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Patowary R, Jain P, Malakar C, Devi A. Biodegradation of carbofuran by Pseudomonas aeruginosa S07: biosurfactant production, plant growth promotion, and metal tolerance. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:115185-115198. [PMID: 37878173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are an indispensable part of modern farming as it aids in controlling pests and hence increase crop yield. But, unmanaged use of pesticides is a growing concern for safety and conservation of the environment. In the present study, a novel biosurfactant-producing bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa S07, was utilized to degrade carbofuran pesticide, and it was obtained at 150 mg/L concentration; 89.2% degradation was achieved on the 5th day of incubation in in vitro culture condition. GC-MS (gas chromatography and mass spectrometry) and LC-MS (liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry) analyses revealed the presence of several degradation intermediates such as hydroxycarbofurnan, ketocarbofuran, and hydroxybenzofuran, in the degradation process. The bacterium was found to exhibit tolerance towards several heavy metals: Cu, Co, Zn, Ni, and Cd, where maximum and least tolerance were obtained against Co and Ni, respectively. Additionally, the bacterium also possesses plant growth-promoting activity showing positive results in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilising, ammonia production, and potassium solubilizing assays. Thus, from the study, it can be assumed that the bacterium can be useful in the production of bioformulation for remediation and rejuvenation of pesticide-contaminated sites in the coming days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupshikha Patowary
- Department of Biotechnology, The Assam Royal Global University, Betkuchi, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781 035, India
| | - Prerna Jain
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781 035, India
| | - Chandana Malakar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781 035, India
| | - Arundhuti Devi
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781 035, India.
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2
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Li Q, Zhang J, Lin T, Fan C, Li Y, Zhang Z, Li J. Migration behavior and dietary exposure risk assessment of pesticides residues in honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) based on modified QuEChERS method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112572. [PMID: 36914339 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The honeysuckle was widely appreciated as tea beverage owing to the biological activities and the unique aroma and flavor. It is in urgent requirement to explore the migration behavior and dietary exposure as the pesticide residues would bring about potential risks through honeysuckle intake. The optimized QuEChERS procedure coupled with the HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methods were employed to determine 93 pesticide residues of seven classifications including carbamates, pyrethroid, triazoles, neonicotinoids, organophosphorus, organochlorine, and others for 93 honeysuckle samples from four primary production bases. As a result, 86.02% of the samples were contaminated by at least one pesticide. Unexpectedly, the banned pesticide of carbofuran was also identified. The migration behavior of metolcarb was the highest, whereas thiabendazole contributed less risk to the infusion with relative lower transfer rate. Both the chronic and acute exposure yielded low risk for human health with five high risk pesticides of dichlorvos, cyhalothrin, carbofuran, ethomyl, and pyridaben. Besides, this study provides foundation of dietary exposure risk assessment for honeysuckle and other likewise products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Agro-product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, 100176 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Chunlin Fan
- Agro-product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, 100176 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, PR China.
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- Agro-product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, 100176 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, China.
| | - Jianxun Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, PR China.
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3
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Ivanov A, Stoikov D, Shafigullina I, Shurpik D, Stoikov I, Evtugyn G. Flow-Through Acetylcholinesterase Sensor with Replaceable Enzyme Reactor. Biosensors 2022; 12:bios12090676. [PMID: 36140061 PMCID: PMC9496324 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fast and reliable determination of enzyme inhibitors are of great importance in environmental monitoring and biomedicine because of the high biological activity and toxicity of such species and the necessity of their reliable assessment in many media. In this work, a flow-through biosensor has been developed and produced by 3D printing from poly(lactic acid). Acetylcholinesterase from an electric eel was immobilized on the inner walls of the reactor cell. The concentration of thiocholine formed in enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate was monitored amperometrically with a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with carbon black particles, pillar[5]arene, electropolymerized Methylene blue and thionine. In the presence of thiocholine, the cathodic current at −0.25 V decreased because of an alternative chemical reaction of the macrocycle. The conditions of enzyme immobilization and signal measurements were optimized and the performance of the biosensor was assessed in the determination of reversible (donepezil, berberine) and irreversible (carbofuran) inhibitors. In the optimal conditions, the flow-through biosensor made it possible to determine 1.0 nM–1.0 μM donepezil, 1.0 μM–1.0 mM berberine and 10 nM to 0.1 μM carbofuran. The AChE biosensor was tested on spiked samples of artificial urine for drugs and peanuts for carbofuran. Possible interference of the sample components was eliminated by dilution of the samples with phosphate buffer. Easy mounting, low cost of replaceable parts of the cell and satisfactory analytical and metrological characteristics made the biosensor a promising future application as a point-of-care or point-of-demand device outside of a chemical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ivanov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(843)-233-74-91
| | - Dmitry Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Insiya Shafigullina
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Shurpik
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Wu Y, Fan Q, Chen Y, Sun X, Shi G. Production and Selection of Antibody–Antigen Pairs for the Development of Immunoenzyme Assay and Lateral Flow Immunoassay Methods for Carbofuran and Its Analogues. Biosensors 2022; 12:bios12080560. [PMID: 35892457 PMCID: PMC9332470 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To produce a sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the simultaneous detection of carbofuran, benfuracarb, carbosulfan and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranmethanamine (DDB) was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prepare the immunogen DDB-BSA and mice were immunized. Coating antigens were prepared by conjugating DDB and 5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-acetic acid (MDA) to BSA and ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. Furthermore, the effect of different antibody–antigen pairs on the sensitivity of ELISA and LFIA methods for the detection of carbofuran was investigated. After the immunization, a high-affinity mAb 13C8 was obtained. The ability of the coating antigen to compete with carbofuran for binding antibodies was found to be significantly different between ELISA and LFIA methods. With the antibody–antigen pair 13C8-MDA-OVA, the IC50 values of the ELISA and QD-LFIA methods for carbofuran were 0.18 ng/mL and 0.67 ng/mL, respectively. The cross-reactivity (CR) values of the two methods for benfuracarb, carbosulfan and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran ranged from 72.0% to 83.7%, while, for other carbamate pesticides, the CR values were less than 1%. The spiked recoveries of carbofuran in vegetables by the QD-LFIA method were 83–111%, with a coefficient of variation below 10%, and the test results of the actual samples were consistent with the HPLC-MS method. Overall, this study provides key materials for the development of immunoassays for carbofuran and its analogues, and the antibody–antigen pair selection strategy established in this study provides useful insights for the development of sensitive immunoassays for other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;
- Shandong Lvdu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.F.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yinuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.F.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xia Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Guoqing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.F.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (G.S.)
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Lv X, Chang Q, Li H, Liang S, Zhe Z, Shen S, Pang G. Risk assessment of carbofuran residues in fruits and vegetables at the Chinese market: A 7-year survey. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 239:113667. [PMID: 35643028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations designated 2021 as the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables (IYFV), with the goal of educating populations regarding the role of such produce in nutrition, food safety, and overall health. Carbofuran is a highly toxic insecticide and nematocide, and its use to treat fruit trees, vegetables, tea, and medicinal herbs is thus prohibited. However, carbofuran residues are still detectable via LC-Q-TOF/MS in fruit and vegetable samples collected from 138 sites in 31 regions. In the present study, carbofuran levels were sampled at 1388 sampling sites in 31 regions (provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) not including Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan. In total, over 36,000 samples (including 12,547 samples of 41 kinds of fruits and 23,785 samples of 83 kinds of vegetables) were randomly collected from supermarkets and farmer's markets. These data were used to conduct a risk assessment pertaining to dietary carbofuran exposure through the consumption of fruits and vegetables. In total, carbofuran residues were detectable in 2.0% of fruits and 2.3% of vegetables. Risk assessments indicated that the intake of fruits and vegetables harboring carbofuran residues did not pose a chronic health risk. However, peaches, grapes, sweet peppers, celery, Chinese chives, leaf lettuce, spinach, small rape, mustard greens, cucumbers, watermelons, Chinese wolfberry leaves, wax gourds, snap beans, bitter melons, green Chinese vegetables, lettuce, shallot, cowpeas, eggplants, tomatoes, tangerines, summer squash, oranges, lemons, Chinese cabbage, peppers, and strawberries were associated with an unacceptable acute risk to both children and adults. Moreover, crown daisies, nectarines, citrus fruits, pitayas, melons, kale, cabbages, milk Chinese cabbage, carrots, and melons were associated with an unacceptable acute risk to children. Substantial acute risk to children and adults was observed for fruits and vegetables from surveyed regions other than Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Liaoning, Fujian, Xinjiang, and Hubei. Together, these data provide a foundation for future research aimed at the management of carbofuran residues in fruits and vegetables in an effort to better protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechong Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qiaoying Chang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuxuan Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhao Zhe
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Guofang Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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Tsagkaris AS, Uttl L, Dzuman Z, Pulkrabova J, Hajslova J. A critical comparison between an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) method and an enzyme assay for anti-cholinesterase pesticide residue detection in cereal matrices. Anal Methods 2022; 14:1479-1489. [PMID: 35343530 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00355d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method development for the control of pesticide residues occurring in significant dietary foodstuffs is of utmost importance considering their potential impact on consumer health and food market sustainability. Depending on the purpose, either instrumental analysis, mainly chromatographic methods, or screening assays, mostly using biorecognition affinity, are commonly used, featuring different advantages and drawbacks. To practically compare these two different types of analytical strategies, we applied them for the detection of (i) 97 organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticide residues in wheat flour and (ii) carbofuran (a carbamate insecticide) in wheat, rye and maize flour samples. Regarding high-end analysis, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) method was developed and validated achieving low limits of quantification (LOQs, from 0.002 to 0.040 mg kg-1) and a short chromatographic run (12 min). In terms of bioanalytical methods, a fast (17 min) and cost-efficient (∼0.01€ per sample) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) microplate assay for carbofuran screening was utilized. Importantly, carbofuran was the strongest of the 11 OP and CM tested pesticides achieving a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.021 μM whilst the assay detectability was at the parts per billion level in all three cereal matrices. Based on the attained results, a critical discussion is presented providing the analytical merits and bottlenecks for each case and a wider outlook related to the application of analytical methods in the food safety control analytical scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tsagkaris
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - L Uttl
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Z Dzuman
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - J Pulkrabova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - J Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Zhang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Wang G. Simultaneous degradation of triazophos, methamidophos and carbofuran pesticides in wastewater using an Enterobacter bacterial bioreactor and analysis of toxicity and biosafety. Chemosphere 2020; 261:128054. [PMID: 33113645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triazophos (TAP), methamidophos (MAP) and carbofuran (CF) pesticides are highly toxic, soluble and absorbable. Efficient co-degradation of multi-pesticides is rare reported. The objectives of this study were to investigate TAP, MAP and CF co-degradative ability of Enterobacter sp. Z1 and study the degradation mechanisms. Strain Z1 was shown to efficiently co-degrade TAP, MAP and CF when they were used as primary carbon sources. The degradation occurred over a wide range of temperatures, pH values and pesticide concentrations and followed first-order kinetics. Under the optimum conditions (37 °C, pH 7 and 100 mg/L of each pesticide), the degradation efficiencies were 100%, 100%, and 95.3% for TAP, MAP and CF, respectively. In addition, strain Z1 could simultaneously degrade TAP, MAP, CF and total nitrogen in wastewater in a batch bioreactor, with high removal efficiencies of 98.3%, 100%, 98.7% and 100%, respectively. Genomics, proteomics, qRT-PCR and gene overexpression analyses revealed that the degradation mechanisms involved the activities of multiple proteins, among which, organophosphorus hydrolase (Oph) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (PaaC) are primarily responsible for TAP and MAP degradation, while carbofuran hydrolase (Mcd) and amidohydrolase (RamA) primarily degrade CF. Among these enzymes, PaaC and RamA are newly identified pesticide-degrading enzymes. Toxicity assays of strain Z1 using reporter recombinase gene (recA) and zebrafish showed that there was no accumulation of toxic metabolites during the degradation process. Biosafety test using zebrafish showed that the strain was nontoxic toward zebrafish. Strain Z1 provides a good purification effect for pesticides-containing wastewater and novel microbial pesticide-degrading mechanisms were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zixiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Gejiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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Sun W, Liu L, Memon AG, Zhou X, Zhao H. Waveguide-Based Fluorescent Immunosensor for the Simultaneous Detection of Carbofuran and 3-Hydroxy-Carbofuran. Biosensors (Basel) 2020; 10:bios10120191. [PMID: 33260832 PMCID: PMC7761426 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran (CBF) is an efficient and broad-spectrum insecticide. As testing indicators for water quality and agricultural products, CBF and its metabolite 3-hydroxy-carbofuran (3-OH-CBF) are regulated by many countries. The detection of CBF and 3-OH-CBF is of great importance for the environment and human health. However, an immunosensor detection method for the simultaneous analysis of CBF and 3-OH-CBF remains unavailable. Herein, we report a waveguide-based fluorescent immunosensor for detecting CBF and 3-OH-CBF, synchronously. The immunosensor is based on a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody with high binding affinity against CBF and 3-OH-CBF. The linear detection ranges for CBF and 3-OH-CBF are 0.29-2.69 and 0.12-4.59 μg/L, with limits of detection of 0.13 μg/L for CBF and 0.06 μg/L for 3-OH-CBF, respectively. The whole detection process for each cycle is approximately 30 min. The results show a good application prospect for the rapid detection of CBF and 3-OH-CBF in water or agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Sun
- Key Laboratory of A & F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Lanhua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Abdul Ghaffar Memon
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (A.G.M.)
- Department of Environmental Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of A & F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Abstract
In this study, new polymers containing amides (TrisPS-Ntaa, and TrisPS-Ntaa-Fc) were synthesized by condensation reaction for qualitative identification of insecticides. The synthesized polymers, including amides were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion X- ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Then, acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) was covalently immobilized on these polymers to improve properties (including activity, reusability, and storage stability). Accordingly, organophosphate (malathion, acephate, chlorpyrifos methyl) and carbamate (carbofuran, methiocarb, methomyl), which are used to prevent harmful organisms in some agricultural products were enzymatically determined based on their inhibitory activity on AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Nartop
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Polymer Engineering, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | | | - Nurdan Kurnaz Yetim
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Sarı
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Lu EH, Huang SZ, Yu TH, Chiang SY, Wu KY. Systematic probabilistic risk assessment of pesticide residues in tea leaves. Chemosphere 2020; 247:125692. [PMID: 31962224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pesticide residues are frequently present in tea leaves and while the majority of residues satisfy Taiwan's current health regulations, there are potential health effects from pesticide exposure that are of great concern for tea drinkers. We undertook a systematic probabilistic risk assessment of 59 pesticides in tea leaves from 1629 tea leaf samples obtained by Taiwan's Food and Drug Administration in two monitoring surveys in 2015. Bayesian statistics used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to estimate posterior distributions of pesticide residues in tea leaves, lifetime average daily doses and hazard quotients (HQs) of evaluated pesticides. We classified 95th percentile values of HQs into three categories: 0 < HQ < 0.5, 0.5 ≤ HQ ≤ 1 and 1 < HQ. The 95th percentiles of HQs for triazophos (3.39), carbofuran (2.04) and endosulfan (1.80) exceeded 1 in the adult population; the HQ for 3-OH carbofuran was 0.97 and was less than 0.5 for the remaining 55 pesticides. The health risk posed by pesticide residues for tea drinkers is negligible, if triazophos, carbofuran, endosulfan, and 3-OH carbofuran residues satisfy regulatory standards. However, five legacy pesticides, DDT, methomyl, carbofuran, dicofol and endosulfan, were identified. To reduce uncertainties, this study combined Bayesian statistics with a mode of action approach for systematic risk assessment of co-exposure to multiple pesticide residues in tea leaf samples. Measuring pesticide transfer rates will improve the quality of future risk assessments concerning residues in tea leaves. Appropriate management of pesticides in Taiwanese tea farms and monitoring of pesticide residues in imported tea is warranted to protect Taiwan's tea drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hsuan Lu
- Legislative Yuan, Room 3309, No.1, Qingdao E. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Zu Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Room 721, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hung Yu
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Legislative Yuan, Room 3309, No.1, Qingdao E. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Room 721, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Room 721, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zhang JR, Wang Y, Dong JX, Yang JY, Zhang YQ, Wang F, Si R, Xu ZL, Wang H, Xiao ZL, Shen YD. Development of a Simple Pretreatment Immunoassay Based on an Organic Solvent-Tolerant Nanobody for the Detection of Carbofuran in Vegetable and Fruit Samples. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100576. [PMID: 31591300 PMCID: PMC6843801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are one-tenth the size of conventional antibodies and are naturally obtained from the atypical heavy-chain-only antibodies present in camelids. Their small size, high solubility, high stability, and strong resilience to organic solvents facilitate their use as novel analytical reagents in immunochemistry. In this study, specific nanobodies against pesticide carbofuran were isolated and characterized from an immunized library via phage display platform. We further established an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using nanobody Nb316 to detect carbofuran in vegetable and fruit samples. The results showed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.27 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.65 ng/mL. A simplified sample pretreatment procedure omitting the evaporation of organic solvent was used. The averaged recovery rate of spiked samples ranged between 82.3% and 103.9%, which correlated with that of standard UPLC–MS/MS method. In conclusion, a nanobody with high specificity for carbofuran was characterized, and a nanobody-based sensitive immunoassay for simple and rapid detection of carbofuran in real samples was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-ru Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Jie-xian Dong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin-yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Yu-qi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Rui Si
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Zhen-lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-l.X.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-20-85283448 (H.W.); Fax: +86-20-85280270 (H.W.)
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-l.X.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-20-85283448 (H.W.); Fax: +86-20-85280270 (H.W.)
| | - Zhi-li Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Yu-dong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
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12
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Cáceres T, Maestroni B, Islam M, Cannavan A. Sorption of 14C-carbofuran in Austrian soils: evaluation of fate and transport of carbofuran in temperate regions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:986-990. [PMID: 30443723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran is an anticholinesterase carbamate commonly used as an insecticide, nematicide and acaricide in agricultural practice throughout the world. However, data on its sorption in temperate soils from Europe is limited. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the adsorption of carbofuran on three distinct Austrian soils using batch experiments and radiometric techniques. Carbofuran adsorption capacity of the soils was found to be low in the three soils tested and showed to be related to the soils clay and organic carbon contents. The pesticide presented linear adsorption isotherms in all of the three soils. Due to the low sorption of carbofuran in the soils tested and to its high water solubility, there is a risk of migration to water bodies through run off and consequent negative effects on aquatic organisms and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britt Maestroni
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA, Po Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marivil Islam
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA, Po Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Cannavan
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA, Po Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Ramasubramanian T, Paramasivam M. Persistence and metabolism of carbofuran in the soil and sugarcane plant. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:538. [PMID: 30132217 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistence and metabolism of carbofuran in the soil and sugarcane plant were studied under tropical sugarcane ecosystem. Residues of carbofuran and its metabolites in the soil, sugarcane leaf, and juice were determined by employing matrix-specific sample preparation methods and gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry. The recoveries of carbofuran, 3-keto carbofuran, and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were in the range of 88.75 ± 2.58-100.25 ± 2.38, 90.38 ± 2.61-98.24 ± 4.78, and 89.25 ± 3.11-98.10 ± 3.19%, respectively, at three levels of fortification across the three matrices involved in the study. At recommended dose (carbofuran 3% CG at 2 kg a.i./ha), the initial deposit of carbofuran in the soil was 14.390 ± 1.727 μg/g. The total residues comprising both carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were detected up to 105 days after treatment with the half-life of 10.83 days. The parent compound and its metabolite were detected and quantified in the sugarcane plant (leaves and juice) from 14 days after application of carbofuran in the soil. The total residues (carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran) were detected in the leaves and cane juice up to 75 and 30 days after treatment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalaiandi Ramasubramanian
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 007, India.
| | - Mariappan Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
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14
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Berton A, Brugnera MF, Dores EFGC. Grab and passive sampling applied to pesticide analysis in the São Lourenço river headwater in Campo Verde - MT, Brazil. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:237-245. [PMID: 29336664 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1410412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the quality of surface water in the headwaters of São Lourenço River in Mato Grosso, Brazil, was evaluated in relation to contamination by pesticides. For this purpose, samples were collected between December 2015 and June 2016 by grab sampling and by passive sampling using an integrative polar organic compound sampler installed in the field during four 14-day cycles between March and June 2016. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography (CG/MS) and by liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed the detection of two pesticides (atrazine and pyraclostrobin) of the five analyzed by passive sampling and eight active principles among the 20 analyzed (malathion, diuron, carbofuran, carbendazim, trifluralin, imidacloprid, metolachlor, and acetamiprid) by grab sampling. The detection of 10 pesticides, even almost a decade after the beginning of a recovery process of the ciliary forest, confirms the headwaters' vulnerability to these contaminants and passive sampling proved to be an important tool in capturing small concentrations of pesticides constituting an interesting complement to grab sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Berton
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brazil
| | - Michelle F Brugnera
- b Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Campus de Cuiabá , Cuiabá , MT , Brazil
| | - Eliana F G C Dores
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , MT , Brazil
- b Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Campus de Cuiabá , Cuiabá , MT , Brazil
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15
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Ha B, Zamini L, Monn J, Njoroge S, Thimo L, Ondeti M, Murungi JI, Muhoro CN. Tropical surface water quality studies: Implications for the aquatic fate of N-methyl carbamate pesticides. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:161-170. [PMID: 29206083 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1399768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water quality assessment was conducted on the Ruiru River, a tributary of an important tropical river system in Kenya, to determine baseline river conditions for studies on the aquatic fate of N-methyl carbamate (NMC) pesticides. Measurements were taken at the end of the long rainy season in early June 2013. Concentrations of copper (0.21-1.51 ppm), nitrates (2.28-4.89 ppm) and phosphates (0.01-0.50 ppm) were detected at higher values than in uncontaminated waters, and attributed to surface runoff from agricultural activity in the surrounding area. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen (8-10 ppm), ammonia (0.02-0.22 ppm) and phenols (0.19-0.83 ppm) were found to lie within normal ranges. The Ruiru River was found to be slightly basic (pH 7.08-7.70) with a temperature of 17.8-21.2°C. The half-life values for hydrolysis of three NMC pesticides (carbofuran, carbaryl and propoxur) used in the area were measured under laboratory conditions, revealing that rates of decay were influenced by the electronic nature of the NMCs. The hydrolysis half-lives at pH 9 and 18°C decreased in the order carbofuran (57.8 h) > propoxur (38.5 h) > carbaryl (19.3 h). In general, a decrease in the electron density of the NMC aromatic ring increases the acidity of the N-bound proton removed in the rate-limiting step of the hydrolysis mechanism. Our results are consistent with this prediction, and the most electron-poor NMC (carbaryl) hydrolyzed fastest, while the most electron-rich NMC (carbofuran) hydrolyzed slowest. Results from this study should provide baseline data for future studies on NMC pesticide chemical fate in the Ruiru River and similar tropical water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ha
- a Department of Chemistry , Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University , Towson , Maryland , USA
| | - Leili Zamini
- a Department of Chemistry , Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University , Towson , Maryland , USA
| | - Jeremy Monn
- b Center for Geographic Information Systems, Towson University , Towson , Maryland , USA
| | - Samuel Njoroge
- c Department of Chemistry , Kenyatta University , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Laban Thimo
- c Department of Chemistry , Kenyatta University , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Maria Ondeti
- c Department of Chemistry , Kenyatta University , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Jane I Murungi
- c Department of Chemistry , Kenyatta University , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Clare N Muhoro
- a Department of Chemistry , Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University , Towson , Maryland , USA
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16
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Mayakaduwa SS, Herath I, Ok YS, Mohan D, Vithanage M. Insights into aqueous carbofuran removal by modified and non-modified rice husk biochars. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:22755-22763. [PMID: 27553000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been considered as a potential sorbent for removal of frequently detected pesticides in water. In the present study, modified and non-modified rice husk biochars were used for aqueous carbofuran removal. Rice husk biochars were produced at 300, 500, and 700 °C in slow pyrolysis and further exposed to steam activation. Biochars were physicochemically characterized using proximate, ultimate, FTIR methods and used to examine equilibrium and dynamic adsorption of carbofuran. Increasing pyrolysis temperature led to a decrease of biochar yield and increase of porosity, surface area, and adsorption capacities which were further enhanced by steam activation. Carbofuran adsorption was pH-dependant, and the maximum (161 mg g-1) occurred in the vicinity of pH 5, on steam-activated biochar produced at 700 °C. Freundlich model best fitted the sorption equilibrium data. Both chemisorption and physisorption interactions on heterogeneous adsorbent surface may involve in carbofuran adsorption. Langmuir kinetics could be applied to describe carbofuran adsorption in a fixed bed. A higher carbofuran volume was treated in a column bed by a steam-activated biochar versus non-activated biochars. Overall, steam-activated rice husk biochar can be highlighted as a promising low-cost sustainable material for aqueous carbofuran removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Mayakaduwa
- Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Indika Herath
- Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
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17
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Mansano AS, Moreira RA, Dornfeld HC, Freitas EC, Vieira EM, Sarmento H, Rocha O, Seleghim MHR. Effects of diuron and carbofuran and their mixtures on the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 142:312-321. [PMID: 28433596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, organisms are often exposed to mixtures of several pesticides. In this study, the effects of carbofuran and diuron and their mixtures on the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata were investigated. For this purpose, toxicity tests were performed with the single compounds (active ingredients and commercial formulations) and their combinations (only active ingredients). According to the results, the toxicity of active ingredients and their commercial formulations to R. subcapitata was similar. In the single exposures, both carbofuran and diuron inhibited significantly the R. subcapitata growth and caused physiological (chlorophyll a content) and morphological (complexity and cell size) changes in cells, as captured by flow cytometry single-cell properties. Regarding the mixture toxicity tests, data fitted to both reference models, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), and evidenced significant deviations. After the CA fitting, dose-ratio dependent deviation had the best fit to the data, demonstrating synergism caused mainly by diuron and antagonism caused mainly by carbofuran. After fitting the IA model, a synergistic deviation represented the best fit for the diuron and carbofuran mixtures. In general, the two reference models indicated the occurrence of synergism in the mixtures of these compounds, especially when diuron was the dominant chemical in the combinations. The increased toxicity caused by the mixture of these pesticides could pose a greater environmental risk for phytoplankton. Thus, exposure to diuron and carbofuran mixtures must also be considered in risk assessments, since the combination of these compounds may result in more severe effects on algae population growth than single exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrislaine S Mansano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Dornfeld
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela C Freitas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eny M Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirna H R Seleghim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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18
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Liu Z, Wang J, Qian S, Wang G, Wang J, Liao S. Carbofuran Degradation by Biogenic Manganese Oxides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:420-425. [PMID: 27837203 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the effect of biogenic manganese oxides (Bio-MnOx) on carbofuran degradation.The results showed that 21.05 % and 90.63 % carbofuran, respectively, were degraded in 4 days by Bio-MnOx with and without NaN3 at initial pH 4.80, whereas carbofuran was hardly degraded by chemical manganese oxides in the same condition. Bio-MnOx promoted carbofuran hydrolysis by changing the pH of the environment and encouraged carbofuran phenol cleavage by its oxidization. Both the oxidation of carbofuran phenol by Bio-MnOx and the reoxidation of the released Mn(II) by Mn(II)-oxidizing microorganisms ensured the continuous reactivity of Bio-MnOx and prevented the secondary pollution of Mn(II). Carbofuran phenol was the major transformation product in the degradation and was further oxidized into small organic molecules as monitored by a GC/MS analyzer. This report offers an efficient, feasible, and no-secondary-pollution approach to controlling carbofuran pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Qian
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gejiao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuijiao Liao
- College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Phopin K, Wanwimolruk S, Prachayasittikul V. Food safety in Thailand. 3: Pesticide residues detected in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), queen of fruits. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:832-840. [PMID: 27185538 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For developing countries like Thailand, regulation of pesticide usage exists, but it is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study aimed to determine the pesticide residues in mangosteen fruits sold in Thailand. The mangosteen samples (n = 111) were purchased and the contents of 28 pesticides were analysed by GC-MS/MS method. RESULTS Of the pesticides tested, eight were found in 100% of the mangosteen samples. However, in 97% of these samples, either chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, metalaxyl or profenofos was detected exceeding their maximum residue limits (MRLs), representing a 97% rate of pesticide detection above the MRL. This rate is much higher than those found in other fruits sold in developed countries. However, this conclusion excludes the fresh Thai mangosteens grown for export, as these are generally cultivated and harvested to GAP standards. Since the edible part of the mangosteen is the pulp, washing the fruits with running water can reduce the risk of pesticide residues contaminating the pulp which would be eaten by the consumer. CONCLUSION The findings strongly suggest that routine monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is required to reduce the health risks associated with consuming contaminated food. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
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20
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Sukmanee T, Wongravee K, Ekgasit S, Thammacharoen C, Pienpinijtham P. Facile and Sensitive Detection of Carbofuran Carbamate Pesticide in Rice and Soybean Using Coupling Reaction-based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:89-94. [PMID: 28070083 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a sensitive and selective method for detecting one of the most toxic insecticides, "carbofuran", in rice and soybean is presented. This method is based on the coupling reaction of diazonium ion combined with a surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique. Diazonium ion produced from p-aminothiophenol reacts specifically with carbofuran phenol from the hydrolysis of carbofuran. The generated azo compounds attach to the surface of silver nanoparticles via the Ag-S bond. Therefore, a strong Raman intensity can be obtained. The concentration of carbofuran can be determined by following the intensity of the peak at 1201 cm-1, attributed to the C-N stretching vibration of the azo compound. The result shows a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9786) against carbofuran concentrations (0.1 - 5 ppm) with a detection limit of 0.452 ppm. Our proposed protocol is insignificantly influenced by various common interferences. Moreover, this method has been successfully validated to determine carbofuran concentrations in rice and soybean with detection limits of 0.446 and 0.520 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyada Sukmanee
- Sensor Research Unit (SRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University
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21
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Vieira DC, Noldin JA, Deschamps FC, Resgalla C. Ecological risk analysis of pesticides used on irrigated rice crops in southern Brazil. Chemosphere 2016; 162:48-54. [PMID: 27479455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on studies conducted in the past decade in the southern region of Brazil to determine residue levels of the pesticides normally used on irrigated rice crops, changes can be observed in relation to the presence of pesticides in the waters of the main river basins in Santa Catarina State. In previous harvests, the presence of residues of 7 pesticides was determined, with the herbicide bentazon and the insecticide carbofuran being the products showing highest frequency. Following toxicological tests conducted with 8 different test organisms, deterministic and probabilistic risk analysis was performed to assess the situation of the river basins in areas used for the production of irrigated rice. Of the species tested, the herbicide bentazon showed greatest toxicity toward plants, but did not present an ecological risk because in the worst-case scenario the highest concentration of this pesticide in the environment is 37 times lower than the lowest EC50/LC50 value obtained in the tests. The insecticide carbofuran, which had the highest toxicity toward the organisms used in the tests, presented an ecological risk in the deterministic analysis, but without any associated probability. The results highlight the need for increased efforts in training farmers in crop management practices and for the continual monitor of water bodies for the presence of pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cristina Vieira
- Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar (CTTMar) - Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (Univali), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - José Alberto Noldin
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri) - Estação Experimental de Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Francisco C Deschamps
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri) - Estação Experimental de Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Charrid Resgalla
- Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar (CTTMar) - Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (Univali), Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
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Li S, Wu X, Liu C, Yin G, Luo J, Xu Z. Application of DNA aptamers as sensing layers for detection of carbofuran by electrogenerated chemiluminescence energy transfer. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:94-100. [PMID: 27692383 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platform for carbofuran detection was constructed based on ECL energy transfer (ECRET) and carbon dot (C-dot)-tagged aptamers as the recognition element. Fullerene (C60)-loaded gold nanoparticles (C60-Au) were used as the energy donor, modified on a glassy carbon electrode. C-dot-tagged DNA aptamers were used as the receptor, and ECRET then occurred between C60-Au and C-dots. After accepting the energy, the C-dots acted as a signal indicator and showed decreased signal intensity in the presence of targets, which competitively bound to DNA aptamers and blocked energy transfer. Using this robust, straight-forward strategy, the sensor showed a linear ECL response to carbofuran at concentrations from 2.0 × 10-11 mol L-1 to 8.0 × 10-9 mol L-1. The detection limit of this assay was shown to be 8.8 × 10-13 mol L-1. Thus, the sensing approach described in this study could be adapted for use in the detection of various pesticide residue targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuai Li
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Xuejin Wu
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Guihao Yin
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jinhui Luo
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tropical Products (Haikou) Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Chin-Pampillo JS, Masís-Mora M, Ruiz-Hidalgo K, Carazo-Rojas E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE. Removal of carbofuran is not affected by co-application of chlorpyrifos in a coconut fiber/compost based biomixture after aging or pre-exposure. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 46:182-189. [PMID: 27521950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomixtures constitute the biologically active part of biopurification systems (BPS), which are used to treat pesticide-containing wastewater. The aim of this work was to determine whether co-application of chlorpyrifos (CLP) affects the removal of carbofuran (CFN) (both insecticide/nematicides) in a coconut fiber-compost-soil biomixture (FCS biomixture), after aging or previous exposure to CFN. Removal of CFN and two of its transformation products (3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) was enhanced in pre-exposed biomixtures in comparison to aged biomixtures. The co-application of CLP did not affect CFN removal, which suggests that CLP does not inhibit microbial populations in charge of CFN transformation. Contrary to the removal behavior, mineralization of radiolabeled (14)C-pesticides showed higher mineralization rates of CFN in aged biomixtures (with respect to freshly prepared or pre-exposed biomixtures). In the case of CLP, mineralization was favored in freshly prepared biomixtures, which could be ascribed to high sorption during aging and microbial inhibition by CFN in pre-exposure. Regardless of removal and mineralization results, toxicological assays revealed a steep decrease in the acute toxicity of the matrix on the microcrustacean Daphnia magna (over 97%) after 8days of treatment of individual pesticides or the mixture CFN/CLP. Results suggest that FCS biomixtures are suitable to be used in BPS for the treatment of wastewater in fields where both pesticides are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Masís-Mora
- Research Center of Environmental Contamination (CICA), University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Karla Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Research Center of Environmental Contamination (CICA), University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth Carazo-Rojas
- Research Center of Environmental Contamination (CICA), University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
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Zhang CP, He HM, Yu JZ, Hu XQ, Zhu YH, Wang Q. Residues of carbosulfan and its metabolites carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice field ecosystem in China. J Environ Sci Health B 2016; 51:351-357. [PMID: 26963425 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1120606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fate of carbosulfan (seed treatment dry powder) was studied in rice field ecosystem, and a simple and reliable analytical method was developed for determination of carbosulfan, carbofuran, and 3-hydroxyl carbofuran in brown rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil. The target compounds were extracted using acetonitrile or dichloromethane, cleaned up on acidic alumina or florisil solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The average recoveries of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in brown rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil ranged from 72.71% to 105.07%, with relative standard deviations of 2.00-8.80%. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in the samples (brown rice, rice straw, paddy water and soil) were 0.011, 0.0091, 0.014, 0.010 mg kg(-1), 0.016, 0.019, 0.025, 0.013 mg kg(-1), and 0.031, 0.039, 0.035, 0.036 mg kg(-1), respectively. The trials results showed that the half-lives of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice straw were 4.0, 2.6 days, 3.9, 6.0 days, and 5.8, 7.0 days in Zhejiang and Hunan, respectively. Carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were detected in soils. Carbosulfan and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were almost undetectable in paddy water. Carbofuran was detected in paddy water. The final residues of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in brown rice were lower than 0.05 mg kg(-1), which were lower than 0.5 mg kg(-1) (MRL of carbosulfan) or 0.1 mg kg(-1) (MRL of carbofuran). Therefore, a dosage of 420 g active ingredient per 100 kg seed was recommended, which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals. These would contribute to provide the scientific basis of using this insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang P Zhang
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hong M He
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jian Z Yu
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiu Q Hu
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ya H Zhu
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Qiang Wang
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
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Chin-Pampillo JS, Ruiz-Hidalgo K, Masís-Mora M, Carazo-Rojas E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE. Adaptation of biomixtures for carbofuran degradation in on-farm biopurification systems in tropical regions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:9839-9848. [PMID: 25647489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A biomixture constitutes the active core of the on-farm biopurification systems, employed for the detoxification of pesticide-containing wastewaters. As biomixtures should be prepared considering the available local materials, the present work aimed to evaluate the performance of ten different biomixtures elaborated with by-products from local farming, in the degradation of the insecticide/nematicide carbofuran (CFN), in order to identify suitable autochthonous biomixtures to be used in the tropics. Five different lignocellulosic materials mixed with either compost or peat and soil were employed in the preparation of the biomixtures. The comprehensive evaluation of the biomixtures included removal of the parent compound, formation of transformation products, mineralization of radiolabeled CFN, and determination of the residual toxicity of the process. Detoxification capacity of the matrices was high, and compost-based biomixtures showed better performance than peat-based biomixtures. CFN removal over 98.5% was achieved within 16 days (eight out of ten biomixtures), with half-lives below 5 days in most of the cases. 3-Hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran were found as transformation products at very low concentrations suggesting their further degradation. Mineralization of CFN was also achieved after 64 days (2.9 to 15.1%); several biomixtures presented higher mineralization than the soil itself. Acute toxicity determinations with Daphnia magna revealed a marked detoxification in the matrices at the end of the process; low residual toxicity was observed only in two of the peat-based biomixtures. Overall best efficiency was achieved with the biomixture composed of coconut fiber-compost-soil; however, results suggest that in the case of unavailability of coconut fiber, other biomixtures may be employed with similar performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salvador Chin-Pampillo
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
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Mohiddin GJ, Srinivasulu M, Maddela NR, Manjunatha B, Rangaswamy V, Koch Kaiser AR, Maisincho Asqui JC, Darwin Rueda O. Influence of the insecticides acetamiprid and carbofuran on arylamidase and myrosinase activities in the tropical black and red clay soils. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:388. [PMID: 26024750 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two insecticides, namely, acetamiprid and carbofuran on the enzymatic activities of arylamidase (as glucose formed from sinigrin) and myrosinase (as β-naphthylamine formed from L-leucine β-naphthylamide) in the black and red clay soils collected from a fallow groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields in the Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was realized within the framework of the laboratory experiments in which the acetamiprid and carbofuran were applied to the soils at different doses (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 kg ha(-1)). Initially, the physicochechemical properties of the soil samples were analyzed. After 10 days of pesticide application, the soil samples were analyzed for the enzyme activities. Acetamiprid and carbofuran stimulated the arylamidase and myrosinase activities at lower concentrations after 10 days incubation. Striking stimulation in soil enzyme activities was noticed at 2.5 kg ha(-1), persists for 20 days in both the soils. Overall, higher concentrations (5.0-10.0 kg ha(-1)) of acetamiprid and carbofuran were toxic or innocuous to the arylamidase and myrosinase activities. Nevertheless, the outcomes of the present study clearly indicate that the use of these insecticides (at field application rates) in the groundnut fields (black and red clay soils) stimulated the enzyme (arylamidase and myrosinase) activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jaffer Mohiddin
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003, Andhra Pradesh, India,
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27
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Jemutai-Kimosop S, Orata FO, K'Owino IO, Getenga ZM. The dissipation of carbofuran in two soils with different pesticide application histories within Nzoia River Drainage Basin, Kenya. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 92:616-620. [PMID: 24577789 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation of carbofuran from soils within the Nzoia River Drainage Basin in Kenya was studied under real field conditions for 112 days. Results showed significantly enhanced dissipation of carbofuran with half life (DT50) values of 8 days (p = 0.038) in soils with prior exposure to carbofuran compared to 19 days in soils with no application history. At the end of the experiment, residues of 2.57% and 9.36% of the initial carbofuran applied were recorded in the two types of soil, respectively. Carbofuran metabolites identified in the study were 3-keto carbofuran and carbofuran phenol with 5.84% and 15.0% remaining in soils with prior exposure, respectively. Soils with no application history recorded 16.05% and 12.82% of 3-keto carbofuran and carbofuran phenol metabolites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selly Jemutai-Kimosop
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya,
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Clasen B, Leitemperger J, Murussi C, Pretto A, Menezes C, Dalabona F, Marchezan E, Adaime MB, Zanella R, Loro VL. Carbofuran promotes biochemical changes in carp exposed to rice field and laboratory conditions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 101:77-82. [PMID: 24507130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of carbofuran commercial formulation on oxidative stress parameters were studied in carps (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to 50µg/L for 7 and 30 days under rice field and laboratory conditions. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were increased in the brain of fish after 7 and 30 days under rice field and laboratory conditions. In the liver and muscle, TBARS levels increased after 7 and 30 days under laboratory conditions, whereas in rice field the levels increased only after 30 days. Protein carbonyl content in the liver increased after 7 and 30 days under both experimental conditions. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was decreased in the brain and muscle after 7 and 30 days under both experimental conditions evaluated. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in the liver after 7 and 30 days under rice field condition, whereas under laboratory condition this enzyme increased only after 30 days. The catalase (CAT) activity in the liver decreased after 30 days under rice field condition, whereas no changes were observed under laboratory conditions. In rice field, glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased after 7 days but increased after 30 days, whereas no change was observed in fish exposed to carbofuran under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that environmental relevant carbofuran concentrations may cause oxidative stress, affecting biochemical and enzymatic parameters on carps. Some parameters could be used as biomarkers to carbofuran exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Clasen
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Jossiele Leitemperger
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Murussi
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Pretto
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Charlene Menezes
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Dalabona
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Enio Marchezan
- Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Zanella
- LARP - Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Loro
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil.
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Charoenpornpukdee K, Thammakhet C, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Novel pipette-tip graphene/poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogel composite extractor for the analysis of carbofuran and carbaryl in water. J Environ Sci Health B 2014; 49:713-721. [PMID: 25065822 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.929478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel pipette-tip extractor of a graphene/poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogel (graphene/PVA) composite sorbent was prepared to preconcentrate carbamate pesticides in environmental water samples before analysis with a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). This novel pipette-tip extractor with the graphene/PVA sorbent exhibited a high porosity when observed through a scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Under optimal conditions, using only 1.0 mL of sample and 0.75 mL of eluting solvent, the developed method provided a wide linear range of 10-700 ng mL(-1) and 10-500 ng mL(-1) with limit of detection (LOD) of 6.40 ± 0.18 and 9.17 ± 0.34 ng mL(-1) for carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) and carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), respectively. The pipette-tip extractor provided high extraction efficiency with high accuracy indicated, by good recoveries in the range of 74.5 ± 4.8% to 119.7 ± 1.6% and 76 ± 15% to 114 ± 19% for carbofuran and carbaryl, respectively. In addition, the fabrication procedure showed a good pipette-tip extractor-to-pipette-tip extractor reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 1.3-9.8% (n = 5). When the developed pipette-tip extractor was applied for the extraction of carbofuran and carbaryl in surface water samples near vegetable plantation areas, 25.9 ± 8.2 ng mL(-1) of carbofuran was found, and carbaryl was also detected in concentrations that ranged from 45.0 ± 4.0 to 191 ± 13 ng mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokrat Charoenpornpukdee
- a Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand , Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai , Songkhla , Thailand
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Akhtar M, Mahboob S, Sultana S, Sultana T. Pesticides in the River Ravi and its tributaries between its stretches from Shahdara to Balloki Headworks, Punjab-Pakistan. Water Environ Res 2014; 86:13-19. [PMID: 24617105 DOI: 10.2175/106143013x13807328848612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence and potent source of pesticides and specific pesticide bearing effluent release points on the River Ravi, between the Shahdara and Balloki Headworks. Pakistan has banned the use of organochlorine and nitrogen containing pesticides, yet no attention has been paid to the continuous monitoring and assessment of these banned pesticides to make sure that they are not being used in practice. Levels of selected organochlorine and nitrogen containing pesticide residues were assessed in water collected from 18 sampling sites on the River Ravi and its tributaries using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). All water samples were found to be contaminated with varying concentrations of pesticide residues. However, levels of pesticides were below the tolerance limits suggested in national and international standards. Pesticide concentrations in the water of river sites ranged from 0.034 to 0.045 microg/L for DDT, 0.033 to 0.046 microg/L for DDE, 0.108 to 0.123 microg/L for endosulfan and 0.028 to 0.040 microg/L for carbofuran. In tributaries, pesticide concentrations ranged from 0.0468 to 0.0685 microg/L for DDT, 0.0390 to 0.0637 microg/L for DDE, 0.111 to 0.147 microg/L for endosulfan and 0.0396 to 0.0631 microg/L for carbofuran. The results show pesticide concentrations in river water in the order: endosulfan > DDE > DDT > carbofuran. Pesticide concentrations in tributary waters decreased in the order: endosulfan > DDT> DDE > carbofuran. After Degh Fall and After Hudiara Nulla Fall river sampling sites were severely contaminated while, among the tributaries, Degh Fall and Hudiara Drain were severely contaminated with DDT, DDE, endosulfan and carbofuran. Constant monitoring programs should to be initiated to reform the present situation.
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Ferreira JA, Santos LFS, Souza NRDS, Navickiene S, de Oliveira FA, Talamini V. MSPD sample preparation approach for reversed-phase liquid chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in stem of coconut palm. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2013; 91:160-164. [PMID: 23722654 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed using matrix solid-phase dispersion, together with liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode array detector for determination of carbofuran, difenoconazole, β-cyfluthrin, spirodiclofen and thiophanate-methyl in stem of coconut palm. The best results were obtained using 2.0 g of stem, 1.6 g of Florisil as sorbent and cyclohexane:acetone mixture (4:1). The method was validated using stem samples spiked with pesticides at four concentration levels (0.05-2.0 μg/g). Average recoveries ranged from 70 % to 114.3 %, with relative standard deviations between 1.2 % and 19.2 %. Detection and quantification limits were in the ranges 0.02-0.03 and 0.05-0.1 μg/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Alves Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
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Shormanov VK, Kovalenko EA, Duritsyn EP, Maslov SV, Galushkin SG, Pronichenko EI. [Determination of carbofuran in the biological material for the purpose of forensic medical examination]. Sud Med Ekspert 2013; 56:30-34. [PMID: 24428054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed to use the mixture of acetone and ethylacetate (1:1) as an universal solvent for the extraction of carbofuran from cadaveric tissues and fluids. Extracted carbufuran can be purified from endogenous admixtures on KSS No 3 Silica Gel columns (80/120 mcm) and identified using TLC, electron spectrophotometrty, HPLC, and GC-MS. The proposed method of forensic chemical analysis of carbofuran was applied for the purpose of forensic medical expertise.
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Abstract
In the last years, a new group of enzymes, the so-called silicateins, have been identified and characterized, which form the axial filaments of the spicules of the siliceous sponges, consisting of not only amorphous silica among others. These enzymes are able to catalyze the polycondensation and deposition of silica at mild conditions. Silicateins can be expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins are expressed on the surface of the cell wall and are able to catalyze the formation of a polysilicate net around the bacterial cells providing the possibility for further attachment to the surface of SiO2 containing sensor chips. With this mild immobilization process it is now possible to prepare novel microbial sensors based on Optical Waveguide Lightmode Spectroscopy. In the present study, the immobilization of silicatein modified E. coli BL21AI cells onto the SiO2-type chips was optimized (buffer concentration, pH, temperature, reaction time, and so on) and then the biological properties, in particular the inhibitory effect of stressors/environmental pollutants on the novel bacterial sensor were studied in real time. The effect of oxidative stress was investigated by exposing the sensors containing biosilica-immobilized E. coli BL21AI cells to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The effect of antibiotics was tested using chloramphenicol (CAP) which is effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and penicillin G which destroys the bacterial cell wall. In addition, the inhibition by carbofuran (CF) pesticide was also tested. CF is a highly toxic compound which inhibits cholinesterase activity. According our results we can conclude that the novel bacterial sensor consisting of the silicatein modified E. coli BL21AI cells immobilized on OWLS sensor surface could be an effective tool to detect the presence of different type of pollutants in real time measurement. However penicillin G and CF are not specifically inhibitors of E. coli strain, but some inhibitory effect could be still determined beside the well expressed signals for H2O2 and CAP obtained with the novel microbial sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Adányi
- Central Environmental and Food Science Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
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Bermúdez-Couso A, Nóvoa-Muñoz JC, Arias-Estévez M, Fernández-Calviño D. Influence of different abiotic and biotic factors on the metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation. Chemosphere 2013; 90:2526-2533. [PMID: 23218413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation was studied in response to different factors (soil bacterial communities, light irradiation, presence of an inorganic culture medium and presence of soil) and combinations of these factors in short-term experiments (48 h). The soil microbial communities have no effect on metalaxyl or carbofuran dissipation in the time scale employed. Light irradiation and soil promote metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation by photodegradation and adsorption, respectively. However, photodegradation has a stronger effect on metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation than the adsorption of the pesticides in the soil. The addition of the culture medium have no direct effect on pesticide dissipation, degradation by microbial communities or adsorption but its presence greatly increased photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alipio Bermúdez-Couso
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Nóvoa-Muñoz
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuel Arias-Estévez
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Calviño
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain.
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Siritham C, Thammakhet C, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Online microchannel preconcentrator for carbofuran detection. J Environ Sci Health B 2013; 48:893-905. [PMID: 23998301 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.816556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid online microchannel preconcentrator coupled with an amperometric detection for the analysis of carbofuran using polyethylene glycol coated onto magnetic particle (PEG-magnetic particles) sorbents was developed. This simple-to-prepare microchannel preconcentrator used an external magnet to retain the PEG-magnetic particle sorbents inside the microchannel. Under optimum conditions, the system provided two linear ranges, from 0.01 to 10.0 mg L(-1) and from 10.0 to 130.0 mg L(-1) with a limit of detection of 8.7 ± 0.1 μg L(-1). The microchannel preconcentrator provided very good stability; it can be used for up to 326 consecutive injections of 5.0 mg L(-1) carbofuran with a relative standard deviation of less than 3%. The developed system provided a good microchannel-to-microchannel and a good electrode-to-electrode reproducibility (n = 6, %RSD < 1). It also provided an excellent selectivity when it was tested with two other carbamate pesticides, carbaryl and methomyl, with a 43 and 256 times higher detection sensitivity for carbofuran, respectively. The developed system was successfully applied to detect carbofuran in surface water samples obtained near vegetable plantation areas. The concentrations of carbofuran in these samples were found to be in the range of non-detectable to 0.047 ± 0.001 mg L(-1). The developed system is easy to operate and easy to couple with other analytical instruments and it could be easily adapted for the analysis of other polar organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charinrat Siritham
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Chowdhury AZ, Jahan SA, Islam MN, Moniruzzaman M, Alam MK, Zaman MA, Karim N, Gan SH. Occurrence of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues in surface water samples from the Rangpur district of Bangladesh. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 89:202-207. [PMID: 22526994 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the presence of organophosphorus and carbamate residues in 24 surface water samples and five ground water samples from Pirgacha Thana, Rangpur district, Bangladesh using high-performance liquid chromatography. A number of samples of surface water from paddy fields were found to contain chlorpyriphos, carbofuran and carbaryl at concentrations ranging from 0-1.189, 0-3.395 and 0-0.163 μg/L, respectively. Surface water from the lakes had chlorpyriphos, carbofuran and carbaryl at concentrations ranging from 0.544-0.895, 0.949-1.671 and 0-0.195 μg/L, respectively. This result indicates that the general public living in the area of Rangpur is at high risk of pesticide exposure from contaminated waters in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury
- Agrochemicals and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, G.P.O. BOX 3787, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
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Otieno PO, Schramm KW, Pfister G, Lalah JO, Ojwach SO, Virani M. Spatial distribution and temporal trend in concentration of carbofuran, diazinon and chlorpyrifos ethyl residues in sediment and water in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 88:526-532. [PMID: 22323044 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos ethyl was found to be widely distributed in water and sediment in Lake Naivasha. Higher levels were reported in sediment (11.2-30.0 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) in wet season than in dry season (4.7-17.4 ng g(-1) dw). The mean concentration of chlorpyrifos ethyl in water in wet season ranged between 8.8 and 26.6 μg L(-1) and decreased to between below detection limit to 14.0 μg L(-1) in dry season. On average, higher concentrations of chlorpyrifos ethyl were observed in sediment than water samples. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in concentration between the seasons, and a significant interaction between seasons and mean concentrations at p ≤ 0.05. However, levels of diazinon and carbofuran were below the detection limit in all the samples analyzed. Notably, levels of chlorpyrifos ethyl were higher than the maximum allowable limits (0.1 μg L(-1)) recommended by European Union for drinking water and general water quality criterion for protection of freshwater water organisms (0.083 μg L(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O Box 333, 40105, Maseno, Kenya.
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Sun X, Zhu Y, Wang X. Amperometric immunosensor based on a protein A/deposited gold nanocrystals modified electrode for carbofuran detection. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:11679-91. [PMID: 22247687 PMCID: PMC3252004 DOI: 10.3390/s111211679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an amperometric immunosensor modified with protein A/deposited gold nanocrystals (DpAu) was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of carbofuran residues. First, DpAu were electrodeposited onto the Au electrode surface to absorb protein A (PA) and improve the electrode conductivity. Then PA was dropped onto the surface of DpAu film, used for binding antibody Fc fragments. Next, anti-carbofuran monoclonal antibody was immobilized on the PA modified electrode. Finally, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed to block the possible remaining active sites avoiding any nonspecific adsorption. The fabrication procedure of the immunosensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. With the excellent electroconductivity of DpAu and the PA’s oriented immobilization of antibodies, a highly efficient immuno-reaction and detection sensitivity could be achieved. The influences of the electrodeposition time of DpAu, pH of the detection solution and incubation time on the current response of the fabricated immunosensor were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the current response was proportional to the concentration of carbofuran which ranged from 1 to 100 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL. The detection limit was 0.1924 ng/mL. The proposed carbofuran immnuosensor exhibited high specificity, reproducibility, stability and regeneration performance, which may open a new door for ultrasensitive detection of carbofuran residues in vegetables and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, No.12, Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, China.
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Wang E, Yang X, Ye M, Wang Q, Cai X. [Determination of trace carbaryl and carbofuran in water by online column enrichment-ultra high performance liquid chromatography]. Se Pu 2011; 29:1141-1144. [PMID: 22393707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An online column enrichment-ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method was developed to determine trace carbaryl and carbofuran in water. The sample was injected into a UHPLC system directly after filtration with 0.22 microm membrane, and then enriched by online solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The analyte was back-flushed into the analytical column Acclaim RSLC C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 2.2 microm) by valve switching method. The mobile phases were 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0, adjusted by acetic acid) and acetonitrile in a gradient elution mode with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and detected by a diode array detector with the detection wavelength of 280 nm. The good linear ranges of carbaryl and carbofuran were 1.0 - 100 microg/L with the correlation coefficients (r2) larger than 0.9999, and the limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.5 microg/L and 0.25 microg/L, respectively. The average spiked recoveries were in the range of 76.0% - 120.0%. The method has been applied to determine trace carbaryl and carbofuran in water samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzhi Wang
- Taizhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Zeguo District), Wenling 317523, China
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Sun X, Du S, Wang X, Zhao W, Li Q. A label-free electrochemical immunosensor for carbofuran detection based on a sol-gel entrapped antibody. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:9520-31. [PMID: 22163709 PMCID: PMC3231269 DOI: 10.3390/s111009520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an anti-carbofuran monoclonal antibody (Ab) was immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using silica sol-gel (SiSG) technology. Thus, a sensitive, label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the direct determination of carbofuran was developed. The electrochemical performance of immunoreaction of antigen with the anti-carbofuran monoclonal antibody was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in which phosphate buffer solution containing [Fe(CN)(6)](3-/4-) was used as the base solution for test. Because the complex formed by the immunoreaction hindered the diffusion of [Fe(CN)(6)](3-/4-) on the electrode surface, the redox peak current of the immunosensor in the CV obviously decreased with the increase of the carbofuran concentration. The pH of working solution, the concentration of Ab and the incubation time of carbofuran were studied to ensure the sensitivity and conductivity of the immunosensor. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the proposed immunosensor for the determination of carbofuran was from 1 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL and from 50 μg/mL to 200 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.33 ng/mL (S/N = 3). The proposed immunosensor exhibited good high sensitivity and stability, and it was thus suitable for trace detection of carbofuran pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12, Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China; E-Mails: (X.S.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Shuyuan Du
- School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12, Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China; E-Mails: (X.S.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Xiangyou Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12, Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China; E-Mails: (X.S.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Wenping Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12, Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China; E-Mails: (X.S.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12, Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China; E-Mails: (X.S.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.)
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García-Santos G, Keller-Forrer K. Avoidance behaviour of Eisenia fetida to carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, mancozeb and metamidophos in natural soils from the highlands of Colombia. Chemosphere 2011; 84:651-656. [PMID: 21489597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Earthworm avoidance behaviour test is an important screening tool in soil eco-toxicology. This test has been developed and validated under North American and European conditions. However, little research has been performed on the avoidance test in the tropics. This work demonstrates the potential suitability of the avoidance behaviour test as screening method in the highlands of Colombia using Eisenia fetida as the bio-indicator species on contaminated soils with carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. Though for the two active ingredients 100% avoidance was not reached, a curve with six meaningful concentrations is provided. No significant avoidance behaviour trend was found for mancozeb and methamidophos. Tests were conducted in the field yielded similar results to the tests carried out in the laboratory for chlorpyrifos and mancozeb. However, for the case of carbofuran and methamidophos, differences of more than double in avoidance were obtained. Divergence might be explained by soil and temperature conditions.
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Tang Z, Chen H, Song S, Fan C, Zhang D, Wu A. Disposable screen-printed electrode coupled with recombinant Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase and multiwalled carbon nanotubes for rapid detection of pesticides. J AOAC Int 2011; 94:307-312. [PMID: 21391508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase (R-DmAChE), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and Prussian blue have been combined for development of a three-electrode biosensor with more rapid responses and higher stability than in our previous study. A new disposable screen-printed electrode (SPE) was developed for rapid detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. After optimization, 10 microg MWCNT and 5 microL enzyme immobilization solution consisting of 0.2% glutaraldehyde, 0.1% Nafion, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 0.1 g/L MWCNT, and 1.5 mU R-DmAChE were fixed on each of the R-DmAChE/MWCNT SPEs. The LOD of this biosensor was 0.5 microg/L for pesticide standards of dichlorvos (DDV) and carbofuran. The performance of this biosensor was tested for vegetable and water samples at various spiked levels, and good stability and sensitivity were found. The obtained recoveries were from 82.6 to 110.5% for DDV at levels of 0.5-5 microg/L and 73.4 to 118.4% for carbofuran at 1-10 microg/L in lake and sea water samples, demonstrating that the proposed approach is an alternative means for rapid detection of pesticide residues and contaminants in food safety and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhao Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Bor Luh Food Safety Center, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Carbofuran removal performance of a microwave (MW)-assisted H₂O₂ system under different MW-power levels (300-900 W) was investigated. Batch experiments were conducted at 100 mg/L carbofuran concentration using a modified-MW reactor with 2450 MHz of fixed frequency. As a precursor, control experiments were carried out with H₂O₂ alone, MW alone and conventional heating (CH). A maximum carbofuran removal of 14 % was observed in both H₂O₂ alone and CH systems. On the other hand, only 2 % removal was observed in the MW alone system irrespective of the operation-mode, i.e. continuous or pulsed. The combination of MW and H₂O₂ produced 100 % carbofuran removal in all the MW-assisted experiments. The MW-assisted system operated under continuous-mode and at 750 W has showed rapid carbofuran degradation, i.e. 30 sec, with the highest first-order removal rate constant of 25.82/min. However, 97 % carbon oxygen demand (COD) removal was observed in the same system only after 30 min. On the other hand, 100 % carbofuran removal and 49 % COD removal were observed in the pulsed-mode MW-assisted H₂O₂ system after 10 and 30 min, respectively. Carbofuran mineralization in the system was evidenced by the formation of ammonium and nitrate, and carbofuran intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelancherry Remya
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
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Leistra M, Boesten JJTI. Measurement and computation of movement of bromide ions and carbofuran in ridged humic-sandy soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 59:39-48. [PMID: 20041324 PMCID: PMC2898110 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Water flow and pesticide transport in the soil of fields with ridges and furrows may be more complex than in the soil of more level fields. Prior to crop emergence, the tracer bromide ion and the insecticide carbofuran were sprayed on the humic-sandy soil of a potato field with ridges and furrows. Rainfall was supplemented by sprinkler irrigation. The distribution of the substances in the soil profile of the ridges and furrows was measured on three dates in the potato growing season. Separate ridge and furrow systems were simulated by using the pesticide emission assessment at regional and local scales (PEARL) model for pesticide behavior in soil-plant systems. The substances travelled deeper in the furrow soil than in the ridge soil, because of runoff from the ridges to the furrows. At 19 days after application, the peak of the bromide distribution was measured to be in the 0.1-0.2 m layer of the ridges, while it was in the 0.3-0.5 m layer of the furrows. After 65 days, the peak of the carbofuran distribution in the ridge soil was still in the 0.1 m top layer, while the pesticide was rather evenly distributed in the top 0.6 m of the furrow soil. The wide ranges in concentration measured with depth showed that preferential water flow and substance transport occurred in the sandy soil. Part of the bromide ion distribution was measured to move faster in soil than the computed wave. The runoff of water and pesticide from the ridges to the furrows, and the thinner root zone in the furrows, are expected to increase the risk of leaching to groundwater in ridged fields, in comparison with more level fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minze Leistra
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Post Office Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos J. T. I. Boesten
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Post Office Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Otieno PO, Lalah JO, Virani M, Jondiko IO, Schramm KW. Carbofuran and its toxic metabolites provide forensic evidence for furadan exposure in vultures (Gyps africanus) in Kenya. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 84:536-544. [PMID: 20372877 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-9956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Forensic analysis of carbofuran residues in weathered tissue samples for evidence of Furadan exposure in vultures (Gps africanus) by HPLC gave concentration (mg/Kg dry tissue weight) ranges of bdl - 0.07 (carbofuran), bdl - 0.499 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.013-0.147 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in beaks, bdl-0.65 (carbofuran), 0.024-0.190 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.017-0.098 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in feet, 0.179-0.219 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.081-0.093 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in crop content, 0.078-0.082 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.091-0.101 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in muscle of a laced carcass and 0.006-0.014 (carbofuran), 0.590-1.010 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.095-0.135 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in soil sampled from a poisoning site. These compounds were confirmed by GC-MS. The results showed that HPLC combined with GC-MS is suitable for forensic analysis of carbofuran residues in bird tissue samples and that forensic investigation should include its two toxic metabolites, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, 40105 Maseno, Kenya
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Otieno PO, Lalah JO, Virani M, Jondiko IO, Schramm KW. Soil and water contamination with carbofuran residues in agricultural farmlands in Kenya following the application of the technical formulation Furadan. J Environ Sci Health B 2010; 45:137-144. [PMID: 20390943 DOI: 10.1080/03601230903472058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of carbofuran residues in water, soil and plant samples from selected sites in the farmlands in Kenya and to demonstrate the impact of Furadan use on the local environment. Soil, water and plant samples obtained from agricultural farmlands where the technical formulation Furadan has been used extensively showed high environmental contamination with concentrations of carbofuran and its two toxic metabolites 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran, separately, ranging from 0.010-1.009 mg/kg of dry surface soil, 0.005-0.495 mg/L in water samples from two rivers flowing through the farms and bdl-2.301 mg/L in water samples from ponds and dams located close to the farms. Maize plant samples contained these residues in concentrations ranging from 0.04-1.328 mg/kg of dry plant tissue. The significantly high concentration levels of carbofuran and its metabolites, 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran, found in various matrices demonstrate that Furadan was used extensively in the two areas and that there was environmental distribution and exposure of residues in water which posed risks when used for domestic purposes or as drinking water for animals in two wildlife conservancies where the dams and ponds are located. Surface soil contamination was also high and posed risks through run-off into the dams and rivers as well as through secondary exposure to small birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
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Kuo WS, Ho YY. Treatment of pesticide rinsate towards reuse by photosensitized Fenton-like process. Water Sci Technol 2010; 62:1424-1431. [PMID: 20861559 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A Fenton-like process with combination of dye has been used to enhance the treatment of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran -7-yl methylcarbamate) pesticide rinsate. Results showed that as compared to Fenton-like process, this photosensitization Fenton-like process improved the degradation efficiency of carbofuran rinsate significantly. Among the conditions studied, the optimum dosage for the complete destruction of carbofuran molecular structure was found under a [H2O2]0/[Fe3+]0 ratio of 30-35 and a [Dye]0/[Fe3+]0 ratio of 2%, respectively, after an irradiance of 500 W/m2 for 20 min. As a result, the COD degradation efficiency of rinsate could be promoted from 37.1 to 61.2% and 66.0% by an addition of methylene blue (MB) and alizarin red S (ARS), respectively. Nevertheless, ARS showed a much more effective acceleration effect on the mineralization and microtoxicity reduction of carbofuran than MB. A mineralization efficiency of 57.2% and a microtoxicity reduction of 90% could be achieved with the addition of ARS. Because of its quinone structure unit, the dye ARS could play a role like hydroquinone to recycle Fe2+ from Fe3+, resulting in one more catalytic effect on the reduction of Fe3+ and thus the mineralization and microtoxicity reduction of carbofuran was greatly promoted in the presence of ARS. In addition, it was found that carbofuran molecules could be decomposed quickly to lower-molecular-weight intermediates and even mineralized by attacking of hydroxyl radicals. Carbofuran was found to be decomposed to carbofuran phenol, 3-oxo carbofuran phenol, and 3-hydroxyl carbofuran phenol initially, and then further be degraded to smaller molecules, such as NO3-, CH3COOH, (COOH)2 and CO2. Accordingly, it was believed that the Fenton-like process along with the aid of a photosensitizer, such as ARS, under an appropriate ratio could be a feasible and potential technology for the treatment of pesticide rinsate.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Kuo
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miao-Li 360, Chinese Taiwan.
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Lehel J, Déri J, Laczay P, Darin EG, Budai P, Kormos E. Investigation on possible ecotoxicological risk of carbofuran insecticides. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2010; 75:217-221. [PMID: 21542486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran-containing insecticides are widely used agents in plant protection. Their use may pose considerable environmental risk for both the protected and non-protected predator and plantivorous birds. For defence of wild birds a model experiment was carried out on broiler chickens. In the study, eight animals were treated orally by gastric tube with a carbofuran-containing insecticide at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg b.w. One animal served as untreated control specimen. Forage and drinking water were provided ad libitum. After the treatment, the possible clinical signs were observed carefully, blood samples were obtained from each bird and after exsanguinations liver, breast and leg muscle samples and stomach content were taken. The carbofuran concentration in blood, tissues and stomach content was determined by gas chromatographic method. Thirty minutes after poisoning, the average carbofuran concentration in breast muscle of chickens exceeded the maximum level of 0.1 mg/kg permitted in edible tissues, whereas ninety minutes after poisoning the concentration of one sample was still above the limit value. In the liver, leg-muscle and blood samples, the measured carbofuran concentration was lower than the permitted maximum value, except in the blood of two animals. The carbofuran concentration of the stomach content markedly exceeded the limit value. The sublethal concentration of the pesticides can reduce the capable of living of wild animals. Due to the sub toxic dose the poisoned birds can survive; however, the residue of insecticides can lead to secondary toxicosis of other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lehel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhou ZM, Chen JB, Zhao DY, Yang MM. Determination of four carbamate pesticides in corn by cloud point extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography in the visible region based on their derivatization reaction. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:8722-8727. [PMID: 19807151 DOI: 10.1021/jf901644c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive method for the determination of arprocarb (AC), carbofuran (CF), isoprocarb (IC), and fenobucarb (FC) is proposed. The method is based on alkaline hydrolysis of the four carbamate pesticides, and the resultant hydrolysis products are reacted with 4-aminoantipyrene (AP) to give four red color products. The colored compounds are enriched and separated by cloud point extraction (CPE) method, and the coacervate phase containing the compounds is determined with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system in the visible region. AC, CF, IC, and FC were determined on the basis of a linear correlation between the signals of the colored compounds and the concentrations of the pesticides. The method is applied to determine the four pesticides in corn samples; the limits of detection are 2.0 x 10(-4) mg L(-1) for AC, CF, and IC and 5.0 x 10(-4) mg L(-1) for FC, with recoveries ranging between 84.8 and 93.0%, at spiking levels of 5 x 10(-3), 2 x 10(-2), and 0.2 mg kg(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-ming Zhou
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
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Abstract
In this study, the Fenton process was applied for the degradation of carbofuran from aqueous system. Batch experiments were conducted at two different carbofuran concentrations i.e., 10 and 50 mg/L, and at pH 3. Batch experiments at each carbofuran concentration were designed by central composite design (CCD) with two independent variables i.e. Fe2+ and H2O2. Experimental results indicate that more than 90% of carbofuran removal was observed within 5 mins of Fenton reaction at 5 mg/L of Fe2+ concentration and 100 mg/L of H202 concentration. Increases in Fe2+ and/or H2O2 concentrations beyond 5 and 100 mg/L, respectively produced 100% carbofuran removal. Based on the experimental observations, the optimal Fe2+ and H2O2 dosages required for 10 mg/L of aqueous carbofuran removal were estimated as 7.4 and 143 mg/L, respectively. During this study, three carbofuran intermediates such as 7-benzofuranol,2,3,-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl, 7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-benzofuran-3-one and 1,4-Benzene-di-carboxaldehyde were identified using GC/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shih Ma
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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