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Godínez-Chaparro B, Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Pérez-Ramos J, Heyerdahl-Viau I, Hernández-Vázquez L. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Dehydrodiisoeugenol: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1351. [PMID: 36355523 PMCID: PMC9694604 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydrodiisoeugenol (DHIE) is a neolignan found in more than 17 plant species, including herbs, fruit, and root. DHIE was, for the first time, isolated from Myristica fragrans bark in 1973. Since then, many methodologies have been used for the obtention of DHIE, including classical chemistry synthesis using metal catalysts and biocatalytic synthesis; employing horseradish peroxidase; peroxidase from Cocos nucifera; laccase; culture cells of plants; and microorganisms. Increasing evidence has indicated that DHIE has a wide range of biological activities: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancerogenic, and anti-microbial properties. However, evidence in vivo and in human beings is still lacking to support the usefulness potential of DHIE as a therapeutic agent. This study's review was created by searching for relevant DHIE material on websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scholar, Science Direct, and others. This reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the different synthetical routes and biological applications of DHIE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liliana Hernández-Vázquez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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2
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Li C, Zhang K, Pan G, Ji H, Li C, Wang X, Hu X, Liu R, Deng L, Wang Y, Yang L, Cui H. Dehydrodiisoeugenol inhibits colorectal cancer growth by endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagic pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:125. [PMID: 33838688 PMCID: PMC8035743 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Dehydrodiisoeugenol (DEH), a novel lignan component extracted from nutmeg, which is the seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt, displays noticeable anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects in digestive system diseases. However, the mechanism of its anticancer activity in gastrointestinal cancer remains to be investigated. Methods In this study, the anticancer effect of DEH on human colorectal cancer and its underlying mechanism were evaluated. Assays including MTT, EdU, Plate clone formation, Soft agar, Flow cytometry, Electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used in vitro. The CDX and PDX tumor xenograft models were used in vivo. Results Our findings indicated that treatment with DEH arrested the cell cycle of colorectal cancer cells at the G1/S phase, leading to significant inhibition in cell growth. Moreover, DEH induced strong cellular autophagy, which could be inhibited through autophagic inhibitors, with a rction in the DEH-induced inhibition of cell growth in colorectal cancer cells. Further analysis indicated that DEH also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequently stimulated autophagy through the activation of PERK/eIF2α and IRE1α/XBP-1 s/CHOP pathways. Knockdown of PERK or IRE1α significantly decreased DEH-induced autophagy and retrieved cell viability in cells treated with DEH. Furthermore, DEH also exhibited significant anticancer activities in the CDX- and PDX-models. Conclusions Collectively, our studies strongly suggest that DEH might be a potential anticancer agent against colorectal cancer by activating ER stress-induced inhibition of autophagy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01915-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University (the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing), Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Guangzhao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Haoyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Longfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University (the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing), Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China. .,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China. .,Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University (the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing), Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass sciences, Southwest University, #2, Tiansheng Rd., Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University (the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing), Chongqing, 400716, China
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Zhou L, Yao GD, Lu LW, Song XY, Lin B, Wang XB, Huang XX, Song SJ. Neolignans from Red Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) Exhibit Enantioselective Neuroprotective Effects against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Injury in SH-SY5Y Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11390-11397. [PMID: 30346163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Red raspberry has been well-known for its nutritional purpose. Although this fruit has been reported for its potent antioxidant activity and health-promoting properties, systematic studies responsible for the bioactive constituents were still insufficient. In the current study, three pairs of dihydrobenzofuran-type enantiomeric neolignans (1a/1b-3a/3b), including two new compounds (1b and 2a), were isolated from the fruit of Rubus idaeus. The structures of these enantiomers were determined through spectroscopic methods and quantum mechanical calculations. Biologically, enantiomers 2a and 2b exhibited significant enantioselective protective effects against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity at 50 μM (2a, 86.72 ± 1.17%; 2b, 69.70 ± 1.59%). The underlying mechanism study demonstrated that enantiomer 2a is able to attenuate H2O2-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells. Overall, these findings provide a valuable foundation for the understanding of neuroprotective activities of red raspberry and further investigation on its potential application values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital , Dalian , Liaoning 116021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital , Dalian , Liaoning 116021 , People's Republic of China
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Lv QQ, Yang XN, Yan DM, Liang WQ, Liu HN, Yang XW, Li F. Metabolic profiling of dehydrodiisoeugenol using xenobiotic metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:725-733. [PMID: 28806569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrodiisoeugenol (DDIE), a representative and major benzofuran-type neolignan in Myristica fragrans Houtt., shows anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial actions. In order to better understand its pharmacological properties, xenobiotic metabolomics was used to determine the metabolic map of DDIE and its influence on endogenous metabolites. Total thirteen metabolites of DDIE were identified through in vivo and in vitro metabolism, and seven of them were reported for the first time in the present study. The identity of DDIE metabolites was achieved by comparison of the MS/MS fragmentation pattern with DDIE using ultra-performance chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI- QTOFMS). Demethylation and ring-opening reaction were the major metabolic pathways for in vivo metabolism of DDIE. Recombinant cytochrome P450s (CYPs) screening revealed that CYP1A1 is a primary enzyme contributing to the formation of metabolites D1-D4. More importantly, the levels of two endogenous metabolites 2,8-dihydroxyquinoline and its glucuronide were significantly elevated in mouse urine after DDIE exposure, which explains in part its modulatory effects on gut microbiota. Taken together, these data contribute to the understanding of the disposition and pharmacological activities of DDIE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Research Center for Differentiation and Development of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Dong-Mei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Wei-Qing Liang
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310007, China.
| | - Hong-Ning Liu
- Research Center for Differentiation and Development of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Research Center for Differentiation and Development of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
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5
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Abourashed EA, El-Alfy AT. Chemical diversity and pharmacological significance of the secondary metabolites of nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans Houtt.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2016; 15:1035-1056. [PMID: 28082856 PMCID: PMC5222521 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-016-9469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nutmeg is a valued kitchen spice that has been used for centuries all over the world. In addition to its use in flavoring foods and beverages, nutmeg has been used in traditional remedies for stomach and kidney disorders. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and central nervous system effects of nutmeg have also been reported in literature. Nutmeg is a rich source of fixed and essential oil, triterpenes, and various types of phenolic compounds. Many of the secondary metabolites of nutmeg exhibit biological activities that may support its use in traditional medicine. This article provides an overview of the chemistry of secondary metabolites isolated from nutmeg kernel and mace including common methods for analysis of extracts and pure compounds as well as recent approaches towards total synthesis of some of the major constituents. A summary of the most significant pharmacological investigations of potential drug leads isolated from nutmeg and reported in the last decade is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A. Abourashed
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 773-821-2159; Fax: 773-821-2595;
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Laccase catalysis for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:13-33. [PMID: 27872999 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The demand for compounds of therapeutic value is increasing mainly because of new applications of bioactive compounds in medicine, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. This has necessitated the search for cost-effective methods for producing bioactive compounds and therefore the intensification of the search for enzymatic approaches in organic synthesis. Laccase is one of the enzymes that have shown encouraging potential as biocatalysts in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Laccases are multicopper oxidases with a diverse range of catalytic activities revolving around synthesis and degradative reactions. They have attracted much attention as potential industrial catalysts in organic synthesis mainly because they are essentially green catalysts with a diverse substrate range. Their reaction only requires molecular oxygen and releases water as the only by-product. Laccase catalysis involves the abstraction of a single electron from their substrates to produce reactive radicals. The free radicals subsequently undergo homo- and hetero-coupling to form dimeric, oligomeric, polymeric, or cross-coupling products which have practical implications in organic synthesis. Consequently, there is a growing body of research focused on the synthetic applications of laccases such as organic synthesis, hair and textile dyeing, polymer synthesis, and grafting processes. This paper reviews the major advances in laccase-mediated synthesis of bioactive compounds, the mechanisms of enzymatic coupling, structure-activity relationships of synthesized compounds, and the challenges that might guide future research directions.
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Chiu S, Wang T, Belski M, Abourashed EA. HPLC-Guided Isolation, Purification and Characterization of Phenylpropanoid and Phenolic Constituents of Nutmeg Kernel (Myristica fragrans). Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies on the biological activities of nutmeg continue to appear in the literature. The most common targets include GIT, CNS, oxidative stress and inflammation. However, results obtained from most studies are often inconsistent due to the variability of utilized samples, lack of standardized nutmeg products or insufficient amounts of pure compounds for comprehensive follow-up investigation. To address the consistency and supply issue we utilized available technology to develop a reproducible procedure for preparation of specific extracts and isolation of the major phenolic constituents present in nutmeg kernel. A well-defined and reproducible sequence of extraction, fractionation and chromatographic purification was adopted and was guided by HPLC fingerprinting. Spectroscopic methods, mainly NMR, and mass spectrometry were utilized to identify each compound. Thirteen compounds were isolated in a pure form and identified as: elemicin (1), isoelemicin (2), myristicin (4), surinamensin (5), malabaricone C (6), 2-(3′-allyl-2′,6′-dimethoxy-phenyloxy)-1-acetoxy-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-propyl ester (7), methoxylicarin A (8), licarin A (9), malabaricone B (10), licarin C (11), 5′-methoxylicarin B (12), licarin B (13), and 2-(3′-allyl-2′,6′-dimethoxy-phenyloxy)-1-methyl-5-methoxy-1,2-dihydrobenzofuran (3, a new compound). With repeated isolation runs, these pure compounds can be prepared in quantities sufficient for biological evaluation as needed. The availability of purified compounds will also allow the development of specific, accurate, and sensitive analytical procedures for pharmacokinetic studies and for quality control of nutmeg products. Both aspects are essential for nutmeg-focused drug discovery. The same approach can also be adapted to other medicinal plants of potential interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - Thomas Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - Martin Belski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - Ehab A. Abourashed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
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Zhang YB, Yang XB, Yang XW, Xu W, Li F, Gonzezal FJ. Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Sensitive Method for the Determination of Dehydrodiisoeugenol in Rat Cerebral Nuclei. Molecules 2016; 21:321. [PMID: 27005607 PMCID: PMC6273846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method is developed for the quantification of dehydrodiisoeugenol (DDIE) in rat cerebral nuclei after single intravenous administration. DDIE and daidzein (internal standard) were separated on a Diamonsil™ ODS C18 column with methanol–water containing 0.1% formic acid (81:19, v/v) as a mobile phase. Detection of DDIE was performed on a positive electrospray ionization source using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. DDIE and daidzein were monitored at m/z 327.2→188.0 and m/z 255.0→199.2, respectively, in multiple reaction monitoring mode. This method enabled quantification of DDIE in various brain areas, including, cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum and brainstem, with high specificity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. The data herein demonstrate that our new LC-MS/MS method is highly sensitive and suitable for monitoring cerebral nuclei distribution of DDIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xin-Bao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Frank J Gonzezal
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zielinski Goldberg M, Burke LA, Samokhvalov A. Selective Activation of C=C Bond in Sustainable Phenolic Compounds from Lignin via Photooxidation: Experiment and Density Functional Theory Calculations. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1332-9. [PMID: 26268649 DOI: 10.1111/php.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to high-value phenolic compounds, such as food additives, antioxidants, fragrances and fine chemicals. We investigated photochemical and heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of two isomeric phenolic compounds from lignin, isoeugenol and eugenol, in several nonprotic solvents, for the first time by experiment and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Photooxidation was conducted under ambient conditions using air, near-UV light and commercial P25 TiO2 photocatalyst, and the products were determined by TLC, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS. Photochemical and photocatalytic oxidation of isoeugenol proceeds via the mild oxidative "dimerization" to produce the lignan dehydrodiisoeugenol (DHDIE), while photooxidation of eugenol does not proceed. The DFT calculations suggest a radical stepwise mechanism for the oxidative "dimerization" of isoeugenol to DHDIE as was calculated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke A Burke
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ
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Zhang YB, Zhu LQ, Yang XW. Cerebral nuclei distribution study of dehydrodiisoeugenol as an anxiogenic agent determined by RP-HPLC. Fitoterapia 2013; 84:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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