1
|
Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi Y, Tang Q, Xing H, Zheng X, Cao K, Yang J, Chen X. Study on the metabolism profile of flavanomarein in Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3827-3837. [PMID: 35962784 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (family Asteraceae) is a popular medicine-food plant, which improves chronic diseases such as hyperlipemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Flavanomarein is the main active component of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt, in which the blood concentration of volunteers is low and bioavailability is poor. Thus, the understanding of flavanomarein metabolites and metabolic pathways is significant to clarify its effectiveness. This study systematically studied the metabolites of flavanomarein by oral and injection. The biological samples (feces, urine, and plasma) were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. The metabolic law of flavanomarein in the liver was further verified by a liver microsomal incubation experiment in vitro. A total of 12 metabolites were identified by oral administration while 15 metabolites were detected by injection. It was shown that metabolic pathways include acetylation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation, methylation, dehydrogenation, etc. The liver extraction rate of flavanomarein was 0.08, which means the metabolic stability of flavanomarein is well in rats' liver microsomes. It is a systematic study on the metabolism of flavanomarein and provides a metabolic rationale for further in-depth in vivo biotransformation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xin Zheng
- Beijing Analytical Center-SSL Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD
| | - Kunfeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jialu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh SK, Valicherla GR, Bikkasani AK, Cheruvu SH, Hossain Z, Taneja I, Ahmad H, Raju KSR, Sangwan NS, Singh SK, Dwivedi AK, Wahajuddin M, Gayen JR. Elucidation of plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, permeability, CYP phenotyping and CYP inhibition studies of Withanone using validated UPLC method: An active constituent of neuroprotective herb Ashwagandha. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113819. [PMID: 33460762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withanone (WN), an active constituent of Withania somnifera commonly called Ashwagandha has remarkable pharmacological responses along with neurological activities. However, for a better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of WN, a comprehensive in-vitro ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) studies are necessary. AIM OF THE STUDY A precise, accurate, and sensitive reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method of WN was developed and validated in rat plasma for the first time. The developed method was successfully applied to the in-vitro ADME investigation of WN. MATERIAL AND METHODS The passive permeability of WN was assayed using PAMPA plates and the plasma protein binding (PPB) was performed using the equilibrium dialysis method. Pooled liver microsomes of rat (RLM) and human (HLM) were used for the microsomal stability, CYP phenotyping, and inhibition studies. CYP phenotyping was evaluated using the specific inhibitors. CYP inhibition study was performed using specific probe substrates along with WN or specific inhibitors. RESULTS WN was found to be stable in the simulated gastric and intestinal environment and has a high passive permeability at pH 4.0 and 7.0 in PAMPA assay. The PPB of WN at 5 and 20 μg/mL concentrations were found to be high i.e. 82.01 ± 1.44 and 88.02 ± 1.15%, respectively. The in vitro half-life of WN in RLM and HLM was found to be 59.63 ± 2.50 and 68.42 ± 2.19 min, respectively. CYP phenotyping results showed that WN was extensively metabolized by CYP 3A4 and1A2 enzymes in RLM and HLM. However, the results of CYP Inhibition studies showed that none of the CYP isoenzymes were potentially inhibited by WN in RLM and HLM. CONCLUSION The in vitro results of pH-dependent stability, plasma stability, permeability, PPB, blood partitioning, microsomal stability, CYP phenotyping, and CYP inhibition studies demonstrated that WN could be a better phytochemical for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Singh
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Guru R Valicherla
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anil K Bikkasani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (R), Lucknow, 226301, India
| | - Srikanth H Cheruvu
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Isha Taneja
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Hafsa Ahmad
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Kanumuri S R Raju
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shio K Singh
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anil K Dwivedi
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Mohammad Wahajuddin
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tiwari MK, Coghi P, Agrawal P, Shyamlal BRK, Jun Yang L, Yadav L, Peng Y, Sharma R, Yadav DK, Sahal D, Kam Wai Wong V, Chaudhary S. Design, Synthesis, Structure‐Activity Relationship and Docking Studies of Novel Functionalized Arylvinyl‐1,2,4‐Trioxanes as Potent Antiplasmodial as well as Anticancer Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1216-1228. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of PharmacyMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida wai long Taipa Macau China
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- Malaria Drug Discovery LaboratoryInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110 067 New Delhi India
| | - Bharti Rajesh K. Shyamlal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Li Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa Macau China
| | - Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Yuzhong Peng
- School of PharmacyMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida wai long Taipa Macau China
| | - Richa Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of PharmacyGachon University of Medicine and Science Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu Incheon city 406-799 South Korea
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery LaboratoryInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110 067 New Delhi India
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa Macau China
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen B, Guo J, Wang S, Kang L, Deng Y, Li Y. Simulated Microgravity Altered the Metabolism of Loureirin B and the Expression of Major Cytochrome P450 in Liver of Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1130. [PMID: 30369879 PMCID: PMC6194197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loureirin B (LB) is the marker compound of dragon blood (DB), which exhibits great potentials in protecting astronauts' health against radiation and simulated microgravity (SM). Pharmacokinetics of LB is reported to be significantly altered by SM. Here, we investigated key metabolic features of LB in rat liver microsome (RLM) and the effects of SM on LB metabolism as well as on expression of major hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms. Ten metabolites were tentatively identified based on fragmentation pathways using LC-MS/MS method and elimination kinetics of LB followed a typical Michaelis-Menten equation (V max was 1.32 μg/min/mg and K m was 13.33 μg/mL). CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2 were involved in the metabolism of LB and the relative strength was: CYP3A2 > CYP2C11 > CYP2D1 > CYP1A2. Comparative studies suggested that elimination of LB in RLM was remarkably increased by 3-day and 14-day SM, and the generation of identified metabolites was affected as well. Additionally, 3-day and 14-day SM showed obvious regulatory effects on the expression of major CYP450 isoforms, which might contribute to the increased elimination of LB. The data provided supports for the application of DB as a protective agent and the reasonable use of current medications metabolized by hepatic CYP450 in space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Montellano PRO. 1-Aminobenzotriazole: A Mechanism-Based Cytochrome P450 Inhibitor and Probe of Cytochrome P450 Biology. Med Chem 2018; 8:038. [PMID: 30221034 PMCID: PMC6137267 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1-Aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT) is a pan-specific, mechanism-based inactivator of the xenobiotic metabolizing forms of cytochrome P450 in animals, plants, insects, and microorganisms. It has been widely used to investigate the biological roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes, their participation in the metabolism of both endobiotics and xenobiotics, and their contributions to the metabolism-dependent toxicity of drugs and chemicals. This review is a comprehensive evaluation of the chemistry, discovery, and use of 1-aminobenzotriazole in these contexts from its introduction in 1981 to the present.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pandey S, Gautam N, Kushwaha HN, Singh SK. Pharmacokinetic studies of a novel trioxane antimalarial (99/411) in rats and monkeys using LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:2038-2043. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division; Central Drug Research Institute; UP, Lucknow India
- School of Pharmacy; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division; Central Drug Research Institute; UP, Lucknow India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Nebraska Omaha USA
| | - Hari Narayan Kushwaha
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division; Central Drug Research Institute; UP, Lucknow India
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division; Central Drug Research Institute; UP, Lucknow India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Assessment of pharmacokinetic compatibility of short acting CDRI candidate trioxane derivative, 99-411, with long acting prescription antimalarials, lumefantrine and piperaquine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17264. [PMID: 26602250 PMCID: PMC4658560 DOI: 10.1038/srep17264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic compatibility of short-acting CDRI candidate antimalarial trioxane derivative, 99–411, was tested with long-acting prescription antimalarials, lumefantrine and piperaquine. LC-ESI-MS/MS methods were validated for simultaneous bioanalysis of lumefantrine and 99–411 and of piperaquine and 99–411 combinations. The interaction studies were performed in rats using these validated methods. The total systemic exposure of 99–411 increased when administered with either lumefantrine or piperaquine. However, co-administration of 99–411 significantly decreased the systemic exposure of piperaquine by half-fold while it had no effect on the kinetics of lumefantrine. 99–411, thus, seemed to be a good alternative to artemisinin derivatives for combination treatment with lumefantrine. To explore the reason for increased plasma levels of 99–411, an in situ permeability study was performed by co-perfusing lumefantrine and 99–411. In presence of lumefantrine, the absorption of 99–411 was significantly increased by 1.37 times than when given alone. Lumefantrine did not affect the metabolism of 99–411 when tested in vitro in human liver microsomes. Additionally, ATPase assay suggest that 99–411 was a substrate of human P-gp, thus, indicating the probability of interaction at the absorption level in humans as well.
Collapse
|
10
|
Khandelwal K, Pachauri SD, Zaidi S, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK, Singh C, Dwivedi AK. Assay method for quality control and stability studies of a new antimalarial agent (CDRI 99/411). J Pharm Anal 2013; 3:335-340. [PMID: 29403836 PMCID: PMC5761009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CDRI compound no. 99/411 is a potent 1,2,4-trioxane antimalarial candidate drug under development at our Institute. An HPLC method for determination of CDRI 99/411 with its starting material and intermediates has been developed and validated for in process quality control and stability studies. The analytical performance parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were determined according to International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. HPLC separation was achieved on a RP-select B Lichrosphere® column (250 mm×4 mm, 5 μm, Merck) using water containing 0.1% glacial acetic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase in a gradient elution. The eluents were monitored by a photo diode array detector at 245 and 275 nm. Based on signal to noise ratio of 3 and 10 the LOD of CDRI 99/411 was 0.55 µg/mL, while the LLOQ was 1.05 µg/mL. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1.05-68 µg/mL. Precision of the method was determined by inter- and intra-assay variations within the acceptable range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khandelwal
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Shakti Deep Pachauri
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sofia Zaidi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Pankaj Dwivedi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Sharma
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anil Kumar Dwivedi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moreira FDL, de Souza GHB, Rodrigues IV, Lopes NP, de Oliveira ARM. A non-michaelian behavior of the in vitro metabolism of the pentacyclic triterpene alfa and beta amyrins by employing rat liver microsomes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:14-9. [PMID: 23777643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies employing alpha and beta amyrin have demonstrated potential application in several biological activities suggesting their application as promising drugs. In the early drug development, metabolism studies may give important parameters regarding the efficacy and safety of the drug candidate. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the enzymatic kinetic parameters of these pentacyclic triterpenes. Chromatographic analyzes were performed using a Shimadzu GC-MS system. The resolution of amyrins was achieved with a DB5-MS column of 0.25 μM film thickness, 30.0 cm length and 0.25 mm diameter. At this condition, the retention times of beta- and alpha-amyrin were 21.3 and 20.2 min, respectively. The proposed method showed to be linear over the concentration range of 0.16-42.18 μM for beta amyrin and 0.11-28.12 μM for alpha amyrin. The lowest concentration quantified by the validated method was 0.16 μM for beta and 0.11 μM for alpha amyrin. The stability study showed that amyrins were stable at room temperature for 12h and at 37°C for 1h. The absolute recovery of the amyrin isomers from the rat microsome was 54.3-59.2%. The enzymatic kinetics presented sigmoidal plots. It was observed a Vmax=0.698 ± 0.022 μmol/mg protein/min, S50=4.4 μM and Hill coefficient of 2.7 ± 0.17 for alpha amyrin and a Vmax=0.775 ± 0.034 μmol/mg protein/min, S50=7.0 μM and Hill coefficient of 2.5 ± 0.21 for beta amyrin. The obtained results give the first clues regarding amyrin metabolism and suggests a more detailed study conducted employing isolated CYP isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Lima Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anthony MP, Burrows JN, Duparc S, JMoehrle J, Wells TNC. The global pipeline of new medicines for the control and elimination of malaria. Malar J 2012; 11:316. [PMID: 22958514 PMCID: PMC3472257 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a transformation in the portfolio of medicines to combat malaria. New fixed-dose artemisinin combination therapy is available, with four different types having received approval from Stringent Regulatory Authorities or the World Health Organization (WHO). However, there is still scope for improvement. The Malaria Eradication Research agenda identified several gaps in the current portfolio. Simpler regimens, such as a single-dose cure are needed, compared with the current three-day treatment. In addition, new medicines that prevent transmission and also relapse are needed, but with better safety profiles than current medicines. There is also a big opportunity for new medicines to prevent reinfection and to provide chemoprotection. This study reviews the global portfolio of new medicines in development against malaria, as of the summer of 2012. Cell-based phenotypic screening, and 'fast followers' of clinically validated classes, mean that there are now many new classes of molecules starting in clinical development, especially for the blood stages of malaria. There remain significant gaps for medicines blocking transmission, preventing relapse, and long-duration molecules for chemoprotection. The nascent pipeline of new medicines is significantly stronger than five years ago. However, there are still risks ahead in clinical development and sustainable funding of clinical studies is vital if this early promise is going to be delivered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda P Anthony
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Duparc
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joerg JMoehrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timothy NC Wells
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|