keratin. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1415-21. [PMID: 17905626 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are adapted to infect skin, hair and nails by their ability to utilize keratin as a nutrient source. Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic fungus, causing up to 90% of chronic cases of dermatophytosis. The understanding of the complex interactions between the fungus and its host should include the identification of genes expressed during infection. To identify the genes involved in the infection process, representational difference analysis (RDA) was applied to two cDNA populations from T. rubrum, one transcribed from the RNA of fungus cultured in the presence of keratin and the other from RNA generated during fungal growth in minimal medium. The analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts. Genes related to signal transduction, membrane protein, oxidative stress response, and some putative virulence factors were up-regulated during the contact of the fungus with keratin. The expression patterns of these genes were also verified by real-time PCR, in conidia of T. rubrum infecting primarily cultured human keratinocytes in vitro, revealing their potential role in the infective process. A better understanding of this interaction will contribute significantly to our knowledge of the process of dermatophyte infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, CEP 14801-902, 1621 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Tani K, Adachi M, Nakamura Y, Kano R, Makimura K, Hasegawa A, Kanda N, Watanabe S. The effect of dermatophytes on cytokine production by human keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:381-7. [PMID: 17710424 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis (tinea) is a common disease in superficial mycoses and is generally confined to the stratum corneum in the epidermis and cutaneous appendages. The mechanisms by which dermatophytes cause dermatophytosis, however, are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans and T. rubrum on cytokine production by normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). After 3-24 h of co-culture of NHEKs with each of the dermatophytes, cytokines in the supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Promoter activity of IL-8 was measured by chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) assay. IL-8 and GRO-alpha levels were higher in supernatants co-cultured with T. mentagrophytes isolates from animal than in those with T. mentagrophytes isolates from human, and with T. tonsurans and T. rubrum isolates. CAT expression for IL-8 promoter activity was higher in cell lysates stimulated with T. mentagrophytes isolates from animal than in those with T. mentagrophytes isolates from human, and with T. tonsurans and T. rubrum isolates. These findings suggest that dermatophytes directly induce production of cytokines at the transcriptional level by human keratinocytes, and that there are differences in their ability to induce cytokine production between the dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tani
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
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47
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Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cassia fistula L.: an ethnomedicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 112:590-4. [PMID: 17532583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts from the flower of Cassia fistula (an ethnomedicinal plant) were tested against bacteria and fungi. All the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 0.078 and 2.5 mg/ml. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa was susceptible to the extracts. Ethyl acetate crude extract was fractionated using chromatographic techniques. A crystal was isolated, which was confirmed as 4-hydroxy benzoic acid hydrate using X-ray crystallography. It exhibited antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MIC 0.5 mg/ml) and Epidermophyton floccosum (MIC 0.5 mg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Duraipandiyan
- Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600034, India
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48
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Maranhão FCA, Paião FG, Martinez-Rossi NM. Isolation of transcripts over-expressed in human pathogen Trichophyton rubrum during growth in keratin. Microb Pathog 2007; 43:166-72. [PMID: 17590307 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a cosmopolitan and anthropophilic fungus able to invade keratinized tissue, causing infection in human skin and nails. This work evaluated the changes in the extracellular pH during its growth in keratin (after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72h and 7 days) at initial pH 5.0. We observed a gradual increase of basal pH under keratin exposure when compared to glucose condition. Also, we identified 576T. rubrum transcripts differentially expressed by subtractive suppression hybridization (SSH) using conidia cultivated for 72h in keratin as tester, and cultivated in glucose as driver. The over-expression of 238 transcripts obtained under keratin condition was confirmed by macro-array dot-blot, revealing 28 unigenes. Putative proteins encoded by these genes showed similarity to fungi proteins involved in basic metabolism, growth and virulence, i.e., transporters ABC-MDR, MFS and ATPase of copper, NIMA interactive protein, Gag-Pol polyprotein, virulence factors serine-protease subtilisin and metalloprotease, cytochrome P450, GlcN-6-phosphate deaminase and Hsp30. The upregulation of T. rubrum genes encoding subtilisin, metalloprotease and Gag-Pol polyprotein was also validated by northern blot. The results of this study provide the first insight into genes differentially expressed during T. rubrum grown in keratin that may be involved in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C A Maranhão
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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49
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Abstract
Two patients presenting with subcutaneous nodules, plaques, papules and ulceration caused by Trichophyton rubrum are described in this report. The first case was a 46-year-old woman referred with erythema and desquamation over her trunk, hands and feet for 30 years, progressing to nodules and ulceration over her trunk, arms and scalp for the last 2 years. The second case was a 34-year-old man who presented with a 2-year-history of itchy, erythema and desquamation over the trunk, progressing to papules, nodules and cyst around his ear, on the neck and scalp for 1 year. The diagnoses were suspected after direct microscopical examinations of the discharge materials, which revealed the presence of hyaline hyphae. The histological examinations showed granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates with fungal elements in the dermis including epithelioid cells, giant cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils, and the periodic acid-Schiff stain showed hypha within the granulomas. Cultures of puncture materials, skin biopsies and nails confirmed the diagnosis identifying T. rubrum. Antifungal therapies with itraconazole were successful in both patients, the lesions were completely clear with atrophic scars after 3 months. Side effects were not noticed during the medication. We discuss the clinical types of granulomatous cutaneous lesions caused by dermatophyte infections and evaluate the therapeutic effect of itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Q Gong
- Institute of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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50
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da Silva Barros ME, de Assis Santos D, Soares Hamdan J. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Trichophyton rubrum by E-test. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:107-9. [PMID: 17333224 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum isolates were used in susceptibility testing for azoles by E-test. Voriconazole was the most and fluconazole was the less-active drug. Our results are in agreement with susceptibility data observed by researchers that used others' methodologies. E-test seems to be a reliable methodology to susceptibility-testing for T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabete da Silva Barros
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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