1
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Lee H, An G, Lim W, Song G. Flusilazole induced developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity via apoptosis and oxidative stress in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 284:109993. [PMID: 39106914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Flusilazole is a well-known triazole fungicide applied to various crops and fruits worldwide. Flusilazole residues are frequently detected in the environment, and many researchers have reported the hazardous effects of flusilazole on non-target organisms; however, the developmental toxicity of flusilazole has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated flusilazole-induced developmental defects in zebrafish, which are used in toxicology studies to assess the toxic effects of chemicals on aquatic species or vertebrates. We confirmed that flusilazole exposure affected the viability and hatching rate of zebrafish larvae, and resulted in morphological defects, reduced body length, diminished eye and head sizes, and inflated pericardial edema. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation were also observed. These factors interrupted the normal organ formation during early developmental stages, and transgenic models were used to identify organ defects. We confirmed the effects of flusilazole on the nervous system using olig2:dsRed transgenic zebrafish, and on the cardiovascular system using cmlc2:dsRed and fli1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish. Our results demonstrate the developmental toxicity of flusilazole and its mechanisms in zebrafish as well as the detrimental effects of flusilazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Bhuiya A, Yasmin S, Shaikh MAA, Mustafa MG, Kabir MH. Method development of multi pesticide residue analysis in country beans collected from Dhaka, Bangladesh, and their dietary risk assessment. Food Chem 2024; 445:138741. [PMID: 38364498 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a modified QuEChERS method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of five multi-class pesticides in country beans collected from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pesticides were extracted using ACN, and to minimize the co-extraction matrix, optimized d-SPE cleanup was done using sorbents (GCB, PSA, and C18). In the calibration range, the method showed excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ 0.9990 both in solvent- and matrix-matched calibration. For the selected pesticides, average recoveries (at four spiking levels (n = 5) of 10, 20, 100, and 200 µg/kg) of 70-100 % were achieved with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 9.5 %. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.3333 to 1.3333 μg/kg and 1.0 to 4.0 μg/kg, respectively. The dietary risk assessment, in terms of hazard quotient (HQ), was calculated to assess consumers' health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Bhuiya
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Golam Mustafa
- Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Humayun Kabir
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
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3
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Chen J, Wang Y, Luo X, Chen Y. Recent research progress and outlook in agricultural chemical discovery based on quinazoline scaffold. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105122. [PMID: 35715060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new scaffolds and targets for pesticides is still a huge challenge facing the sustainable development of modern agriculture. In recent years, quinazoline derivatives have achieved great progress in drug discovery and have attracted great attention. Quinazoline is a unique bicyclic scaffold with a variety of biological activities, which increases the possibilities and flexibility of structural modification, showing enormous appeal in the discovery of new pesticides. Therefore, the agricultural biological activities, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and mechanism of action of quinazoline derivatives in the past decade were reviewed systematically, with emphasis on SAR and mechanism. Then, we prospected the application of the quinazoline scaffold as a special structure in agricultural chemical discovery, hoping to provide new ideas for the rational design and mechanism of novel quinazoline agricultural chemicals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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4
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Fan Y, Gao RH, Huang Y, Bian B, Tao Z, Xiao X. Supramolecular Fluorescence Probe Based on Twisted Cucurbit[14]uril for Sensing Fungicide Flusilazole. Front Chem 2019; 7:154. [PMID: 30949474 PMCID: PMC6437033 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-guest complex of the common dye, thioflavin T (ThT), and twisted cucurbit[14]uril (tQ[14]) was selected as a fluorescent probe to determine non-fluorescent triazole fungicides, including flusilazole, azaconazole, triadimefon, tebuconazole, tricyclazole, flutriafol, penconazole, and triadimenol isomer A, in an aqueous solution. The experimental results reveal that the ThT@tQ[14] probe selectively responded to flusilazole with significant fluorescence quenching and a detection limit of 1.27 × 10-8 mol/L. In addition, the response mechanism involves not only a cooperation interaction-ThT occupies a side-cavity of the tQ[14] host and the triazole fungicide occupies another side-cavity of the tQ[14] host-but also a competition interaction in which both ThT and the triazole fungicide occupy the side-cavities of the tQ[14] host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rui-Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Bian
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Neuwirthová N, Trojan M, Svobodová M, Vašíčková J, Šimek Z, Hofman J, Bielská L. Pesticide residues remaining in soils from previous growing season(s) - Can they accumulate in non-target organisms and contaminate the food web? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1056-1062. [PMID: 30235591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Neuwirthová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Trojan
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Svobodová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vašíčková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Šimek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
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Farha W, Abd El-Aty AM, Rahman MM, Jeong JH, Shin HC, Wang J, Shin SS, Shim JH. Analytical approach, dissipation pattern and risk assessment of pesticide residue in green leafy vegetables: A comprehensive review. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waziha Farha
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Musfiqur Rahman
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Dongjak-gu Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Sung Shik Shin
- Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
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7
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Kabir MH, Abd El-Aty AM, Rahman MM, Chung HS, Lee HS, Kim SW, Chang HR, Shin HC, Shin SS, Shim JH. Chromatographic determination, decline dynamic and risk assessment of sulfoxaflor in Asian pear and oriental melon. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Humayun Kabir
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Musfiqur Rahman
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Suk Chung
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Lee
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ra Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences; Hoseo University; Asan-si Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Shik Shin
- Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
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8
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Kim SW, Rahman MM, Abd El-Aty AM, Kabir MH, Na TW, Choi JH, Shin HC, Shim JH. Simultaneous detection of sulfoxaflor and its metabolites, X11719474 and X11721061, in lettuce using a modified QuEChERS extraction method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 27995654 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method has been developed to quantify the residual levels of sulfoxaflor and its metabolites (X11719474 and X11721061) in/on cultivated lettuce grown under greenhouse conditions. Samples were extracted and purified using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe 'QuEChERS' method (original version) following systematic method optimization and were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Good linearity with coefficient of determination ≥0.9930 was obtained and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were in the ranges of 0.003-0.006 and 0.01-0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery rates of both the parent compound and its metabolites (fortified at 10 and 50× the LOQ) estimated from six replicates ranged between 81.9 and 115.5% with a relative standard deviation <12%. The validated method was applied to field-incurred samples (collected over 7 days) sprayed once or twice with a water-dispersible granule formulation. Notably, a substantial reduction in rate was observed after 3 days and the half-life was short, only 1.5 days. The developed method is simple and versatile and can be used for various leafy vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Md Humayun Kabir
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Na
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Biocontrol Research Center Immyeon, Gokseonggun, Jellanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heui Choi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kabir MH, El-Aty AMA, Kim SW, Rahman MM, Chung HS, Lee HS, Shin HC, Shim JH. Decline pattern and risk assessment of cyenopyrafen in different varieties of Asian pear using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:537-543. [PMID: 30263576 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissipation pattern of a commercial cyenopyrafen formulation sprayed at the recommended dose on Asian pears (two different species) grown at two different sites was investigated using liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Samples collected randomly over 14 days were extracted using acetone, partitioned using n-hexane/dichloromethane (8/2, v/v), and purified using a Florisil solidphase extraction cartridge. The residues in field-incurred samples were confirmed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated in terms of excellent linearity in the solvent (R 2=1); moreover, satisfactory recoveries (89.0-107.3%) were obtained at three fortification levels with a relative standard deviation (RSD)≤5.0% and the limits of detection and quantification of 0.0033 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. Although the residual levels at both sites were lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL=1 mg/kg), the dissipation at Site 2 was faster than that at Site 1. Consequently, the half-life (t1/2) in Site 2 (5.2 d) was shorter than that in Site 1 (9.8 d). Risk assessment at zero days showed acceptable daily intakes (%) of 27.25% and 24.52% at Sites 1 and 2, respectively, indicating that these fruit species are safe for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Humayun Kabir
- 1Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- 2Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 27478 Korea.,3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- 1Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Md Musfiqur Rahman
- 1Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Hyung Suk Chung
- 1Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Han Sol Lee
- 1Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- 2Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 27478 Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- 1Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
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Kabir MH, Abd El-Aty A, Rahman MM, Kim SW, Choi JH, Lee YJ, Truong LT, Lee KB, Kim MR, Shin HC, Shim JH. The disappearance rate and risk assessment of thiacloprid residues in Asian pear using liquid chromatography confirmed with tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27696449 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Humayun Kabir
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Deparment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Md. Musfiqur Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heui Choi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Lieu T.B. Truong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Bong Lee
- Food Safety Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Kim
- Food Safety Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Deparment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
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