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Zhang S, Wang X, Yang Q, Xia Q, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Liu K. Isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate plays an anti-hypoxic role through regulating neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction signaling pathway in larval zebrafish. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114570. [PMID: 36948132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (IDHP) is the core active substance of salvia miltiorrhiza in disease treatment. The significance of our work lies in evaluating the ameliorating effects of IDHP on hypoxia-induced injury and investigating its mechanisms. We examined the morphology, dopamine neurons (DANs), cerebral vessels, and behavior of zebrafish larvae administrated by IDHP/VHC after hypoxia-induction. We next sought to explore its anti-hypoxic mechanisms via transcriptome analysis and qPCR experiments. The results indicated that hypoxia-induced injuries, including decreased length of DANs, number of cereal vessels, total swimming distance, and average swimming speed, were all alleviated by IDHP. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis provided a sign that IDHP most likely played the anti-hypoxic role through the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (NLRI) signaling pathway. Consistently, expression of related genes, such as f2rl1.1, p2ry10, npy1r, ptger2b, ptger2b, pth2rb, and nmur1a, was downregulated by hypoxia induction and recovered after IDHP administration. Therefore, we speculated that, via regulating NLRI, IDHP reduced inflammation, promoted angiogenesis, modulated blood pressure and flow, and inhibited cell apoptosis, and eventually played an anti-hypoxic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xixin Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Qing Yang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Qing Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Javed A, Naznin M, Alam MB, Fanar A, Song BR, Kim S, Lee SH. Metabolite Profiling of Microwave-Assisted Sargassum fusiforme Extracts with Improved Antioxidant Activity Using Hybrid Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networking-Genetic Algorithm. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2246. [PMID: 36421430 PMCID: PMC9687032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sargassum fusiforme (SF) is a popular edible brown macroalga found in Korea, Japan, and China and is known for its health-promoting properties. In this study, we used two sophisticated models to obtain optimized conditions for high antioxidant activity and metabolite profiling using high-resolution mass spectrometry. A four-factor central composite design was used to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction and achieve the maximum antioxidant activities of DPPH (Y1: 28.01 % inhibition), ABTS (Y2: 36.07 % inhibition), TPC (Y3: 43.65 mg GAE/g), and TFC (Y4: 17.67 mg CAE/g), which were achieved under the optimized extraction conditions of X1: 47.67 %, X2: 2.96 min, X3: 139.54 °C, and X4: 600.00 W. Moreover, over 79 secondary metabolites were tentatively identified, of which 12 compounds were reported for the first time in SF, including five phenolic (isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, scopoletin, caffeic acid 4-sulfate, and cinnamoyl glucose), two flavonoids (4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone and naringenin), three phlorotannins (diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, dibenzodioxin-1,3,6,8-tetraol, and fucophlorethol), and two other compounds (dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxybenzofuran-2(3H)-one) being identified for the first time in optimized SF extract. These compounds may also be involved in improving the antioxidant potential of the extract. Therefore, optimized models can provide better estimates and predictive capabilities that would assist in finding new bioactive compounds with improved biological activities that can be further applied at a commercial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Javed
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Marufa Naznin
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Alshammari Fanar
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Rim Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Mass Spectroscopy Converging Research Center, Green Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Shi B, Li Q, Feng Y, Dai X, Zhao R, Zhao Y, Jia P, Wang S, Yu J, Liao S, Li YF, Zheng X. Pharmacokinetics of 13 active components in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion after intravenous injection of Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae-Lignum dalbergiae odoriferae prescription. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:531-546. [PMID: 31654547 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a representative formulation of Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen)-Lignum Dalbergiae odoriferae (Jiangxiang), Xiangdan injection is widely prescribed for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases in practice. This necessitates a pharmacokinetic investigation of this formulation to make it safer and more broadly applicable. We developed and validated a sensitive, selective, and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 11 phenolic compounds including danshensu plus two diterpenoid quinones like cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA in rat. We applied this method for the pharmacokinetic studies of the 13 compounds in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion after intravenous injection of Xiangdan injection or Danshen injection. In sham-operated rats, the animals taking Xiangdan injection exhibited significant growth of the area under the curve for danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, and tanshinone IIA compared with the changes seen in the data of those administrated with Danshen injection. Such a pattern was also observed in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats, whereas increased the area under the curve values were observed for danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and tanshinone IIA. These results demonstrated that synergistic interactions occurred between the components of Danshen and the active compounds of Jiangxiang both in sham-operated and middle cerebral artery occlusion rats, increasing the bioavailability of Danshen. The results presented herein can be used to determine a reference dose for the clinical application of Xiangdan injection, and to elucidate the synergistic mechanism of Danshen and Jiangxiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baimei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xufen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Sha Liao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Dong X, Li X, Li N, Zhao H, GuLa A, Zhang X, Zhang P, Bao B. A target-group-change couple with mass defect filtering strategy to identify the metabolites of "Dogel ebs" in rats plasma, urine and bile. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3382-3389. [PMID: 31503388 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
"Dogel ebs" was known as Sophora flavescens Ait., a classical traditional Chinese Mongolian herbal medicine, which had the effects on damp-heat dysentery, scrofula, and syndrome of accumulated dampness toxicity. Although the chemical constituents have been clarified by our previous studies, the metabolic transformation of "Dogel ebs" in vivo was still unclear. To explore the mechanism of "Dogel ebs," the metabolites in plasma, bile, and urine samples were investigated. A fast positive and negative ion switching technology was used for the simultaneous determination of flavonoids and alkaloids in "Dogel ebs" in a single run. And a target-group-change coupled with mass defect filtering strategy was utilized to analyze the collected data. 89 parent compounds and 82 metabolites were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Both phase I and phase II metabolites were observed and the metabolic pathways involved in oxidation, demethylation, acetylation, and glucuronidation. 69 metabolites of "Dogel ebs," including three hydroxyls bonding xanthohumol, formononetin-7-O-glucuronide, 2'-hydroxyl-isoxanthohumol decarboxylation metabolite, oxysophocarpine dehydrogen, 9α-hydroxysophoramine-O-glucuronide, etc. were reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - XiaoNa Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - HongMei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - A GuLa
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - BaoQuan Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
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Wang J, Ma C, Li Q, Wang X, Yang Y, Yang L, Jiang W, Liao S, Wang S, Jia P, Zhao Y, Zheng X. Metabolite identification of tanshinol borneol ester in rats by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4438. [PMID: 30444936 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) is a potential drug candidate composed of danshensu and borneol. It shows anti-ischemic and anti-atherosclerosis activity. However, little is known about its metabolism in vivo. This research aimed to elucidate the metabolic profile of DBZ through analyzing its metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent TC-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) with gradient elution using methanol and water containing 0.2% (v/v) formic acid as the mobile phase. Metabolite identification involved analyzing the retention behaviors, changes in molecular weights and MS/MS fragment patterns of DBZ and its metabolites. As a result, 20 potential metabolites were detected and tentatively identified in rat plasma, urine and feces after administration of DBZ. DBZ could be metabolized to O-methylated DBZ, DBZ-O-glucuronide, O-methylated DBZ-O-glucuronide, hydroxylated DBZ and danshensu. Danshensu, a hydrolysis product of DBZ, could further be transformed into 12 metabolites. The proposed method was confirmed to be a reliable and sensitive alternative for characterizing metabolic pathways of DBZ and providing valuable information on its druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cuicui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ankang University, Shaanxi, Ankang, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sha Liao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education/College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Mi N, Cheng T, Li H, Yang P, Mu X, Wang X, Zu X, Qi X, Guo X, Ye J, Zhang W. Metabolite profiling of traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan Zhi Tablet: An integrated strategy based on UPLC-QTOF/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:70-85. [PMID: 30359841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are becoming active substances of pharmacologically as well as promising sources for discovering new drugs. However, detection and identification of constituents in vivo remains a challenge for TCM, due to massive endogenous interference and low abundance of metabolites in biological matrix. Traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan Zhi Tablet (DZT), a well-established TCM formula developed based on years of clinical experiences, was widely used to treat cerebral infraction disease. In this study, an integrated strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was adopted to comprehensively identify the prototype and metabolite constituents of DZT. The potential constituents were screened by cross orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Automatic matching analysis was performed on UNIFI platform based on the function of predicting metabolites. Using this strategy, a total of 170 compounds, including 51 prototype constituents and 119 metabolites were unambiguously or tentatively identified in rat plasma. Furthermore, 31 compounds have also been detected in rat cerebrospinal fluid. The metabolism reactions included phase I reactions (hydroxylation, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, hydrogenation, demethylation and dehydroxylation) and phase II reactions (conjugation with glutatione, cysteine, acetylcysteine, glucuronide, sulfate). It is the first systematic metabolic study of DZT in vivo and some metabolites were also reported for the first time, which could provide a scientific basis for explaining the multiple functions of DZT. More importantly, the integrated strategy also shows promising perspectives in the identification of the metabolites in TCM from a complicated biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mi
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Taofang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peiming Yang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Mu
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaopo Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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7
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Valente IM, Maia MRG, Malushi N, Oliveira HM, Papa L, Rodrigues JA, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Profiling of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of European varieties and cultivars of Vicia faba L. pods. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 152:223-229. [PMID: 29787901 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vicia faba L. pods are a by-product generated from the industrial processing of beans for human and animal consumption. As phenolic compounds may play important roles in health, the present work envisaged the phenolic characterization of seven European varieties and cultivars of V. faba (major and minor) pods and the assessment of their antioxidant activity. The V. faba methanolic extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS for identification of polyphenolic compounds. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were evaluated by colorimetric methods (Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH scavenging capacity assay, and FRAP assay). Main compounds identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS were derivatives of caffeic acid, coumaric acid and kaempferol. The broad bean Jögeva variety presented the highest content of free and esterified phenolics (26.3 and 26.7 mg 100 g-1 dry weight, respectively), followed by the horse bean varieties Bauska and Lielplatones. These results were corroborated by the analysis of total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging capacity and FRAP. This study confirmed the rich phenolic content of V. faba pods suggesting to be an interesting novel source for animal nutrition, promoting product quality and consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nertila Malushi
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Department of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez, 1001, Albania
| | - Hugo M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lumturi Papa
- Department of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez, 1001, Albania
| | - José A Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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