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Fejős I, Kalydi E, Kukk EL, Seggio M, Malanga M, Béni S. Single Isomer N-Heterocyclic Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis. Molecules 2021; 26:5271. [PMID: 34500704 PMCID: PMC8434369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the chiral recognition mechanisms of positively charged cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives, the synthesis, the pKa determination by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-pH titration and a comparative chiral capillary electrophoretic (CE) study were performed with two series of mono-substituted cationic single isomer CDs. The first series of selectors were mono-(6-N-pyrrolidine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (PYR-β-CD), mono-(6-N-piperidine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (PIP-β-CD), mono-(6-N-morpholine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MO-β-CD) and mono-(6-N-piperazine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (PIPA-β-CD), carrying a pH-adjustable moiety at the narrower rim of the cavity, while the second set represented by their quaternarized, permanently cationic counterparts: mono-(6-N-(N-methyl-pyrrolidine)-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MePYR-β-CD), mono-(6-N-(N-methyl-piperidine)-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MePIP-β-CD), mono-(6-N-(N-methyl-morpholine)-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MeMO-β-CD) and mono-(6-N-(4,4-N,N-dimethyl-piperazine)-β-CD (diMePIPA-β-CD). Based on pH-dependent and selector concentration-dependent comparative studies of these single isomer N-heterocyclic CDs presented herein, it can be concluded that all CDs could successfully be applied as chiral selectors for the enantiodiscrimination of several negatively charged and zwitterionic model racemates. The substituent-dependent enantiomer migration order reversal of dansylated-valine using PIP-β-CD contrary to PYP-β-CD, MO-β-CD and PIPA-β-CD was also studied by 1H- and 2D ROESY NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Fejős
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
| | - Eszter Kalydi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
| | - Edit Luca Kukk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
| | - Mimimorena Seggio
- ChemPhotoLab, Department of Drug Sciences and Health, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
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Chen L, Liu M, Yang S, Zhao H, Yao X, Li X, Meng J. Theoretical electronic circular dichroism investigations of chiral amino acids and development of separation and identification methods independent of standards. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462446. [PMID: 34384924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Through an appropriate computational protocol and environmental simulation, a satisfactory fit was observed for the theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of 19 chiral amino acids (AAs), which correspondeds to the forms of the AAs in aqueous solution. Methods for enantioseparation of these chiral AAs by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed. Combining ECD with chromatographic separation methods, enantiomers were identified and quantified independent of a single enantiomer standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jinghua Meng
- Department of Mathematics, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China
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Ma Q, Cong W, Liu Y, Geng Z, Lin Y, Wang Z. Experimental and computational study on the enantioseparation of four chiral fluoroquinolones by capillary electrophoresis with sulfated-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. Chirality 2021; 33:549-557. [PMID: 34275169 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, enantioseparation of four chiral fluoroquinolones (FQs), namely, ofloxacin, gemifloxacin, lomefloxacin, and gatifloxacin, was achieved by capillary electrophoresis with sulfated-β-cyclodextrin (S-β-CD) as chiral selector. Factors affecting the enantiomeric resolution, such as the concentrations of S-β-CD, BGE pH conditions, and the buffer types and concentrations, were optimized and discussed. A BGE consisting of 30 g/L S-β-CD and 30-mM phosphate at pH 4.0 was found fit for enantiomeric resolution of ofloxacin and gemifloxacin, while the same BGE at pH 3.0 was suitable for enantioseparation of lomefloxacin and gatifloxacin. The pH-dependent experiments showed that separation resolutions of four FQs enantiomers were significantly affected by BGE pH, which was thought to be related with the varying electrostatic attraction between the enantiomers and chiral selector. To verify this speculation, molecular docking studies were used for further investigation of the enantiomeric recognition mechanism of S-β-CD. Molecular model indicated that hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond were involved in host-guest inclusion, but the electrostatic attraction enhanced the chiral discrimination by increasing the difference in binding energy between individual enantiomers and S-β-CD. This work provided a further insight into the chiral recognition mechanisms of CD derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Cong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zikai Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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Hancu G, Papp LA, Tóth G, Kelemen H. The Use of Dual Cyclodextrin Chiral Selector Systems in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:2261. [PMID: 33919692 PMCID: PMC8069766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives are the most efficient and frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). There are situations when the use of a single CD as CS is not enough to obtain efficient chiral discrimination of the enantiomers; in these cases, sometimes this problem can be resolved using a dual CD system. The use of dual CD systems can often dramatically enhance enantioseparation selectivity and can be applied for the separation of many analytes of pharmaceutical interest for which enantioseparation by CE with another CS systems can be problematic. Usually in a dual CD system an anionic CD is used together with a neutral one, but there are situations when the use of a cationic CD with a neutral one or the use of two neutral CDs or even two ionized CDs can be an efficient solution. In the current review we present general aspects of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceutical substances. Several examples of applications of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceuticals are selected and discussed. Theoretical aspects regarding the separation of enantiomers through simultaneous interaction with the two CSs are also explained. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, potential and new direction in this chiral analysis field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
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Single isomer cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461375. [PMID: 32823120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since decades, cyclodextrins are one of the most powerful selectors in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of diverse organic compounds. This review concerns papers published over the last decade (from 2009 until nowadays), dealing with the capillary electrophoretic application of single isomer cyclodextrin derivatives in chiral separations. Following a brief overview of their synthetic approaches, the inventory of the neutral, negatively and positively charged (including both permanently ionic and pH-tunable ionizable substituents) and zwitterionic CD derivatives is presented, with insights to underlying structural aspects by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. CE represents an ideal tool to study the weak, non-covalent supramolecular interactions. The published methods are reviewed in the light of enantioselectivity, enantiomer migration order and the fine-tuning of enantiodiscrimination by the substitution pattern of the single entity selector molecules, which is hardly possible for their randomly substituted counterparts. All the reviewed publications herein support that cyclodextrin-based chiral capillary electrophoresis seems to remain a popular choice in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
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Li Y, Lin X, Qin S, Gao L, Tang Y, Liu S, Wang Y. β‐Cyclodextrin‐modified covalent organic framework as chiral stationary phase for the separation of amino acids and β‐blockers by capillary electrochromatography. Chirality 2020; 32:1008-1019. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang China
| | - Xiaotong Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang China
| | - Shili Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang China
| | - Lidi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang China
| | - Yimin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang China
| | - Shuren Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource SciencesZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang China
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Liu M, Chen L, Tian T, Zhang Z, Li X. Identification and Quantitation of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis and Circular Dichroism Independent of Single Enantiomer Standard. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13803-13809. [PMID: 31591882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification and quantitation of enantiomers is a critical and challenging step in the process of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis, especially when the optically pure enantiomers are expensive or commercially unavailable. Herein, a method of CE in combination with circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy for the identification of enantiomeric peak independent of single enantiomer standard was proposed. By comparing the theoretical CD spectrum of the single enantiomer calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with the experimental CD spectrum of the enantiomeric mixture, the configuration of the dominant enantiomer in the nonracemic mixture was determined. Considering that the dominant enantiomer showed bigger peak area on the CE electrophoretogram, the enantiomeric peak was easily identified. Three kinds of enantiomers including seven chiral compounds (i.e., tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, Boc-valine, Boc-leucine, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were used to evaluate the reliability of the method. The concentration of the single enantiomer in the mixture can be further accurately quantified based on the total concentration of the mixture and the peak area ratio of a couple of enantiomers, and the accuracy was assessed by taking ibuprofen as an example. The developed CE-CD method provides an alternative tool for the analysis of nonracemic mixture with good ECD signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tingting Tian
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Li Y, Tang Y, Qin S, Li X, Dai Q, Gao L. Preparation and characterization of a new open‐tubular capillary column for enantioseparation by capillary electrochromatography. Chirality 2019; 31:283-292. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar PR China
| | - Yimin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar PR China
| | - Shili Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar PR China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar PR China
| | - Qiang Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar PR China
| | - Lidi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiqihar University Qiqihar PR China
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Simultaneous separation and determination of four uncaria alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis using dual cyclodextrin system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhu B, Xu S, Guo X, Wei L, Yu J, Wang T. Use of various β-cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors for the enantiomeric separation of ofloxacin and its five related substances by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1784-1795. [PMID: 28168817 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoretic method for the enantioseparation of ofloxacin and its five related substances (potential impurities, indicated as impurities B-F) was developed using β-cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies about using capillary electrophoresis for the separation of impurities B-D. Six β-cyclodextrin derivatives including cationic (piperidine- and cyclohexylamine-), neutral (dimethyl- and hydroxypropyl-), and anionic (carboxymethyl- and sulfated-) β-cyclodextrin derivatives were tested and operational parameters such as buffer pH and concentration of β-cyclodextrin derivatives were investigated. The best resolutions were all obtained with anionic β-cyclodextrin derivatives: ofloxacin, impurities C-F could be best resolved with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin at satisfactory resolutions of 8.27, 9.98, 5.92, 8.49 and 6.78, respectively, while for impurity B, a particularly impressive resolution value, up to 21.38, was observed using sulfated-β-cyclodextrin. The enhancement of enantioseparation observed for the tested analytes using anionic β-cyclodextrin derivatives might be due to some favorable interaction between selectors and analytes. Given the fact that the selection of chiral selector depends on the structures of analytes, with the help of structural similarities and differences of the analytes, the structure-separation relationship was further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Zhu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Lan Wei
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Tiejie Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
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Stavrou IJ, Agathokleous EA, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: Recent development and applications (mid-2014 to mid-2016). Electrophoresis 2017; 38:786-819. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Recent advances on the use of cyclodextrins in the chiral analysis of drugs by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:79-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Advances in the Use of Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Fundamentals and Applications. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for pharmaceutical analysis (2013-2015). Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1591-608. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yu J, Liang X, Wang Z, Guo X, Sun T, Guo X. Separation of folinic acid diastereomers in capillary electrophoresis using a new cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120216. [PMID: 25781478 PMCID: PMC4364531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the separation of folinic acid diastereomers by capillary electrophoresis in chiral separation media was developed. Aiming to achieve a good separation of the anionic analytes, a newly synthesized cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative, mono-6-deoxy-6-piperdine-β-cyclodextrin, was applied as the chiral selector. The effect of background electrolyte pH, the concentration of the cyclodextrin additive, and organic modifier on the separation was investigated. A good separation of folinic acid diastereomers was obtained with 30 mmol/L phosphate buffer at pH 6.50 containing 6.0 mmol/L of mono-6-deoxy-6-piperdine-β-cyclodextrin in 10% acetonitrile. Based on the capillary electrophoresis data, the binding constants of each diastereomer with mono-6-deoxy-6-piperdine-β-cyclodextrin were determined. Moreover, a computational modeling study, using the semi-empirical PM3 method, was used to discuss the possible mechanism of separation of folinic acid with mono-6-deoxy-6-piperdine-β-cyclodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Tiemin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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Zhou J, Tang J, Tang W. Recent development of cationic cyclodextrins for chiral separation. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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