1
|
Honesova L, Viaene W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. High-temperature liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry methodology for carbon isotope ratio determination of anabolic steroids in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1324:343092. [PMID: 39218574 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) has long been used in routine laboratories to determine the δ13C values of anabolic steroids in urine, differentiating between, e.g., endogenous and synthetic testosterone (T) in sports doping control. Until now, liquid chromatography (LC-IRMS) has not been used. The LC-IRMS setup doesn't allow organic solvents or modifiers in the mobile phase for δ13C determinations. Mid-to non-polar analytes such as steroids can be analysed in water heated to High Temperatures (HT, up to 200 °C) because at 200 °C has a similar polarity as 80/20 methanol/water at ambient temperature. In this work, we developed a method for steroids in urine, extending the application of the LC-IRMS to non-polar analytes in complex matrices. RESULT An HT-LC-IRMS method capable of determining the δ13C values of four steroids (i.e., testosterone (T), 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (ααβ), 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (βαβ) and pregnanetriol (PT)) in urine was developed and validated. Accuracy ranged from 0.23 ‰ (ααβ and βαβ) to 0.49 ‰ (T), and the detection limit was set at 10 ng mL-1 (T, ααβ+βαβ). The validation data and a comparison of authentic urine samples analysed with HT-LC-IRMS and GC-C-IRMS indicated a comparable performance between HT-LC-IRMS and GC-C-IRMS. SIGNIFICANCE HT-LC-IRMS can be used to determine δ13C values of anabolic steroids, extending the applicability of both HT-LC and LC-IRMS to non-polar substances determined in a complex matrix in routine laboratory practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Honesova
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Viaene
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Michaël Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen W, Cheng X, Ma Y, Chen N. Foodborne doping and supervision in sports. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
3
|
Functional Nanomaterials Based Opto-Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Gonadal Steroid Hormones. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
4
|
A uniform sample preparation procedure for gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for all human doping control relevant anabolic steroids using online 2/3-dimensional liquid chromatography fraction collection. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1168:338610. [PMID: 34051993 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Androgenic anabolic steroids are the most misused substances in sports because of their performance-enhancing effects. Often synthetic analogues of endogenously present steroids are administered. To determine their endogenous or exogenous origin, Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) is used in the field of doping control. Compounds subjected to IRMS analysis must be interference-free, with liquid chromatography fraction collection (HPLC-FC) being the crucial clean-up step. However, this clean-up is challenging, particularly for compounds present at low concentrations in samples with pronounced matrix effects. The compounds of interests for IRMS analyses in doping control are testosterone (T) and its main metabolites (androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol), epitestosterone, 19-norandrosterone (19-NA), boldenone (B) and its main metabolite (BM), formestane (F) and 6αOH-androstenedione (6aOHADION). Currently, the available methods only deal with a selection of the above-mentioned compounds. Some of these compounds (e.g., 19-NA, B, BM, 6aOHADION) are present in very low concentrations, requiring an extensive and dedicated sample clean-up, and this makes it challenging to develop a universal clean-up procedure. Many of these methods require different and multiple offline HPLC-FC setups, which are labour-intensive and time-consuming. That is problematic during, e.g., large sports events, where reporting time is limited (e.g., 72 h). Therefore, in the current work, we developed a uniform online 2D/3D HPLC-FC method, capable of purifying all relevant target compounds in a single run, leading to the fastest clean-up procedure so far (i.e., 31 min for T and its main metabolites; 46 min for 19-NA, F and 6aOHADION; 48 min for B and BM).
Collapse
|
5
|
Montes de Oca Porto R, Fernández_Hormiga MA, Correa_Vidal MT, Martínez_Brito D. Carbon isotope ratio of endogenous urinary steroids of the Cuban population of athletes studied for doping purposes. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1501-1507. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
De Wilde L, Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Development and validation of a fast gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for the detection of epiandrosterone sulfate in urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1006-1018. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Renterghem
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Michaël Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iannella L, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Torre X. Development and validation of a method to confirm the exogenous origin of prednisone and prednisolone by GC‐C‐IRMS. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1615-1628. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco“Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale“Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | - Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Oliveira FA, Casilli A, Piper T, da Silva TR, da Silva CA, da Silva RVS, Dal Sasso MA, Salgueiro GRDSG, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, Thevis M, de Aquino Neto FR. Implementation and Performance of the Gas Chromatography/Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry-Based Method for the Confirmatory Analysis of Endogenous Anabolic Steroids during the Rio de Janeiro Olympic and Paralympic Games 2016. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11747-11756. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Azamor de Oliveira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Casilli
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research − Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Thais Reis da Silva
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Abrantes da Silva
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Raquel Vieira Santana da Silva
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Dal Sasso
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Gutierri Ricardo dos Santos Gonçalves Salgueiro
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research − Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Potential of saliva steroid profiling for the detection of endogenous steroid abuse: Reference thresholds for oral fluid steroid concentrations and ratios. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 999:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Kotronoulas A, Gomez-Gómez À, Fabregat A, Segura J, Yang S, Xing Y, Moutian W, Marcos J, Joglar J, Ventura R, Pozo OJ. Evaluation of markers out of the steroid profile for the screening of testosterone misuse. Part I: Transdermal administration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:821-831. [PMID: 29148228 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although the introduction by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) of the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) marked an important step forward in the screening of testosterone (T) misuse, it still remains one of the most difficult challenges in doping control analysis. The urinary determination of alternative markers has been recently reported as a promising tool for improving the screening of T oral administration. However, their evaluation for other, commonly used, administration routes is still required. The main goal of this study is the evaluation of the potential of 2 groups of metabolites (cysteinyl conjugated and glucuronoconjugated) after transdermal and intramuscular administration of T. Their suitability was evaluated in individuals with both low basal (L-T/E) and medium basal (M-T/E) values of T/E. In this Part I, we evaluated the urinary excretion profile of these 2 groups of T metabolites after the administration of 3 doses of T gel to 12 volunteers (6 L-T/E and 6 M-T/E) for 3 consecutive days. For this purpose, 9 different concentration ratios (5 cysteinyl conjugated and 4 glucuronoconjugated markers) were studied. Both, the intra-individual variability and the detection windows (DW) obtained by each ratio were evaluated. Cysteinyl conjugates showed a general low intra-individual variability and DWs that were shorter than any other tested marker. Despite the relatively large intra-individual variability, the DWs reached by glucuronoconjugates (2-3 days) were similar to those obtained by markers currently included in the ABP. Overall; this evaluation advises for the introduction of additional glucuronoconjugated markers in the screening of transdermal T administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Gomez-Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Programa De Recerca En Epidemiologia I Salut Pública, ISGlobal, Campus Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Waters Cromatografia SA, MS Applicat Lab, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Moutian
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Cerba Internacional, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F. Fast IRMS screening of pseudoendogenous steroids in doping analyses. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1804-1812. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palonek E, Ericsson M, Gårevik N, Rane A, Lehtihet M, Ekström L. Atypical excretion profile and GC/C/IRMS findings may last for nine months after a single dose of nandrolone decanoate. Steroids 2016; 108:105-11. [PMID: 26853157 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of the anabolic androgenic steroid nandrolone and its prohormones is prohibited in sport. A common route of nandrolone administration is intramuscular injections of a nandrolone ester. Here we have investigated the detection time of nandrolone and 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone metabolites in eleven healthy men after the administration of a 150 mg dose of nandrolone decanoate. The urinary concentrations of nandrolone and the metabolites were monitored by GC-MS/MS for nine months and in some samples the presence of 19-norandrosterone was confirmed by GC/C/IRMS analysis. The participants were genotyped for polymorphisms in PDE7B1 and UGT2B15 genes previously shown to influence the activation and inactivation of nandrolone decanoate. There were large inter-individual variations in the excretion rate of nandrolone and the metabolites, although not related to genetic variations in the UGT2B15 (rs1902023) and PDE7B1 (rs7774640) genes. After the administration, 19-norandrosterone was found at 2-8-fold higher concentrations than 19-noretiocholanolone. We showed that nandrolone doping can be identified 4 and 9 months after the injection of only one single dose in six and three individuals, respectively. We also noted that GC/C/IRMS confirms the presence of exogenous 19-norandrosterone in the urine samples, showing δ13 values around -32 ‰. This was true even in a sample that was not identified as an atypical finding after the GC-MS/MS analysis further showing the power of using GC/C/IRMS in routine anti-doping settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Palonek
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine/Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Centre for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital C2:84, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Polet M, Van Eenoo P. GC-C-IRMS in routine doping control practice: 3 years of drug testing data, quality control and evolution of the method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:4397-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
14
|
Zhang L, Thevis M, Piper T, Jochmann MA, Wolbert JB, Kujawinski DM, Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis of Steroids by High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2297-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403353x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute
of Biochemistry,
Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark
Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Piper
- Institute
of Biochemistry,
Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark
Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maik A. Jochmann
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - J. Benjamin Wolbert
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Dorothea M. Kujawinski
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiese
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V., (IUTA), Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V., (IUTA), Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Polet M, Van Renterghem P, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P. Studies on the minor metabolite 6a-hydroxy-androstenedione for doping control purposes and its contribution to the steroid profile. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:978-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Renterghem
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Polet M, Van Renterghem P, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P. Profiling of urinary formestane and confirmation by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Steroids 2013; 78:1103-9. [PMID: 23933120 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Formestane (F, androst-4-en-4-ol-3,17-dione) is an irreversible aromatase inhibitor with the ability to suppress the estrogen production from anabolic steroids. Consequently, F is mentioned on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and because studies have shown that F is produced endogenously in small amounts, a threshold for urinary excreted F of 150 ng/mL was introduced. Lower concentrations could be due to endogenous production and need further investigation to prove the exact origin through determination of the carbon isotope ratio. However, because the current screening methods are a lot more sensitive, F is detected in practically every urine sample. A strict implementation of this WADA rule would imply that almost every urine sample needs additional investigation to verify an exogenous or endogenous origin. The main aim of this study was to propose and introduce a lower concentration limit of 25 ng/mL beneath which the detected F is considered as being endogenous and no further investigation is needed. The data presented in this paper suggests that this threshold provides a good balance between a sufficiently large detection window and not having to perform isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analyses on negative urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, urine and blood are the only matrices authorized for antidoping testing by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Although the usefulness of urine and blood is proven, issues remain for monitoring some drug classes and for drugs prohibited only in competition. The alternative matrix oral fluid (OF) may offer solutions to some of these issues. OF collection is easy, noninvasive, and sex neutral and is directly observed, limiting potential adulteration, a major problem for urine testing. OF is used to monitor drug intake in workplace, clinical toxicology, criminal justice, and driving under the influence of drugs programs and potentially could complement urine and blood for antidoping testing in sports. CONTENT This review outlines the present state of knowledge and the advantages and limitations of OF testing for each of the WADA drug classes and the research needed to advance OF testing as a viable alternative for antidoping testing. SUMMARY Doping agents are either prohibited at all times or prohibited in competition only. Few OF data from controlled drug administration studies are available for substances banned at all times, whereas for some agents prohibited only in competition, sufficient data may be available to suggest appropriate analytes and cutoffs (analytical threshold concentrations) to identify recent drug use. Additional research is needed to characterize the disposition of many banned substances into OF; OF collection methods and doping agent stability in OF also require investigation to allow the accurate interpretation of OF tests for antidoping monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Anizan
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Drug, Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|