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Bhuiya A, Yasmin S, Shaikh MAA, Mustafa MG, Kabir MH. Method development of multi pesticide residue analysis in country beans collected from Dhaka, Bangladesh, and their dietary risk assessment. Food Chem 2024; 445:138741. [PMID: 38364498 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a modified QuEChERS method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of five multi-class pesticides in country beans collected from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pesticides were extracted using ACN, and to minimize the co-extraction matrix, optimized d-SPE cleanup was done using sorbents (GCB, PSA, and C18). In the calibration range, the method showed excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ 0.9990 both in solvent- and matrix-matched calibration. For the selected pesticides, average recoveries (at four spiking levels (n = 5) of 10, 20, 100, and 200 µg/kg) of 70-100 % were achieved with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 9.5 %. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.3333 to 1.3333 μg/kg and 1.0 to 4.0 μg/kg, respectively. The dietary risk assessment, in terms of hazard quotient (HQ), was calculated to assess consumers' health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Bhuiya
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Golam Mustafa
- Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Humayun Kabir
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
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2
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Du Y, Wen A, Wang H, Xiao Y, Yuan S, Yu H, Xie Y, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Yao W. Degradation of carbofuran and acetamiprid in wolfberry by dielectric barrier discharge plasma: Kinetics, pathways, toxicity and molecular dynamics simulation. Chemosphere 2024; 353:141561. [PMID: 38417492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Carbofuran and acetamiprid pose the highest residual risk among pesticides found in wolfberries. This study aimed to degrade these pesticides in wolfberries using a multi-array dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBD), evaluate the impact on safety and quality and explore their degradation mechanism. The results showed that DBD treatment achieved 90.6% and 80.9% degradation rates for carbofuran and acetamiprid, respectively, following a first-order kinetic reaction. The 120 s treatment successfully reduced pesticide contamination to levels below maximum residue limits. Treatment up to 180 s did not adversely affect the quality of wolfberries. QTOF/MS identification and degradation pathway analysis revealed that DBD broke down the furan ring and carbamate group of carbofuran, while replacing the chlorine atom and oxidizing the side chain of acetamiprid, leading to degradation. The toxicological evaluation showed that the degradation products were less toxic than undegraded pesticides. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitated the degradation of pesticides through dehydrogenation and radical addition reactions. ROS type and dosage significantly affected the breakage of chemical bonds associated with toxicity (C4-O5 and C2-Cl1). These findings deepen insights into the plasma chemical degradation of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Cao N, Zong X, Guo X, Chen X, Nie D, Huang L, Li L, Ma Y, Wang C, Pang S. The adsorption effects of biochar on carbofuran in water and the mixture toxicity of biochar-carbofuran in rats. Chemosphere 2024; 350:140992. [PMID: 38141676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran, a widely used carbamate insecticide, is frequently detected in water. In this study, a high-performance adsorbent (WAB4) for carbofuran was obtained from laboratory-synthesized biochars. The maximum adsorption of carbofuran by WAB4 reaches 113.7 mg/g approximately. The adsorption of carbofuran by biochar was a multi-molecular layer and the adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9984) and Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.99). Importantly, an in vivo rat model was used to assess the combined toxicological effects of biochar-carbofuran complexes. The toxicity of the complexes (LD50 > 12 mg/kg) is lower than that of carbofuran (LD50 = 7.9 mg/kg) alone. The damage of biochar-carbofuran complex on rat liver and lung is significantly less than that of carbofuran. The Cmax and bioavailability of carbofuran were found to be reduced by 64% and 68%, respectively, when biochar was present, by UPLC-MS/MS analysis of carbofuran in rat plasma. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the biochar-carbofuran complex is relatively stable in the gastrointestinal tract, by performing a carbofuran release assay in artificial gastrointestinal fluids in vitro. Collectively, biochar is a bio-friendly material for the removal of carbofuran from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xingxing Zong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xuanjun Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Dongxing Nie
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Solomonenko AN, Dorozhko EV, Barek J, Korotkova EI, Semin VO, Erkovich AV, Aseeva NV. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of carbofuran in food using novel type of modified carbon-based electrode with grafted layers of nickel. Talanta 2024; 267:125116. [PMID: 37714038 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
A voltammetric determination of carbofuran (CBF) was developed using a novel type of carbon-containing electrode (CCE) modified with carbon ink (CI) and a chromatographic sorbent (CS) based of chromaton (Ch), polyethylene glycol and nickel acetylacetonate with grafted layers of nickel (NiCS, stands for Ni modified CS) further denoted as CI/NiCS/CCE. The surface morphology of this modified electrode was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CBF which is not electrochemically oxidizable was first hydrolyzed in alkaline medium to give anodically active phenolic analogue CBFP. The electrochemical reactions of CBFP at CI/NiCS/CCE were studied in phosphate buffer (PB) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep adsorptive stripping voltammetry (LSAdSV) using linear scan voltammetry in the first derivative mode (LSVFD). Linear concentration dependences in the concentration ranges from 0.1 to 10 μM and from 10 to 100 μM were obtained by the LSAdSV with limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.06 and 0.19 μM, respectively. The novel modified CI/NiCS/CCE showed good stability and selectivity and was successfully used to determine CBF in real samples of vegetables and fruits with LOD 0.01 mg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Solomonenko
- Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Dorozhko
- Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - J Barek
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, CZ 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - E I Korotkova
- Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V O Semin
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademicheskii 2/4, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Erkovich
- Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N V Aseeva
- Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
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Luo L, Jiang C, Li H, Ning D, Lao S, Liang Z, Tang L, Chen W, Ya Y. An electrochemical aptasensor for detection of carbofuran using gold nanoparticles decorated hierarchical porous carbon as an effective sensing platform. Chemosphere 2023; 341:140033. [PMID: 37659518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel electrochemical aptasensor for carbofuran (CBF) detection is prepared by gold nanoparticles decorated hierarchical porous carbon (Au@HPC). The prepared carbon materials show a three-dimensional hierarchical structure with a large specific surface area and a highly developed porous structure. Aptamers loading significantly improves when gold nanoparticles are embedded into the hierarchical porous carbon skeleton. Besides, Au@HPC modified electrode exhibits a large electroactive area and excellent electrochemical conductivity, serving as a promising platform for highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of CBF. The developed CBF electrochemical aptasensor shows a wide linear from 1.0 to 100000 pg/L with a detection limit of 0.5 pg/L, demonstrating an extraordinary sensitivity compared to other sensors for CBF detection. Additionally, the designed aptasensor was used to monitor the CBF in vegetable samples, with a recovery range from 98.4% to 104.8%. The results coincide with the standard test method, revealing its practicability in the food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Luo
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Cuiwen Jiang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Hu Li
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Dejiao Ning
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Shuibing Lao
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhongdan Liang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Li Tang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yu Ya
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Sarr D, Thiaré DD, Diaw PA, Cissé L, Coly A, Delattre F, Giamarchi P, Tine A. Direct Spectrofluorimetric Method for the Analysis of Carbofuran and Fluometuron in Senegalese Natural Waters. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03458-y. [PMID: 37815658 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, analytical study of carbofuran (CAF) and fluometuron (FLM) pesticides was carried out using direct spectrofluorimetric method in various solvents. Results showed that CAF and FLM are naturally fluorescent in all solvents under study including organic (MeOH, MeCN, DMF) and aqueous micellar one (CTAC, SDS, Brij-700). For the analysis of FLM, CTAC give the best fluorescence signal enhancement. Analytical performances, such as limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) was evaluated after solvent optimization and were found to vary, respectively, between 0.1 and 11 ng mL- 1 and between 0.3 and 36.6 ng mL- 1. Analytical application in various environmental aqueous samples matrices (sea, tap, runoff and well waters) give satisfactory recovery rates in the limits of 73.7-113.7% for both pesticides. This method is described for its simplicity for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diégane Sarr
- Equipe des Matériaux, Electrochimie et Photochimie Analytique, Université Alioune Diop, Bambey, Sénégal
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Analyse, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), ULCO, Dunkerque, France
| | - Diène Diégane Thiaré
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Analyse, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), ULCO, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Pape Abdoulaye Diaw
- Equipe des Matériaux, Electrochimie et Photochimie Analytique, Université Alioune Diop, Bambey, Sénégal
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Analyse, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Lamine Cissé
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Analyse, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Atanasse Coly
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Analyse, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - François Delattre
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), ULCO, Dunkerque, France
| | - Philippe Giamarchi
- Laboratoire OPTIMAG, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest Cedex, 29285, France
| | - Alphonse Tine
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Analyse, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
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Ren Z, Chen B, Liang D, Liu D, Lei W, Liu S. A retrospective screening method for carbamate toxicant exposure based on butyrylcholinesterase adducts in human plasma with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1225:123775. [PMID: 37285767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbamate pesticides are extensively used in agriculture for their inhibition to acetylcholinesterase and damages to the insects' neural systems. Because of their toxicity, human poisoning incidents caused by carbamate pesticide exposure have occurred from time to time. What's more, some lethally toxic carbamate toxicants known as carbamate nerve agents (CMNAs) have been supplemented in Schedule 1 of the Annex on Chemicals in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) by Organisation of the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) from 2020. And some other carbamates, like physostigmine, have been used in clinical treatment as anticholinergic drugs and their misuse may also cause damages to the body. Similar to organophosphorus toxicants, carbamate toxicants would react with butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in plasma when entering the human body, resulting in the BChE adducts, based on which the exposure of carbamate toxicants could be detected retrospectively. In this study, methylcarbamyl nonapeptide and dimethylcarbamyl nonapeptide from pepsin digestion of BChE adducts were identified with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in product ion scan mode. Carbofuran was chosen as the target to establish the detection method of carbamate toxicant exposure based on methylcarbamyl nonapeptide digested from methylcarbamyl BChE. Procainamide-gel affinity purification, pepsin digestion and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were applied. Under the optimized conditions of sample preparation and UHPLC-MS/MS MRM analysis, the limits of detection (LODs) reached 10.0 ng/mL of plasma exposed to carbofuran with satisfactory specificity. The quantitation approach was established with d3-carbofuran-exposed plasma as the internal standard (IS) and the linearity range was 30.0-1.00 × 103 nmol/L (R2 >0.998) with the accuracy of 95.6%-107% and precision of ≤9% relative standard deviation (RSD). The applicability was also evaluated by N,N-dimethyl-carbamates with the LODs of 30.0 nmol/L for pirimicarb-exposed plasma based on dimethylcarbamyl nonapeptide. Because most of carbamate toxicants has methylcarbamyl or dimethylcarbamyl groups, this approach could be applied on the retrospective screening of carbamate toxicant exposure including CMNAs, carbamate pesticides or carbamate drugs. This study could provide an effective means in the fields of CWC verification, toxicological mechanism investigation and down-selection of potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Deshen Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Dongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Wu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
| | - Shilei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China.
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Hossain M, Suchi TT, Samiha F, Islam MM, Tully FA, Hasan J, Rahman MA, Shill MC, Bepari AK, Rahman GS, Reza HM. Coenzyme Q10 ameliorates carbofuran induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in wister rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13727. [PMID: 36865458 PMCID: PMC9971173 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbofuran is a widely used poisonous pesticide around the world that helps to control insects during farming. Upon oral ingestion to humans, it exaggerates oxidative stress in various organs like the liver, brain, kidney, and heart. Several studies reported that oxidative stress in the liver initiates and propagates hepatic cell necrosis, ultimately resulting in hepatotoxicity. It also reported that coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) can neutralize oxidative stress due to its antioxidant properties. However, the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective role of CoQ10 against carbofuran toxicity has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective role of CoQ10 in carbofuran-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in a mouse model for the first time. We determined the blood serum diagnostic markers, oxidative stress parameters, antioxidant system, and histopathological characteristics of liver and kidney tissues. The administration of 100 mg/kg of CoQ10 in carbofuran-treated rats significantly attenuated AST, ALT, ALP, serum creatinine, and BUN levels. Moreover, CoQ10 (100 mg/kg) remarkably altered the level of NO, MDA, AOPP, GSH, SOD, and CAT in both the liver and kidney. The histopathological data also unveiled that CoQ10 treatment prevented inflammatory cell infiltration in carbofuran-exposed rats. Therefore, our findings infer that CoQ10 may effectively protect liver and kidney tissues against carbofuran-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
| | - Tamanna Tanjim Suchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Samiha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - M.M. Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Abdullah Tully
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Javed Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wilkes university, Pennsylvania, USA, 18766
| | - Manik Chandra Shill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Asim Kumar Bepari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - G.M. Sayedur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mahmud Reza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Pesticide exposure to eyes is a major source of ocular morbidities in adults and children all over the world. Carbofuran (CF), N-methyl carbamate, pesticide is most widely used as an insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide in agriculture, forestry, and gardening. Contact or ingestion of carbofuran causes high morbidity and mortality in humans and pets. Pesticides are absorbed in the eye faster than other organs of the body and damage ocular tissues very quickly. Carbofuran exposure to eye causes blurred vision, pain, loss of coordination, anti-cholinesterase activities, weakness, sweating, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, endocrine, reproductive, and cytotoxic effects in humans depending on amount and duration of exposure. Pesticide exposure to eye injures cornea, conjunctiva, lens, retina, and optic nerve and leads to abnormal ocular movement and vision impairment. Additionally, anticholinesterase pesticides like carbofuran are known to cause salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (SLUD). Carbofuran and its two major metabolites (3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) are reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which regulates acetylcholine (ACh), a neurohumoral chemical that plays an important role in corneal wound healing. The corneal epithelium contains high levels of ACh whose accumulation by AChE inhibition after CF exposure overstimulates muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) and nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Hyper stimulation of mAChRs in the eye causes miosis (excessive constriction of the pupil), dacryorrhea (excessive flow of tears), or chromodacryorrhea (red tears). Recent studies reported alteration of autophagy mechanism in human cornea in vitro and ex vivo post carbofuran exposure. This review describes carbofuran toxicity to the eye with special emphasis on corneal morbidities and blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Eric Zhang
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Suneel Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- Toxicology Department, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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10
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Ma C, Hua J, Li H, Zhang J, Luo S. Inoculation with carbofuran-degrading rhizobacteria promotes maize growth through production of IAA and regulation of the release of plant-specialized metabolites. Chemosphere 2022; 307:136027. [PMID: 35973507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxic residues of the insecticide carbofuran in farmland is an urgent problem, and high concentrations of carbofuran have been found in the rhizoshperic soil of maize treated with seed coating agents 120-180 days after planting. Using an enrichment co-culture method, we identify a bacterial strain obtained from these carbofuran-contaminated rhizosphere soils as Leclercia adecarboxylata MCH-1. This strain exhibited a significant ability to degrade both carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran, with total degradation of 55.6 ± 4.6% and 75.7 ± 3.4%, respectively, 24 h following start of co-culture. Further activity screening revealed that the inoculation of maize roots with L. adecarboxylata MCH-1 promoted maize seedling growth. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that this bacterial strain had the ability to synthesize the phytohormone IAA. Simultaneously, the concentration of IAA in the rhizospheric soil increased following inoculation of maize roots with L. adecarboxylata MCH-1. Moreover, the concentrations of plant specialized metabolites, including phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids, decreased in maize seedlings and were elevated in the rhizospheric soil after maize roots had been inoculated with the MCH-1 strain. Interestingly, the growth of the strain MCH-1 was improved by co-culture with root exudates obtained from the rhizospheric soil, specifically 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and zealexin A1 (ZA1). Taken together, our results suggest that the carbofuran-degrading rhizobacterium L. adecarboxylata MCH-1 is able to interact with maize plants through the regulation of maize root exudates. Moreover, inoculation with L. adecarboxylata MCH-1 promotes maize growth through the production of IAA and regulation of the release of plant specialized metabolites. Our results provide a new model organism for the remediation of farmland soils from pollution with carbofuran residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning Province, China.
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11
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Shafiee MN, Masoodi FA, Wani SM, Ahad T. Effect of cold storage on Carbofuran dissipation in Cabbages (Brassica Oleracea). BMC Chem 2022; 16:78. [PMID: 36261853 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabbage being a highly imported product is often subjected to long term cold storage to maintain product quality and in order to retain its freshness it is kept in cold chambers for a long time. Being highly infested by pests during storage, cabbages are often treated with insecticides having active ingredients such as carbofuran in them. Also, large number of malpractices have come into the notice of the regulatory bodies where the growers use last minute Carbofuran dips on the cabbage heads to improve the shine and lustre of the foliage for better marketability .Therefore, the study was conducted to monitor the effect of cold storage on degradation pattern of Carbofuran on Cabbage during storage in Kashmir valley. The level of carbofuran residue decreased with an increase in storage period Dissipation pattern was studied for three application rates of Carbofuran by dipping the samples in T1 (First dose) 3g/1000mL, T2 (Second dose) 2g/1000mL, T3 (Third dose) 1g/1000mL. The initial control deposit was found to be 0.05mg/kg for T1, 0.03mg/kg for T2, 0.01mg/kg for T3 on Cabbage. The residues were dissipated to about 0.02mg/kg in T1, 0.01mg/kg in T2 and ND in T3 after 60 days of application. The waiting period after proper risk assessment was calculated and was found to be 30 days for almost all application rates.
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12
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Wang Y, Weng Y, Lv L, Wang D, Yang G, Jin Y, Wang Q. Transgenerational effects of co-exposure to cadmium and carbofuran on zebrafish based on biochemical and transcriptomic analyses. J Hazard Mater 2022; 439:129644. [PMID: 35882171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The combined toxicity of heavy metals and pesticides to aquatic organisms is still largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the combined impacts of cadmium (Cd) and carbofuran (CAR) on female zebrafish (F0 generation) and their following F1 generation. Results showed that mixtures of Cd and CAR induced acute synergistic effects on both zebrafish adults of the F0 generation and embryos of the F1 generation. Combined exposure to Cd and CAR could obviously alter the hepatic VTG level of females, and the individual exposures increased the relative mRNA levels of vtg1 and vtg2. Through maternal transmission, co-exposure of Cd and CAR caused toxicity to 4-day-old larvae of the F1 generation, evidenced by the significant changes in T4 and VTG levels, CYP450 activity, and the relative transcriptional levels of genes related to the hormone, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. These effects were also reflected by the global gene expression pattern to 7-day-old larvae of F1 generation using the transcriptomic analysis, and they could also affect energy metabolism. Our results provided a more comprehensive insight into the transgenerational toxic impacts of heavy metal and pesticide mixtures. These findings highlighted that it was highly necessary to consider transgenerational exposures in the ecological risk assessment of chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Kernalléguen A, Le Daré B, Pelletier R, Ferron PJ, Maamar A, Bouvet R, Baert A, Morel I, Gicquel T. Carbofuran self-poisoning: forensic and analytic investigations in twins and literature review. Int J Legal Med 2022. [PMID: 36050422 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbofuran is a pesticide widely used in agricultural context to kill insects, mites, and flies by ingestion or contact. Along with literature review, we aimed to (i) present the clinical, autopsy, and toxicological findings of carbofuran self-poisonings in two 69-year-old twins, resulting in the death of one of them and (ii) assess carbofuran metabolite distribution using molecular networking. Quantitative analysis of carbofuran and its main metabolites (3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) was carried out using an original liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method on biological samples (cardiac or peripheral blood, urine, bile, and gastric contents). Toxicological analysis of post-mortem samples (twin 1) highlighted high concentrations of carbofuran and its metabolites in cardiac blood, bile, and gastric contents. These compounds were also quantified in blood and/or urine samples of the living brother (twin 2), confirming poisoning. Using molecular networking approach to facilitate visualization of mass spectrometry datasets and sample-to-sample comparisons, we detected two more metabolites (7-phenol-carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran glucuronide) in bile (twin 1) and urine (twin 2). These results highlight the value of (i) these compounds as carbofuran consumption markers and (ii) bile samples in post-mortem analysis to confirm poisoning. From an analytical point of view, molecular networking allowed the detection and interpretation of carbofuran metabolite ammonium adducts which helped to confirm their identification annotations, as well as their structural data. From a clinical point of view, the different outcomes between the two brothers are discussed. Overall, these cases provide novel information regarding the distribution of carbofuran and its metabolites in poisoning context.
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14
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Lv X, Chang Q, Li H, Liang S, Zhe Z, Shen S, Pang G. Risk assessment of carbofuran residues in fruits and vegetables at the Chinese market: A 7-year survey. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 239:113667. [PMID: 35643028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations designated 2021 as the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables (IYFV), with the goal of educating populations regarding the role of such produce in nutrition, food safety, and overall health. Carbofuran is a highly toxic insecticide and nematocide, and its use to treat fruit trees, vegetables, tea, and medicinal herbs is thus prohibited. However, carbofuran residues are still detectable via LC-Q-TOF/MS in fruit and vegetable samples collected from 138 sites in 31 regions. In the present study, carbofuran levels were sampled at 1388 sampling sites in 31 regions (provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) not including Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan. In total, over 36,000 samples (including 12,547 samples of 41 kinds of fruits and 23,785 samples of 83 kinds of vegetables) were randomly collected from supermarkets and farmer's markets. These data were used to conduct a risk assessment pertaining to dietary carbofuran exposure through the consumption of fruits and vegetables. In total, carbofuran residues were detectable in 2.0% of fruits and 2.3% of vegetables. Risk assessments indicated that the intake of fruits and vegetables harboring carbofuran residues did not pose a chronic health risk. However, peaches, grapes, sweet peppers, celery, Chinese chives, leaf lettuce, spinach, small rape, mustard greens, cucumbers, watermelons, Chinese wolfberry leaves, wax gourds, snap beans, bitter melons, green Chinese vegetables, lettuce, shallot, cowpeas, eggplants, tomatoes, tangerines, summer squash, oranges, lemons, Chinese cabbage, peppers, and strawberries were associated with an unacceptable acute risk to both children and adults. Moreover, crown daisies, nectarines, citrus fruits, pitayas, melons, kale, cabbages, milk Chinese cabbage, carrots, and melons were associated with an unacceptable acute risk to children. Substantial acute risk to children and adults was observed for fruits and vegetables from surveyed regions other than Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Liaoning, Fujian, Xinjiang, and Hubei. Together, these data provide a foundation for future research aimed at the management of carbofuran residues in fruits and vegetables in an effort to better protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechong Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qiaoying Chang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuxuan Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhao Zhe
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Guofang Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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15
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Oda SS, El-Manakhly ESM, Abou-Srag MA, Tohamy HG. Assessment of reproductive toxicity of carbofuran and copper sulfate in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:15896-15904. [PMID: 34633618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study's hypothesis is that carbofuran and copper sulfate have a synergistic harmful impact on the fertility of male Nile tilapia. Hence, this study was designed to assess the toxic reproductive outcome of carbofuran, copper sulfate, and their mixture in male Nile tilapia. Sixty male Nile tilapia fishes were separated into four groups (15 fish/group). The control group; carbofuran group, was given dechlorinated tap water containing 0.02 mg/L (1/10 dose of LC50) carbofuran; copper group was given dechlorinated tap water containing 4.0 mg/L (1/10 dose of LC50) copper sulfate; carbofuran + copper sulfate group received dechlorinated tap water containing 0.02 mg/L carbofuran plus 4.0 mg/L copper sulfate. After 6 weeks, results revealed a significant rise in testicular malondialdehyde levels and a significant decrease in testicular reduced glutathione contents among all experimental groups compared to the control group. Testicular testosterone levels were significantly declined in copper and combined groups compared to the control. The seminal evaluation using computer-assisted sperm analysis showed a significant decline in the progressive motility percentage, motile ratio percentage, sperm concentration, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, and wobble in all intoxicated groups, particularly, the combined group. The histopathology of testes in all intoxicated groups revealed a detachment of the basal membrane of some seminiferous tubules, and others were free from spermatogonia and spermatozoa with interstitial eosinophilic granular cell infiltration. Testicular lesions were more severe in the combined group. Finally, it was concluded that carbofuran and copper sulfate exerted a negative effect on the reproductive function of male Nile tilapia, and they have a synergistic harmful impact on the fertility of male Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah S Oda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina-Behera, 22758, Egypt.
| | - El-Sayed M El-Manakhly
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina-Behera, 22758, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abou-Srag
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina-Behera, 22758, Egypt
| | - Hossam G Tohamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina-Behera, 22758, Egypt
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16
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Mo Q, Yang X, Wang J, Xu H, Li W, Fan Q, Gao S, Yang W, Gao C, Liao D, Li Y, Zhang Y. Adsorption mechanism of two pesticides on polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics: DFT calculations and particle size effects. Environ Pollut 2021; 291:118120. [PMID: 34520951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) microplastics (MPs), as carriers, can bind with pesticides, which propose harmful impacts to aqueous ecosystems. Meanwhile, carbofuran and carbendazim (CBD), two widely used carbamate pesticides, are toxic to humans because of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. The interaction between two MPs and two pesticides could start in farmland and be maintained during transportation to the ocean. Herein, the adsorption behavior and mechanism of carbofuran and carbendazim (CBD) by PE and PP MPs were investigated via characterization and density functional theory (DFT) simulation. The adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic data were best described by pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich models. The adsorption behaviors of individual carbofuran/CBD on both MPs were very similar. The CBD adsorption rate and capacity of PE and PP MPs were higher than those of carbofuran. This phenomenon explained the lower negative effects of DOM (oxalic acid, glycine (Gly)) on CBD adsorption relative to those of carbofuran. The presence of oxalic acid and Gly decreased the PE adsorption by 20.40-48.02% and the PP adsorption by 19.27-42.11%, respectively. It indicated the significance of DOM in carbofuran cycling. The adsorption capacities were negatively correlated with MPs size, indicating the importance of specific surficial area. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy before and after adsorption suggested that the adsorption process did not produce any new covalent bond. Instead, intermolecular van der Waals forces were one of the primary adsorption mechanisms of carbofuran and CBD by MPs, as evidenced by DFT calculations. Based on the zeta potential, the electrostatic interaction explained the higher adsorption CBD by MPs than carbofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Mo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qi Fan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzhen Gao
- Jiangmen Agricultural and Rural Affairs Bureau, Jiangmen, 529000, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- Jiangmen Agricultural Technology Service Center, Jiangmen, 529000, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Shen S, Long Z, Lu Y, Chen J. Fluorescence Detection of Carbofuran in Aqueous Extracts Based on Dual-emission SiO 2 @Y 2 O 3 :(Eu 3+ ,Tb 3+ )@MIP Core-shell structurally Nanoparticles. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 37:348-356. [PMID: 34889024 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel double-windows fluorescent sensor for carbofuran (CF) detection was successfully developed based on rare-earth Eu, Tb-doped Y2 O3 @SiO2 -based molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MINs) with multilayer core-shell structure. The recognition process of the MINs for CF was fairly fast and merely need ca. 8 min to reach a dynamic equilibrium. Interestingly, one fluorescent attenuation window was found with an increase of CF concentration (Q) from 0.1 to 10 μg mL-1 with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 μg mL-1 at 544 nm belonging to the Tb3+ emission, as well as the other fluorescence enhanced window within the range of CF concentration from 10 to 100 μg mL-1 (LOD = 4 μg mL-1 ) at 617 nm of Eu3+ emission in the dispersed rare-earth doped MINs colloidal aqueous solution. Simultaneously, it was obviously observed that the luminescent resonance energy transfer from CF to Eu3+ , and an inner filter effect of CF towards Tb3+ as well from the two independent detection windows. The competition experiment displayed hardly any remarkable interference during the detection of CF by addition of its analogues (carbaryl, isoprocarb, aldicarb, methomyl and etofenprox). Moreover, the MINs could also be applied to accurately detect CF in the rhubarb and wolfberry samples with the recoveries of 85.7%-92.2%. The sensing system has high specific recognition and wide detection range to CF and provides new opportunities in pesticide detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Shen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zerong Long
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, China
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Mohanta D, Ahmaruzzaman M. Facile fabrication of novel Fe 3O 4-SnO 2-gC 3N 4 ternary nanocomposites and their photocatalytic properties towards the degradation of carbofuran. Chemosphere 2021; 285:131395. [PMID: 34252806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, Fe3O4-SnO2 nanoheterojunction has been synthesized and successfully encapsulated in gC3N4 matrix using a novel hydrothermal technique. The synthesized material was characterized using sophisticated analytical methods like XRD, TEM, BET, UV-Vis, VSM and XPS to evaluate structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and surface chemical properties. The hybrid nanostructure Fe3O4-SnO2-gC3N4 has been utilized for the LED light-induced photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran. The catalyst exhibited notable photocatalytic performance under visible light with an efficiency of ~89% and pseudo first order rate constant of 0.015 min-1. The result of change in variables like catalyst dose, pollutant concentration, pH and contact time on the photodegradation efficiency and degradation kinetics was studied. The incorporation of Fe3O4 improved the magnetic separation of the catalyst after several cycles of operation, thereby improving the practical utility of the catalyst system to tackle organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipyaman Mohanta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India
| | - Md Ahmaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India.
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19
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Tang F, Gao M, Zeng F, Xu Z, Tian G. An old story with new insights into an ignored issue of metabolites in biochar-amended soil: Effect of biochar on dissipation of carbosulfan as an example. Sci Total Environ 2021; 790:148100. [PMID: 34380258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran (CAS) is one of extensively used carbamate pesticides, which is considered as a derivative or a candidate of carbofuran (CAN) for its lower toxicity and persistence. Nevertheless, CAS could be degraded into its toxic metabolites, imposing potential risks on ecological safety. In this paper, biochars, derived from rice straw (RS), chicken manure (CM), corn straw (CS) and tire rubber (TR), were applied in CAS-contaminated soil to explore their effects on the dissipation of CAS and its metabolites. The dissipation rate of CAS was depressed by the amendment of biochar, mainly because biochar inhibited the hydrolysis of CAS by elevating soil pH value. Nevertheless, CS has efficiently enhanced the dissipation of CAN by almost 2-times for its promotion in hydrolysis and biodegradation. CS and CM improved biodegradation by altering the composition and structure of the microbial communities, exhibiting potential for facilitating bioremediation of CAS and CAN. Moreover, steam activated biochar accelerated the dissipation rate by 1.7-2.9 times and 1.3-2.4 times for CAS and CAN, respectively. This study investigated the effects of biochar on CAS and its toxic metabolites as well as possible governing mechanisms, providing rational instruction for biochar application in ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mao Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fanjian Zeng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenlan Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guangming Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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20
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Mondal M, Hossen MS, Rahman MA, Saha S, Sarkar C, Bhoumik NC, Kundu SK. Antioxidant mediated protective effect of Bridelia tomentosa leaf extract against carbofuran induced oxidative hepatic toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1369-1380. [PMID: 34285883 PMCID: PMC8278150 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bridelia tomentosa is a traditional medicinal plant that is used against colitis, traumatic injury, diarrhea, and diabetes. Gallic acid, Tannic acid, salicylic acid, and naringin were isolated from the leaf of B. tomentosa for the first time. B. tomentosa extract amended serum biochemical markers, MDA levels, and improved the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds of the B. tomentosa can be used as nutraceuticals for treating oxidative hepatic ailments.
Bridelia tomentosa (B. tomentosa) is a traditional medicinal plant for treating diverse ailments. Hence, we designed our study to scrutinize the protective effect of the methanol extract of B. tomentosa leaf (BTL) against carbofuran-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepato-toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats for the first time, along with the identification and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical activities of this extract. HPLC analysis confirmed the existence of tannic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, and naringin in B. tomentosa leaf extract which showed in-vitro antioxidant potentialities with DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging properties. Co-administration of B. tomentosa leaf extract with carbofuran showed dose-dependent significant protective effects of hepatic toxicity on serum markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, lipid profile, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Carbofuran intoxication also revealed an upsurge in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decline in cellular endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels in rats compared with the control group. However, B. tomentosa leaf extract co-treatment increased the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and amended the MDA level. Similarly, histopathological evaluation further assured that BTL could keep the hepatocyte from carbofuran-induced damage. Therefore, all of our findings may conclude that the phenolic acids and flavonoids of B. tomentosa leaf extract are responsible to neutralize the toxic free radical-mediated oxidative hepatic damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milon Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
| | - Md. Sakib Hossen
- Department of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, Banani, 1213, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sushmita Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Nikhil Chandra Bhoumik
- Wazed Miah Science Research Centre, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sukalyan Kumar Kundu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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21
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Nogueira AF, Nunes B. Cholinesterase characterization and effects of the environmental contaminants chlorpyrifos and carbofuran on two species of marine crabs, Carcinus maenas and Pachygrapsus marmoratus. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:14681-14693. [PMID: 33216299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the most frequent targets for toxic effects of modern pesticides, namely organophosphates and carbamates, one may find cholinesterases (ChEs). ChEs exist in a wide variety of animals and have been used actively to discriminate among the environmental effects of different pollutant groups, including the aforementioned pesticides. This study had three purposes, namely (i) identifying the ChE forms present in tissues (eyes and walking legs muscle) of two crab species, Carcinus maenas and Pachygrapsus marmoratus; to (ii) determine the in vitro toxicological effects, and (iii) compare the sensitivity of such enzymatic forms towards commonly used anti-ChE pesticides, namely the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the carbamate carbofuran. Our results showed that there was not a clear preference for any of the tested substrates in any of the tissues from both species. Furthermore, the ChE activity was almost completely suppressed following incubation with eserine and with the specific inhibitor BW284C51 in all tissues from both species. In vitro exposure to chlorpyrifos promoted a significant decrease in ChE activity in both species. Furthermore, the ChE activity was completely suppressed following incubation with carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. These results suggest that the major ChE forms present in tissues of both crab species show intermediate structural properties and activity patterns, halfway between classic acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterases. However, the sensitivity of the found forms towards ChE inhibitors was established, and the responsiveness of such forms towards common anti-ChE chemicals was established. Both tested species seem to be promising test organisms to be used in marine and coastal scenarios of putative contaminations by anti-ChE chemicals, considering the here reported patterns of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Nogueira
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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22
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Hamed HS, Ismal SM, Faggio C. Effect of allicin on antioxidant defense system, and immune response after carbofuran exposure in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108919. [PMID: 33122135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, allicin was evaluated as an immunostimulant and antioxidant agent preventing Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus against carbofuran toxicity. Fish (60 ± 8 g) were allocated to five groups; the first group (control), the second group was fed 1 g/kg allicin-supplemented diets without carbofuran intoxication, the third group exposed to 1/10 LC50 carbofuran (0.246 mg/L). While the fourth, and fifth groups were fed allicin supplemented diet at concentration of 0.5 and 1 g/kg diet, respectively, and exposed to carbofuran at the same concentration similar to the one of the third group. After 30 days, fish exposed to carbofuran showed high ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, glucose, cortisol, uric acid, and creatinine levels. However, serum AChE, total proteins, immunoglobulins, and lysozyme activity were markedly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced in carbofuran exposed tilapia fish. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in liver, and kidneys tissues of carbofuran exposed fish. Whereas, catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were decreased (P ≤ 0.05) significantly in both liver, and kidneys tissues after exposure to carbofuran. Interestingly, tilapia fish treated with carbofuran (0.246 mg/L) and fed (0.5 and 1 g/kg diet) allicin in both the 4th & 5th groups, respectively, decreased serum biochemical parameters; and hepatorenal (MDA) levels, as well as increased AChE, immunological profile, and oxidative stress biomarkers. The results suggested that co- administration of allicin at the high dose is more capable of improving the biochemical, and immunological parameters, and tissue antioxidant responses of carbofuran treated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S Hamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11757, Egypt.
| | - Somaya M Ismal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, 61922, P.O.551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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23
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Gupta J, Rathour R, Dupont CL, Kaul D, Thakur IS. Genomic insights into waste valorized extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by Bacillus sp. ISTL8. Environ Res 2021; 192:110277. [PMID: 33069701 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study discusses the genomic analysis of Bacillus sp. ISTL8 along with the production of EPS (Extracellular polymeric substances) using carbofuran, a toxic carbamate pesticide. Bacillus strain was isolated from landfill soil and evaluated for high growth rates and EPS production. One strain, renamed ISTL8 grew on a broad range of carbon sources, including toxic carbofuran, while producing copious EPS. Growth assays verified the strain to be thermophilic, low salt tolerant, and with a preference for neutral pH. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) was used for morphological characterization of the EPS while the monomeric composition, bonding patterns and functional groups were deduced by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), 1H and 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The production of EPS using carbofuran (carbamate pesticide) as a carbon source was found to be 6.20 ± 0.29 g L-1 containing 61.17% w/w carbohydrates, 29.72% w/w proteins and 6.11% w/w lipids (of dry EPS). The potential cytotoxicity of EPS was evaluated with 3- (4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-Yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and found non-toxic (2.25%). WGS (Whole genome sequencing) was performed for the strain Bacillus sp. ISTL8 producing EPS; an array of genes putatively involved in the EPS production were identified in several different genomic locations, guiding potential genetic manipulation studies in the future. The results highlight the potency of a bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. ISTL8 to produce non-cytotoxic EPS using carbofuran that can be further harnessed for environmental and commercial applications. Additionally, WGS revealed an array of EPS specific genes which can be effectively engineered for much enhanced production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Gupta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Environment and Sustainability Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Rathour
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Christopher L Dupont
- Environment and Sustainability Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Drishti Kaul
- Environment and Sustainability Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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24
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Mariño D, Patiño N. Determination of Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and Methamidophos in Blood Derived From Forensic Cases Through Liquid Chromatography With Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). J Anal Toxicol 2020; 46:37-46. [PMID: 33258956 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and use of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides with agricultural and urban purposes in Colombia has been justified for pest control. However, these substances pose a national problem because of their toxic nature, which is associated with accidental poisoning or even with homicides or suicides related to acute fatal poisoning. This study aims to develop and to validate an analytical methodology for the determination of the aldicarb, carbofuran, and methamidophos pesticides in blood through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To this end, the method for extracting pesticides from the blood was developed, the conditions of liquid chromatography (LC/MS) were defined, the instrumental system tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was optimized, and the bioanalytical methodology was validated. This methodology proved to be selective, precise, accurate, and linear in the concentration range from 0.10 to 5.0 µg/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.020 µg/mL for aldicarb and carbofuran and 0.050 µg/mL for methamidophos, recovery between 90% and 102%, and stability at room temperature and at the autosampler between 80% and 120%. The analytical methodology was applied to 34 forensic cases. Carbofuran was found in a concentration ranging from 0.020 µg/mL to more than 5.0 µg/mL, aldicarb was found from 0.10 to 2.5 µg/mL, and methamidophos was found at a concentration greater than 5.0 µg/mL. In 62% of the cases the pesticides under study were used to commit suicide. Necropsy findings of pesticide poisoning are non-specific. Therefore, toxicological blood analysis provides significant information at the forensic level, and the analytical method validated represents a sensitive, fast, and reliable analysis with little solvent consumption of a small sample amount, so it is suitable for routine application in fatal pesticide poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mariño
- Toxicology Laboratory of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Colombia.,Department of Toxicology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
| | - Nancy Patiño
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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25
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Mishra S, Zhang W, Lin Z, Pang S, Huang Y, Bhatt P, Chen S. Carbofuran toxicity and its microbial degradation in contaminated environments. Chemosphere 2020; 259:127419. [PMID: 32593003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran is one of the most toxic broad-spectrum and systemic N-methyl carbamate pesticide, which is extensively applied as insecticide, nematicide and acaricide for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes. It is extremely lethal to mammals, birds, fish and wildlife due to its anticholinesterase activity, which inhibits acetyl-cholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterse activity. In humans, carbofuran is associated with endocrine disrupting activity, reproductive disorders, cytotoxic and genotoxic abnormalities. Therefore, cleanup of carbofuran-contaminated environments is of utmost concern and urgently needs an adequate, advanced and effective remedial technology. Microbial technology (bacterial, fugal and algal species) is a very potent, pragmatic and ecofriendly approach for the removal of carbofuran. Microbial enzymes and their catabolic genes exhibit an exceptional potential for bioremediation strategies. To understand the specific mechanism of carbofuran degradation and involvement of carbofuran hydrolase enzymes and genes, highly efficient genomic approaches are required to provide reliable information and unfold metabolic pathways. This review briefly discusses the carbofuran toxicity and its toxicological impact into the environment, in-depth understanding of carbofuran degradation mechanism with microbial strains, metabolic pathways, molecular mechanisms and genetic basis involved in degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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26
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Sousa B, Nunes B. Reliability of behavioral test with fish: How neurotransmitters may exert neuromodulatory effects and alter the biological responses to neuroactive agents. Sci Total Environ 2020; 734:139372. [PMID: 32480229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxic agents such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides are continuously dispersed especially in the aquatic environment, as a result of human use. Their presence in the environment presents serious concerns, since these compounds interfere with the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS), causing behavior alterations, whose consequences are difficult to predict. However, behavioral responses, even those that occur after exposure to neurotoxic agents, might be modulated by the release of neurotransmitters in the brain of exposed organisms, making even more difficult to ascertain the real consequences of pollution by neurotoxic or neuroactive agents. This study aimed to understand the potential of dopamine as neuromodulator in cases of acute exposure to a pesticide (the carbamate carbofuran) and to a therapeutic agent (the benzodiazepinic drug diazepam) in the freshwater fish Gambusia holbrooki. After acute exposure to both carbofuran and to diazepam it was possible to observe deleterious alterations in the motor function, reflected by significant reductions of both average speed and distance in exposed animals. These changes were later diminished and reverted by dopamine exposure. Despite the indications obtained from our experiments, more research is needed to clarify the consequences of these behavior alterations in a more integrative perspective, namely by adding behavioral endpoints of increased ecological relevance to the adopted experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sousa
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus De Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus De Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade De Aveiro, Campus De Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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27
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Liu S, Yu M, Xie X, Ru Y, Ru S. Carbofuran induces increased anxiety-like behaviors in female zebrafish (Danio rerio) through disturbing dopaminergic/norepinephrinergic system. Chemosphere 2020; 253:126635. [PMID: 32278909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide, is widely used in developing countries to manage insect pests. Studies have found that carbofuran posed potential risks for the neurotransmitter systems of non-target species, we speculated that these disruptive effects on the neurotransmitter systems could trigger anxiety-like behaviors. In this study, female zebrafish were exposed to environmental levels (5, 50, and 500 μg/L) of carbofuran for 48 h to evaluate the effects of carbofuran on anxiety-like behaviors. Results showed that zebrafish exhibited more anxiety-like behaviors which proved by the observed higher bottom trend and more erratic movements in the novel tank after carbofuran treatment. In order to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of carbofuran-induced anxiety-promoting effects, we measured the levels of neurotransmitters, precursors, and major metabolites, along with the level of gene expression and the enzyme activities involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. The results demonstrated that acute carbofuran exposure stimulated the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, which sequentially induced the increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor relieved the anxiety-related changes induced by carbofuran, confirming the overactive tyrosine hydroxylase-mediated accumulation of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain was one of the main reasons for carbofuran-induced anxiety-like behaviors in the female zebrafish. Overall, our study indicated the environmental health risks of carbamate pesticide in inducing neurobehavioral disorders and provided novel insights into the investigation of the relevant underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Miao Yu
- College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, China.
| | - Xincen Xie
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yiran Ru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Wali A, Gupta M, Gupta S, Sharma V, Salgotra RK, Sharma M. Lignin degradation and nutrient cycling by white rot fungi under the influence of pesticides. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:266. [PMID: 32509499 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of enzymes involved in lignin degradation (laccase, ligninase), carbon cycling (β-glucosidase), and phosphorous cycling (phosphomonoesterase) by white rot fungi (Pleurotus sajor-caju) was studied. In the presence of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture, laccase activity was highest on the 7th day, i.e., 192.5 ± 0.31 U ml- 1, 213.6 ± 0.31 U ml- 1, and 164.6 ± 0.31 U ml- 1, respectively, compared to the control which produced maximum laccase on the 14th day (126.9 ± 0.15 U ml- 1). Phosphomonoesterase activity in the presence of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture was 31.5 ± 0.25, 24.1 ± 0.15, and 29.2 ± 0.35 µg PNP min-1 ml-1, respectively, which was more than the control on the 21st day (11.63 ± 0.21 µg PNP min-1 ml-1). β-Glucosidase production increased with the days of incubation in the presence of pesticides than in the control. β-Glucosidase activity on the 21st day in the presence of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture was 32.4 ± 0.1, 24.2 ± 0.3, and 28.4 ± 0.25 µg PNP min-1 ml-1, respectively, as compared to control (15.3 ± 0.6 µg PNP min-1 ml-1). Thus, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture were found to have a positive effect on the production of laccase, β-glucosidase, and phosphomonoesterase by P. sajor-caju, which can use these pesticides as a source of their nutrition, thereby improving the health of pesticide-polluted soils.
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29
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Kaur P, Balomajumder C. Bioremediation process optimization and effective reclamation of mixed carbamate-contaminated soil by newly isolated Acremonium sp. Chemosphere 2020; 249:125982. [PMID: 32078848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global pollution from excessive pesticide use has become a serious environmental and public health problem. The aim of the study was to optimize the fungal mediated simultaneous removal of carbofuran and carbaryl from soil. Carb-PV5 strain was isolated from contaminated soil following enrichment culture technique; based on 18S rRNA sequencing, strain was identified as Acremonium sp. (MK514615); Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis reflected its morphology. Towards the development of bioaugmentation strategy for the bioremediation of carbamate-contaminated soil, the process parameters were optimized employing Central Composite Rotatable Method. The experimental studies were performed in the range of biomass (0.2-0.6 g kg-1), temperature (23-33 °C), pH (6-9) and moisture (10-30%). The degradation rate parameters, k and t1/2 were determined to as 0.475, 0.325 d-1 and 5.39, 2.1 d with the corresponding r2 of 0.9491, 0.9964 for zero and first order, respectively. The cube root growth kinetic constant k of Acremonium sp. varied from 0.0469 to 0.0512 (g1/3 L-1/3 h-1) and 0.0378 to 0.0415 (g1/3 L-1/3 h-1) for carbofuran and carbaryl, respectively. To confirm the model appropriacy and sustainability of the optimization procedure, bioremediation experiments were conducted onto real carbamate-contaminated soils. UPLC and GCMS analysis confirmed the successful removal of carbamates. The current study presents the first report on the bioaugmentation studies carried out on the mixed carbamate contaminated soil using newly isolated Acremonium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Chandrajit Balomajumder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Toledo-Jaldin HP, Sánchez-Mendieta V, Blanco-Flores A, López-Téllez G, Vilchis-Nestor AR, Martín-Hernández O. Low-cost sugarcane bagasse and peanut shell magnetic-composites applied in the removal of carbofuran and iprodione pesticides. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:7872-7885. [PMID: 31889281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two agro-industrial wastes, sugarcane bagasse, and peanut shell were employed as support of magnetite nanoparticles for the synthesis of magnetic bio-composites: magnetic sugarcane bagasse (MBO) and magnetic peanut shell (MPSo). The presence of magnetite was verified by Raman spectroscopy. Magnetic nanoparticles shape and size distribution were studied by TEM, while composites morphologies were observed by SEM. Structural characteristics of the pesticides and their possible chemical adsorption on composites were analyzed by FTIR. The removal was carried out by a batch adsorption process, and UV-VIS technique was used for pesticide concentration estimation. Elovich model described better all systems pointing out to a chemical adsorption process occurring. Experimental data isotherms of carbofuran and iprodione can be best explained by more than one mathematical model, but Sip was the ordinary equation in all systems. Maximum adsorption capacities of 175 and 89.3 mg/g for carbofuran, and 119 and 2.76 mg/g for iprodione, were obtained for MBo and MPSo, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Paola Toledo-Jaldin
- Posgrado en Ciencia de Materiales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Paseo Colón y Tollocan, 50110, Toluca, México, Mexico
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, (CCIQS), Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad El Rosedal C.P., 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Mendieta
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, (CCIQS), Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad El Rosedal C.P., 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alien Blanco-Flores
- Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Tianguistenco, División de Ingeniería Mecánica, Carretera Tenango-La Marqueza km 22, Santiago Tilapa, C.P., 52650, Santiago de Tianguistenco, Mexico.
| | - Gustavo López-Téllez
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, (CCIQS), Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad El Rosedal C.P., 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Rafael Vilchis-Nestor
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, (CCIQS), Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad El Rosedal C.P., 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Osnieski Martín-Hernández
- Síntesis y Formulaciones de Alta Tecnología, S.A. De C.V. (SIFATEC), Álamo 101, Habitacional Valle de Los Pinos 2a. Sección, 54040, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Fabiyi OA, Saliu OD, Claudius-Cole AO, Olaniyi IO, Oguntebi OV, Olatunji GA. Porous starch citrate biopolymer for controlled release of carbofuran in the management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00428. [PMID: 32071894 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Starch bio-polymer is a promising material in controlled release formulations for Meloidogyne incognita management. The porous starch and starch citrate bio-polymer was prepared and characterised with FTIR, SEM and TGA. The SEM revealed highly stabilized biopolymers and the TGA showed increased thermal stability of the materials, while the FTIR confirmed successful synthesis of the bio-polymer. Effective control was achieved with porous starch citrate.
The undesirable environmental impacts of inappropriate application of pesticides have brought about research into new matrices for controlled release of pesticides. Porous starch citrate biopolymer was designed for the release of carbofuran in this experiment and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) for functional group, surface morphology and thermal stability properties respectively. The SEM revealed highly stabilized porous starch citrate biopolymers with porous structures and gradients suitable for controlled release studies. The transmittance bands at 3347, 1714 and 1073 cm−1 for OH, CO and COC—
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>—— stretching vibrations further confirms the successful synthesis of the biopolymer. TGA showed an increase in the thermal stability after citric acid modification with one-step decomposition from 290 ᵒC to 500 ᵒC. From Korsemeyer-Peppas model, the carbofuran-porous starch citrate (CBFN/PRS/STH/CTRT) followed a lower diffusion release model with gradual increment in all the quantity of carbofuran loaded. An accelerated rate of diffusion percentage was seen in direct application of carbofuran. Egg hatch and mortality of juveniles were recorded on daily basis for seven days. Direct application of carbofuran (CBFN/DRT) and carbofuran-porous starch citrate biopolymer gave the best results with significant (p < 0.05) reduction in egg hatch and higher percentage mortality. The rate of release of carbofuran from the starch citrate bio polymer matrix was significantly lower than the direct application, and in spite of the slow rate of release, higher juvenile mortality and reduction in egg hatch was achieved.
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Jiang W, Gao Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhou Y, Ke Z, Wu C, Qiu J, Hong Q. Identification of the key amino acid sites of the carbofuran hydrolase CehA from a newly isolated carbofuran-degrading strain Sphingbium sp. CFD-1. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 189:109938. [PMID: 31759739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel carbofuran-degrading strain CFD-1 was isolated and preliminarily identified as Sphingbium sp. This strain was able to utilize carbofuran as the sole carbon source for growth. The carbofuran hydrolase gene cehA was cloned from strain CFD-1 and expressed in Escherichia coli. CehA could hydrolyze carbamate pesticides including carbofuran and carbaryl efficiently, while it showed poor hydrolysis ability against isoprocarb, propoxur, oxamyl and aldicarb. CehA displayed maximal enzymatic activity at 40 °C and pH 7.0. The apparent Km and Kcat values of CehA for carbofuran were 133.22 ± 5.70 μM and 9.48 ± 0.89 s-1, respectively. The site-directed mutation experiment showed that His313, His315, His453 and His495 played important roles in the hydrolysis of carbofuran by CehA. Furthermore, the sequence of cehA is highly conserved among different carbofuran-degrading strains, and there are mobile elements around cehA, indicating that it may be transferred horizontally between different strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wankui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yidong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhijian Ke
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Chenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Qing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Abdelhaleem A, Chu W. Insights into peroxymonosulfate activation for carbofuran degradation under visible LED via a double-component photocatalyst of Fe (III) impregnated N-doped TiO 2. Chemosphere 2019; 237:124487. [PMID: 31398605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid process was proposed for carbofuran (CBF) degradation, a carbamate pesticide with a special refractory property, through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation under visible LED (Vis LED) by FeIII impregnated N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst (FeNT). An in-depth investigation was conducted to examine the synergistic effect of the FeNT/PMS/Vis LED process under various reaction conditions. An increase in the rate constant was observed with the increment of pH from 2.4 to 7.4, implying the feasibility of the process at neutral pH. A further increase in pH from 8.9 to 11 showed a sudden drop in the rate constant (if the role of base activation is ignored). The efficiency of CBF degradation is still more than 70% after adding NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-, and Cl-. Interestingly, the efficiency was not influenced even after the further increment of nitrate concentration. Furthermore, the high chloride concentrations caused an enhanced efficiency due to the generation of reactive halogens through two-electron transfer. Sixteen major intermediates were recognized and eight of them were never reported in the previous studies. Surprisingly, a new degradation pathway was noted in this study via H-abstractions and cyclization mechanisms. The FeNT/PMS/Vis LED process exhibited a dual functionality in terms of mineralization efficiency and about 90% TOC reduction can be achieved. Therefore, these findings provide new insights into the mechanism of PMS activation under Vis LED after coupling non-metal doped TiO2 photocatalyst with a metal component, and its implications for degradation of refractory and non-biodegradable pollutants in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Abdelhaleem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Xiong W, Gao S, Lu Y, Wei L, Mao J, Xie J, Cao Q, Liu J, Bi J, Song X, Li B. Latrophilin participates in insecticide susceptibility through positively regulating CSP10 and partially compensated by OBPC01 in Tribolium castaneum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 159:107-117. [PMID: 31400772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Latrophilin (LPH) is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) that participates in multiple essential physiological processes. Our previous studies have shown that lph is not only indispensable for the development and reproduction of red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum), but also for their resistance against dichlorvos or carbofuran insecticides. However, the regulatory mechanism of lph-mediated insecticide susceptibility remains unclear. Here, we revealed that knockdown of lph in beetles resulted in opposing changes in two chemoreception genes, chemosensory protein 10 (CSP10) and odorant-binding protein C01 (OBPC01), in which the expression of TcCSP10 was downregulated, whereas the expression of TcOBPC01 was upregulated. TcCSP10 and TcOBPC01 were expressed at the highest levels in early pupal and late larval stages, respectively. High levels of expression of both these genes were observed in the heads (without antennae) of adults. TcCSP10 and TcOBPC01 were significantly induced by dichlorvos or carbofuran between 12 and 72 h (hrs) after exposure, suggesting that they are likely associated with increasing the binding affinity of insecticides, leading to a decrease in sensitivity to the insecticides. Moreover, once these two genes were knocked down, the susceptibility of the beetles to dichlorvos or carbofuran was enhanced. Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) targeting of lph followed by exposure to dichlorvos or carbofuran also caused the opposing expression levels of TcCSP10 and TcOBPC01 compared to the expression levels of wild-type larvae treated with insecticides alone. All these results indicate that lph is involved in insecticide susceptibility through positively regulating TcCSP10; and the susceptibility could also further partially compensated for through the negative regulation of TcOBPC01 when lph was knockdown in the red flour beetle. Our studies shed new light on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of lph related to insecticide susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Shanghai Rui-Jin Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Luting Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinjuan Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Quanquan Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, France.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Gupta J, Rathour R, Singh R, Thakur IS. Production and characterization of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) generated by a carbofuran degrading strain Cupriavidus sp. ISTL7. Bioresour Technol 2019; 282:417-424. [PMID: 30884462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates EPS production by Cupriavidus sp. ISTL7 along with its capability to remediate a toxic carbamate pesticide, carbofuran. The strain ISTL7 efficiently degraded approximately 98% of carbofuran (400 ppm) within 96 h. GC-MS analysis showed catabolic metabolites of degradation which included carbofuran-7-phenol, methylamine, 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methylpropan-2-ol)benzene-N-methyl-carbamate etc. EPS production from the mineral medium supplemented with carbofuran was observed to be 3.112 ± 0.3682 g L-1. FTIR confirmed its carbohydrate composition and the monomeric sugars: glucose, xylose, sorbitol and fructose were identified by GC-MS analysis. The toxic potential of degradation experiment and the produced EPS was evaluated on HepG2 (mammalian liver cell line). The cytotoxicity of carbofuran was reduced upon bacterial degradation and the formed EPS was found to be non-toxic as inferred from percentage cell viability. The present research can possibly influence the development strategies of biological remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Gupta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Rashmi Rathour
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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Yang J, Geng DL, Liu QH, Mai ZLM. [Investigation of acute poisoning event caused by carbofuran]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2019; 40:571-573. [PMID: 31177740 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and response process of an acute poisoning event caused by carbofuran in buttered tea and provide scientific evidence for the investigation of similar events in the future. Methods: Field epidemiological survey, animal experiments and laboratory tests were conducted for an acute poisoning event occurred in Suopo township of Danba county of Sichuan province in 2018. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the acute poisoning event. Results: A total of 26 poisoning cases occurred in 3 villages. The total attack rate was 41.27%. No death cases were reported. The 26 cases occurred in a few minutes after drinking buttered tea, the main symptoms were vomit, dizziness, miosis and nausea. A dog showed the same symptoms after drinking a sample of buttered tea. Carbofuran was detected in buttered tea, vomitus and zanba samples. Conclusions: The acute poisoning was caused by carbofuran in buttered tea, the transmission mode was point source spread. Effective epidemiological investigation and simple animal experiment can provide evidence for the rapid sample detection and clinical treatment of cases in emergency response. Timely case treatment and strict poisoning source control are the key measures to reduce casualty and prevent the spread of poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Chenghua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chengdu, Chengdu 610051, China; Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
| | - D L Geng
- Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
| | - Q H Liu
- Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
| | - Z L M Mai
- Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
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Cáceres T, Maestroni B, Islam M, Cannavan A. Sorption of 14C- carbofuran in Austrian soils: evaluation of fate and transport of carbofuran in temperate regions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:986-990. [PMID: 30443723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran is an anticholinesterase carbamate commonly used as an insecticide, nematicide and acaricide in agricultural practice throughout the world. However, data on its sorption in temperate soils from Europe is limited. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the adsorption of carbofuran on three distinct Austrian soils using batch experiments and radiometric techniques. Carbofuran adsorption capacity of the soils was found to be low in the three soils tested and showed to be related to the soils clay and organic carbon contents. The pesticide presented linear adsorption isotherms in all of the three soils. Due to the low sorption of carbofuran in the soils tested and to its high water solubility, there is a risk of migration to water bodies through run off and consequent negative effects on aquatic organisms and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britt Maestroni
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA, Po Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marivil Islam
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA, Po Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Cannavan
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA, Po Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
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Fu DJ, Li P, Song J, Zhang SY, Xie HZ. Mechanisms of synergistic neurotoxicity induced by two high risk pesticide residues - Chlorpyrifos and Carbofuran via oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:338-344. [PMID: 30385350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-component pesticide residues, especially pesticide residues with synergistic toxicity, are a serious threat to food safety. With risk assessment, we found that Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and Carbofuran (CBF) are 2 pesticide residues with highest risk for Actinidia chinensis planch. The results showed CPF and CBF have a synergistic neurotoxicity on neural cell SK-N-SH. The toxicity was partly depending on oxidative stress (OS) and had effects on cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the toxicity remained on long-term low-dose condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Fu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ping Li
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Song
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sai-Yang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Han-Zhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
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Ramasubramanian T, Paramasivam M. Persistence and metabolism of carbofuran in the soil and sugarcane plant. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:538. [PMID: 30132217 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistence and metabolism of carbofuran in the soil and sugarcane plant were studied under tropical sugarcane ecosystem. Residues of carbofuran and its metabolites in the soil, sugarcane leaf, and juice were determined by employing matrix-specific sample preparation methods and gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry. The recoveries of carbofuran, 3-keto carbofuran, and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were in the range of 88.75 ± 2.58-100.25 ± 2.38, 90.38 ± 2.61-98.24 ± 4.78, and 89.25 ± 3.11-98.10 ± 3.19%, respectively, at three levels of fortification across the three matrices involved in the study. At recommended dose (carbofuran 3% CG at 2 kg a.i./ha), the initial deposit of carbofuran in the soil was 14.390 ± 1.727 μg/g. The total residues comprising both carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were detected up to 105 days after treatment with the half-life of 10.83 days. The parent compound and its metabolite were detected and quantified in the sugarcane plant (leaves and juice) from 14 days after application of carbofuran in the soil. The total residues (carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran) were detected in the leaves and cane juice up to 75 and 30 days after treatment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalaiandi Ramasubramanian
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 007, India.
| | - Mariappan Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
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40
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Hamed HS, Osman AGM. Modulatory effect of lycopene against carbofuran toxicity in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Fish Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:1721-1731. [PMID: 28721486 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was exposed to a sublethal concentration of carbofuran (CF) to investigate its negative effects on biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers. Also, the putative role of lycopene (LYC) administration in alleviating these negative effects was evaluated. Fish were divided into six groups in triplicates as follows: group I was without treatment, group II was orally administered corn oil, group III was orally administered 18 mg LYC/kg body weight, group IV was exposed to 0.121 mg CF/L, group V was orally administered 9 mg LYC/kg body weight and exposed to 0.121 mg CF/L, and group VI was orally administered 18 mg LYC/kg body weight and exposed to 0.121 mg CF/L for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver and kidney) samples were collected and biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers were analysed. Also, histopathological changes were determined. Carbofuran caused significant increments of glucose, cortisol, aspartic amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine; meanwhile, serum acetylcholinesterase, total protein, albumin, and total lipids were significantly reduced. Significant increments in hepatic and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and marked reduction in hepatic and renal catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were observed in CF-exposed fish comparing to the control group. Treatment with LYC attenuated the CF-induced oxidative stress, and this improvement was more pronounced in fish received the high LYC dose (18 mg/kg body weight). Further, congestion of the central vein with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, vacuolar necrosis, and haemorrhage was observed in the livers of CF-exposed fish. Oral administration of LYC reduced behavioural changes and histopathological alterations. All the altered biochemical parameters and antioxidant biomarkers were also restored to be near the normal levels. The obtained results evoked that LYC administration alleviated the destructive effects of carbofuran and reduced its toxicity effect on African catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S Hamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11757, Egypt.
| | - Alaa G M Osman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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Baumert BO, Carnes MU, Hoppin JA, Jackson CL, Sandler DP, Freeman LB, Henneberger PK, Umbach DM, Shrestha S, Long S, London SJ. Sleep apnea and pesticide exposure in a study of US farmers. Sleep Health 2018; 4:20-6. [PMID: 29332674 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, and poisoning leads to respiratory depression. Thus, involvement in sleep apnea is plausible, but no data exist at lower levels of exposure. Other pesticides could impact sleep apnea by different mechanisms but have not been studied. Our study examines the associations between pesticide exposure and sleep apnea among pesticide applicators from a US farming population. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We analyzed data from 1569 male pesticide applicators, mostly farmers, from an asthma case-control study nested within the prospective Agricultural Health Study. On questionnaires, participants reported use of specific pesticides and physician diagnosis plus prescribed treatments for sleep apnea. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations between ever use of 63 pesticides and sleep apnea (234 cases, 1335 noncases). RESULTS The most notable association was for carbofuran, a carbamate (100 exposed cases, odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.34-2.51, P=.0002). Carbofuran use began before reported onset of sleep apnea in all cases. DISCUSSION This study adds to the known adverse health outcomes of exposure to carbofuran, a pesticide canceled in the United States in 2009 for most agricultural purposes but persists in the environment and remains in use in some other countries. CONCLUSIONS We conducted the first epidemiological study investigating the association of pesticide exposure and sleep apnea. Our results in a male agricultural population suggests that exposure to carbofuran is positively associated with sleep apnea.
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Dávila-Jiménez MM, Elizalde-González MP, García-Díaz E, González M, Mendoza ME, Robles-Águila MJ. Carbofuran degraded by iron-doped anatase: Weakening the cholinesterase inhibitory activity in the photoproducts mixture. J Environ Sci Health B 2017; 52:538-546. [PMID: 28494203 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1316161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran is a toxic carbamate pesticide, and its use has increased in recent years. While marketing information indicates stability in different chemical media, carbofuran exhibits relative photolability. The aim of this research was to decompose carbofuran and to identify the photoproducts achieved when two different doped titania photocatalysts were employed under UV irradiation. The iron-doped TiO2 materials were obtained (a) via a hydrothermal method and (b) by an ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method. The precursors were TiOSO4⋅xH2O and Fe3(NO3)·9H2O. X-ray studies confirmed that the anatase phase of the iron-doped TiO2 resulted from the two preparation methods. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared materials was monitored by LC/ESI-QTOF-MS, enabling the identification of photoproducts: oxo-carbamates, hydroxylated benzofuranes, a carboxamide, and one amine. By using the iron-doped TiO2 materials, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3,7-diol was the most abundant photoproduct, and N,2,2-trimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-amine was the only compound that had not been previously reported in the photolysis and photocatalysis of carbofuran. The product 3-hydroxy carbofuran, a cholinesterase inhibitor, was quantified and was found to be transformed into compounds that lack this inhibitive property.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María P Elizalde-González
- b Chemistry Centre, Institute of Sciences , Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP) , Puebla , Mexico
| | - Esmeralda García-Díaz
- b Chemistry Centre, Institute of Sciences , Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP) , Puebla , Mexico
| | - Miguel González
- a Faculty of Chemical Sciences , Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP) , Puebla , Mexico
| | - M E Mendoza
- c Institute of Physics, Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP) , Puebla , Mexico
| | - M J Robles-Águila
- b Chemistry Centre, Institute of Sciences , Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP) , Puebla , Mexico
- c Institute of Physics, Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP) , Puebla , Mexico
- d Research Center on Semiconductor Devices , Institute of Sciences, Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP) , Puebla , Mexico
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Jaiswal SK, Gupta VK, Siddiqi NJ, Sharma B. Curcumin mediated attenuation of carbofuran induced toxicity in the heart of Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:12-17. [PMID: 28968202 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbofuran is used to improve the agricultural productivity as well as to protect the house hold and industrial products, but due to accumulation in the biological system, it causes serious side effects in many non-targets mammalian systems. The aim of present study is to evaluate the carbofuran induced oxidative stress in rat heart and its attenuation by using herbal product curcumin. Rats were divided into four groups; one group received 20 % LD50 of carbofuran another group of rats received same doses of carbofuran was pretreated with curcumin (100 mg kg-1 body weight) and remaining two other groups served as control and curcumin treated animals. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the heart tissues and serum was evaluated and the activity of enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was estimated in the heart tissues. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart tissues was also measured. The Total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) was measured in the serum of the entire animals group. The results of present study showed that the activity of LDH in heart tissues were decreased and in serum was elevated. The MDA level was significantly elevated due to exposure of carbofuran. The enzymatic antioxidants, SOD and CAT activities were also inhibited. The ratio of pro-oxidant (P)/antioxidant (A) was also found to be sharply increased in the rat heart tissues of carbofuran exposed animals. The alterations in all the parameter were recovered by the pretreatment of curcumin (100 mg kg-1 body weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, UP, India
| | - V K Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, UP, India
| | - N J Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - B Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, UP, India
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Umeda K, Miyara M, Ishida K, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Carbofuran causes neuronal vulnerability to glutamate by decreasing GluA2 protein levels in rat primary cortical neurons. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:401-9. [PMID: 28725974 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor 2 (GluA2/GluR2) is one of the four subunits of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR); an increase in GluA2-lacking AMPARs contributes to neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity because of the receptor's high Ca2+ permeability. Carbofuran is a carbamate pesticide used in agricultural areas to increase crop productivity. Due to its broad-spectrum action, carbofuran has also been used as an insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide. In this study, we investigated the effect of carbofuran on GluA2 protein expression. The 9-day treatment of rat primary cortical neurons with 1 µM and 10 µM carbofuran decreased GluA2 protein expression, but not that of GluA1, GluA3, or GluA4 (i.e., other AMPAR subunits). Decreased GluA2 protein expression was also observed on the cell surface membrane of 10 µM carbofuran-treated neurons, and these neurons showed an increase in 25 µM glutamate-triggered Ca2+ influx. Treatment with 50 µM glutamate, which did not affect the viability of control neurons, significantly decreased the viability of 10 µM carbofuran-treated neurons, and this effect was abolished by pre-treatment with 300 µM 1-naphthylacetylspermine, an antagonist of GluA2-lacking AMPAR. At a concentration of 100 µM, but not 1 or 10 µM, carbofuran significantly decreased acetylcholine esterase activity, a well-known target of this chemical. These results suggest that carbofuran decreases GluA2 protein expression and increases neuronal vulnerability to glutamate toxicity at concentrations that do not affect acetylcholine esterase activity.
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Jaiswal SK, Gupta VK, Ansari MD, Siddiqi NJ, Sharma B. Vitamin C acts as a hepatoprotectant in carbofuran treated rat liver slices in vitro. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:265-273. [PMID: 28959648 PMCID: PMC5615148 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The observations of liver slices when treated with different concentrations of carbofuran were as follows:- increased LPO decreased SOD, CAT, & protein content in all the treatments
The observations of liver slices when treated with different concentrations of carbofuran along with vitamin C were as follows:- the levels of LPO, SOD, CAT & total protein content reinstated towards normal level only in liver slices treated with low concentration at higher concentration of carbofuran treatment Vitamin C does not ameliorate the hepatic toxicity induced by carbofuran
The in vitro liver slice culture may prove to be a useful model for hepatotoxicological studies and Vitamin C, as a hepatoprotectant in mammalian system. Carbamates, most commonly used pesticides in agricultural practices, have been reported to produce free radicals causing deleterious effects in animals. The present study was designed to assess the carbofuran induced oxidative stress in rat liver slices in vitro and also to evaluate protective role of vitamin C by incubating them in Krebs-Ringer HEPES Buffer (KRHB) containing incubation media (Williams medium E (WME) supplemented with glucose and antibiotics) with different concentrations of carbofuran. The results demonstrated that carbofuran caused significant increase in lipid peroxidation and inhibition in the activity of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) in concentration dependent manner. The data with incubation medium reflected that carbofuran at lowest concentration caused an increase in SOD activity followed by its inhibition at higher concentration. Carbofuran treatment caused inhibition in the activity of catalase in liver slices and WME incubation medium. Pre-incubation of liver slices and the WME media with vitamin C restored the values of biochemical indices tested. The results indicated that carbofuran might induce oxidative stress in hepatocytes. The pretreatment with vitamin C may offer hepatoprotection from toxicity of pesticide at low concentration only.
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Key Words
- Antioxidant
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- CaCl2, calcium chloride
- Carbofuran
- CuSO4, copper sulphate
- DMSO, Dimethylsulfoxide
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Hepatotoxicity
- In vitro
- KCl, potassium chloride
- KRHB, Krebs-Ringer HEPES Buffer
- MgSO4, magnesium sulfate
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaOH, sodium hydroxide and MDA Malonaldialdehyde
- Oxidative stress
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- WME, Williams medium E
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, 211002, UP, India
| | - Md Dilshad Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, VBS Poorvanchal University, Jaunpur, 211002, UP, India
| | - Nikhat J Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, 211002, UP, India
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Vishnuganth MA, Remya N, Kumar M, Selvaraju N. Carbofuran removal in continuous-photocatalytic reactor: Reactor optimization, rate-constant determination and carbofuran degradation pathway analysis. J Environ Sci Health B 2017; 52:353-360. [PMID: 28277081 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1283141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran (CBF) removal in a continuous-flow photocatalytic reactor with granular activated carbon supported titanium dioxide (GAC-TiO2) catalyst was investigated. The effects of feed flow rate, TiO2 concentration and addition of supplementary oxidants on CBF removal were investigated. The central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiments and to estimate the effects of feed flow rate and TiO2 concentration on CBF removal. The outcome of CCD experiments demonstrated that reactor performance was influenced mainly by feed flow rate compared to TiO2 concentration. A second-order polynomial model developed based on CCD experiments fitted the experimental data with good correlation (R2 ∼ 0.964). The addition of 1 mL min-1 hydrogen peroxide has shown complete CBF degradation and 76% chemical oxygen demand removal under the following operating conditions of CBF ∼50 mg L-1, TiO2 ∼5 mg L-1 and feed flow rate ∼82.5 mL min-1. Rate constant of the photodegradation process was also calculated by applying the kinetic data in pseudo-first-order kinetics. Four major degradation intermediates of CBF were identified using GC-MS analysis. As a whole, the reactor system and GAC-TiO2 catalyst used could be constructive in cost-effective CBF removal with no impact to receiving environment through getaway of photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Vishnuganth
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology Calicut , Kerala , India
| | - Neelancherry Remya
- b School of Infrastructure , Indian Institute of Technology , Bhubaneswar , Odisha , India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- c Department of Civil Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - N Selvaraju
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology Calicut , Kerala , India
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Tomašević A, Mijin D, Marinković A, Radišić M, Prlainović N, Đurović-Pejčev R, Gašić S. The photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran and Furadan 35-ST: the influence of inert ingredients. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:13808-13822. [PMID: 28405924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study on photocatalytic degradation of the pesticide carbofuran and its commercial product Furadan 35-ST in an aqueous suspension of ZnO, irradiated by long-wave light (315-400 nm), is presented in this study. In order to assess the effects of inert ingredients present in the commercial product Furadan 35-ST, non-competitive and competitive adsorption and kinetic studies of carbofuran degradation processes were conducted. A higher photochemical degradation rate was found for pure carbofuran in comparison to a two-component system, carbofuran and single addition of ingredients at appropriate concentrations, and the commercial product Furadan 35-ST. The overall effect of inert ingredients was evaluated from a competitive study using the model system of Furadan 35-ST. The results of a mineralization study, obtained by ion chromatography (IC) and total organic carbon (TOC) analyses, revealed the formation of acetate, oxalate, and formate ions. Photodegradation products of carbofuran, three of them detected for the first time, were identified based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results, and their photodegradation pathways were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđelka Tomašević
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, P.O. Box 163, Zemun, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Dušan Mijin
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, P.O. Box 3503, Belgrade, 11120, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Marinković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, P.O. Box 3503, Belgrade, 11120, Serbia
| | - Marina Radišić
- Innovation Center, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, 11120, Serbia
| | - Nevena Prlainović
- Innovation Center, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, 11120, Serbia.
| | - Rada Đurović-Pejčev
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, P.O. Box 163, Zemun, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Slavica Gašić
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, P.O. Box 163, Zemun, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
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Liu Z, Wang J, Qian S, Wang G, Wang J, Liao S. Carbofuran Degradation by Biogenic Manganese Oxides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:420-425. [PMID: 27837203 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the effect of biogenic manganese oxides (Bio-MnOx) on carbofuran degradation.The results showed that 21.05 % and 90.63 % carbofuran, respectively, were degraded in 4 days by Bio-MnOx with and without NaN3 at initial pH 4.80, whereas carbofuran was hardly degraded by chemical manganese oxides in the same condition. Bio-MnOx promoted carbofuran hydrolysis by changing the pH of the environment and encouraged carbofuran phenol cleavage by its oxidization. Both the oxidation of carbofuran phenol by Bio-MnOx and the reoxidation of the released Mn(II) by Mn(II)-oxidizing microorganisms ensured the continuous reactivity of Bio-MnOx and prevented the secondary pollution of Mn(II). Carbofuran phenol was the major transformation product in the degradation and was further oxidized into small organic molecules as monitored by a GC/MS analyzer. This report offers an efficient, feasible, and no-secondary-pollution approach to controlling carbofuran pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Qian
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gejiao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuijiao Liao
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Vishnuganth MA, Remya N, Kumar M, Selvaraju N. Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran by TiO2-coated activated carbon: Model for kinetic, electrical energy per order and economic analysis. J Environ Manage 2016; 181:201-207. [PMID: 27353370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic removal of carbofuran (CBF) from aqueous solution in the presence of granular activated carbon supported TiO2 (GAC-TiO2) catalyst was investigated under batch-mode experiments. The presence of GAC enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of the TiO2 catalyst. Experiments were conducted at different concentrations of CBF to clarify the dependence of apparent rate constant (kapp) in the pseudo first-order kinetics on CBF photodegradation. The general relationship between the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) and reaction rate constant (kr) were explained by using the modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model. From the observed kinetics, it was observed that the surface reaction was the rate limiting step in the GAC-TiO2 catalyzed photodegradation of CBF. The values of K and kr for this pseudo first-order reaction were found to be 0.1942 L mg(-1) and 1.51 mg L(-1) min(-1), respectively. In addition, the dependence of kapp on the half-life time was determined by calculating the electrical energy per order experimentally (EEO experimental) and also by modeling (EEO model). The batch-mode experimental outcomes revealed the possibility of 100% CBF removal (under optimized conditions and at an initial concentration of 50 mg L(-1) and 100 mg L(-1)) at a contact time of 90 min and 120 min, respectively. Both L-H kinetic model and EEO model fitted well with the batch-mode experimental data and also elucidated successfully the phenomena of photocatalytic degradation in the presence of GAC-TiO2 catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Vishnuganth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, 673 601 Kerala, India
| | - Neelancherry Remya
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751 013 Odisha, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600 036 Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - N Selvaraju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, 673 601 Kerala, India
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Li S, Wu X, Liu C, Yin G, Luo J, Xu Z. Application of DNA aptamers as sensing layers for detection of carbofuran by electrogenerated chemiluminescence energy transfer. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:94-100. [PMID: 27692383 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platform for carbofuran detection was constructed based on ECL energy transfer (ECRET) and carbon dot (C-dot)-tagged aptamers as the recognition element. Fullerene (C60)-loaded gold nanoparticles (C60-Au) were used as the energy donor, modified on a glassy carbon electrode. C-dot-tagged DNA aptamers were used as the receptor, and ECRET then occurred between C60-Au and C-dots. After accepting the energy, the C-dots acted as a signal indicator and showed decreased signal intensity in the presence of targets, which competitively bound to DNA aptamers and blocked energy transfer. Using this robust, straight-forward strategy, the sensor showed a linear ECL response to carbofuran at concentrations from 2.0 × 10-11 mol L-1 to 8.0 × 10-9 mol L-1. The detection limit of this assay was shown to be 8.8 × 10-13 mol L-1. Thus, the sensing approach described in this study could be adapted for use in the detection of various pesticide residue targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuai Li
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Xuejin Wu
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Guihao Yin
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jinhui Luo
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China.
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