1
|
Chen C, Xu T, Zhou K, Zhu S. Factors affecting voriconazole concentration to dose ratio changes according to route of administration. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023; 31:31-35. [PMID: 35273002 PMCID: PMC10800250 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-003173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voriconazole (VRCZ) is commonly used as oral and intravenous (IV) formulations. Few studies have comprehensively analysed the variation factors for the weight-corrected VRCZ serum concentration/dose (C/D) ratio based on the administration route. We retrospectively investigated the risk factors that influence the VRCZ C/D ratio in patients treated with oral or IV formulations. METHODS A total of 325 patients were divided into two groups (IV and oral groups). Propensity score matching was performed and linear regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors that affect the VRCZ C/D ratio according to the administration route. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also used to assess the predictive potential for VRCZ trough concentration >5 µg/mL. RESULTS The VRCZ C/D ratio in the oral group was significantly lower than that in the IV group (p<0.001). Propensity score matching resulted in 65 in the IV group matched with 65 in the oral group. Multivariate analysis showed that age (p=0.039), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p=0.016) and total bilirubin (TBIL) (p=0.041) levels were independent influencing factors of the VRCZ C/D ratio in the oral group. ROC curves showed that the predicted probability of combined age, AST and TBIL had maximal area under the curve (AUC) of 0.901 for VRCZ trough level >5 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the ratio of TBIL (p=0.005) and single dose (p=0.015) were independent factors in the IV group with ROCAUC of 0.781. CONCLUSIONS To obtain optimal VRCZ efficacy and safety, dose adjustment is required based on multiple factors that may cause the observed difference in the VRCZ C/D ratio and trough levels between oral and IV administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Keting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Suyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haduch A, Bromek E, Kuban W, Basińska-Ziobroń A, Danek PJ, Alenina N, Bader M, Daniel WA. The effect of brain serotonin deficit (TPH2-KO) on the expression and activity of liver cytochrome P450 enzymes in aging male Dark Agouti rats. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1522-1532. [PMID: 37848703 PMCID: PMC10661807 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) greatly contributes to the metabolism of endogenous substances and drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated that CYP expression in the liver is controlled by the central nervous system via hormonal pathways. In particular, the expression of hepatic CYPs is negatively regulated by the brain serotoninergic system. The present study aimed to investigate changes in the function of the main liver drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes as a result of serotonin depletion in the brain of aging rats, caused by knockout of brain tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH2-KO). METHODS The hepatic CYP mRNA (qRT-PCR), protein level (Western blotting) and activity (HPLC), and serum hormone levels (ELISA) were measured in Dark Agouti wild-type (WT) male rats (mature 3.5-month-old and senescent 21-month-old) and in TPH2-KO senescent animals. RESULTS The expression/activity of the studied CYPs decreased with age in the liver of wild-type rats. The deprivation of serotonin in the brain of aging males decreased the mRNA level of most of the studied CYPs (CYP1A/2A/2B/3A), and lowered the protein level of CYP2C11 and CYP3A. In contrast, the activities of CYP2C11, CYP3A and CYP2C6 were increased. The expression of cytochrome b5 decreased in aging rats, but increased in TPH2-deficient senescent animals. The serum concentration of growth hormone declined in the aged and further dropped down in TPH2-deficient senescent rats. CONCLUSIONS Rat liver cytochrome P450 functions deteriorate with age, which may impair drug metabolism. The TPH2 knockout, which deprives brain serotonin, affects cytochrome P450 expression and activity differently in mature and senescent male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haduch
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Bromek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kuban
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basińska-Ziobroń
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław J Danek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Władysława A Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ROS: Basic Concepts, Sources, Cellular Signaling, and its Implications in Aging Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1225578. [PMID: 36312897 PMCID: PMC9605829 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1225578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are bioproducts of cellular metabolism. There is a range of molecules with oxidizing properties known as ROS. Despite those molecules being implied negatively in aging and numerous diseases, their key role in cellular signaling is evident. ROS control several biological processes such as inflammation, proliferation, and cell death. The redox signaling underlying these cellular events is one characteristic of the new generation of scientists aimed at defining the role of ROS in the cellular environment. The control of redox potential, which includes the balance of the sources of ROS and the antioxidant system, implies an important target for understanding the cells' fate derived from redox signaling. In this review, we summarized the chemical, the redox balance, the signaling, and the implications of ROS in biological aging.
Collapse
|
4
|
Haduch A, Danek PJ, Kuban W, Pukło R, Alenina N, Gołębiowska J, Popik P, Bader M, Daniel WA. Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) enzyme dysfunction associated with aging and serotonin deficiency in the brain and liver of female Dark Agouti rats. Neurochem Int 2022; 152:105223. [PMID: 34780807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the enzymes that support brain metabolism, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes occupy an important place. These enzymes catalyze the biotransformation pathways of neuroactive endogenous substrates (neurosteroids, neurotransmitters) and are necessary for the detoxification processes. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in the CYP2D activity and protein level during the aging process and as a result of serotonin deficiency in the female brain. The CYP2D activity was measured in brain and liver microsomes of Dark Agouti wild type (WT) female rats (mature 15-week-old and senescent 18-month-old rats) and in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2)-deficient senescent female rats. The CYP2D activity in mature WT Dark Agouti females was independent of the changing phases of the estrous cycle. In senescent WT females rats, the CYP2D activity and protein level were decreased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and liver, but increased in the brain stem. In the other examined structures (frontal cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, striatum), the enzyme activity did not change. In aging TPH2-deficient females, the CYP2D activity and protein levels were decreased in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus and brain stem (activity only), remaining unchanged in other brain structures and liver, relative to senescent WT females. In summary, the aging process and TPH2 deficit affect the CYP2D activity and protein level in female rats, which may have a negative impact on the compensatory capacity of CYP2D in the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine in cerebral structures involved in cognitive and emotional functions. In the liver, the CYP2D-catalyzed drug metabolism may be diminished in elderly females. The results in female rats are compared with those obtained previously in males. It is concluded that aging and serotonin deficiency exert sex-dependent effects on brain CYP2D, which seem to be less favorable in females concerning CYP2D-mediated neurotransmitter synthesis, but beneficial regarding slower neurosteroid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haduch
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław J Danek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kuban
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Pukło
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Joanna Gołębiowska
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Władysława A Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reimann H, Bankoglu EE, Stopper H, Hintzsche H. In vitro evaluation of chromosomal damage and DNA strand breaks after treatment with the poppy seed alkaloid thebaine. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 870-871:503393. [PMID: 34583825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thebaine is an alkaloid and can be found in poppy seeds in relatively high concentrations. Acute toxicity of thebaine is fairly high, but not much is known about chronic toxicity. To investigate the genotoxicity of thebaine, cytokinesis-block micronucleus test and comet assay were conducted in TK6 cells. In addition, effects of putative thebaine metabolites were analysed using metabolically active HepG2 cells and TK6 cells with S9 mix. FDA test and trypan blue test were used together with the frequency of mitotic and apoptotic cells to assess potential cytotoxicity of thebaine treatment. Micronucleus induction was observed after high doses (150 and 500 μM) of thebaine without metabolic activation in the presence of slight to moderate cytotoxicity. No effects were observed in the comet assay or after metabolic activation up to the highest dose of 500 μM. A potential protective effect on micronucleus induction after thebaine treatment was investigated via co-treatment with MMC and BaP in TK6 cells. Only after co-treatment with MMC, a reduction of micronucleus frequency was found. Overall, this study shows a potential of thebaine to induce genotoxic effects at high concentrations. The observation of cytotoxicity at these concentrations supports the hypothesis that genotoxicity may be caused by cytotoxic effects. Further studies will need to elucidate whether these effects are directly genotoxic or indeed result from cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Reimann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ezgi Eylül Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Henning Hintzsche
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany; Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sex and Estrous Cycle Differences in Analgesia and Brain Oxycodone Levels. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6540-6551. [PMID: 34581987 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in opioid analgesia occur in rodents and humans, and could be due to differences in drug and metabolite levels. Thus, we investigated the sex and cycle differences in analgesia (nociception) from oxycodone in rats and related these to sex and cycle differences in brain and plasma oxycodone and metabolite levels. Since numerous opioids are CYP2D enzyme substrates and variation in CYP2D alters opioid drug levels and response, we also initiated studies to see if the sex and cycle differences observed might be due to differences in brain CYP2D activity. Across oxycodone doses, females in diestrus had higher analgesia (using tail flick latency) compared to males and females in estrus; we also demonstrated a direct effect of estrous cycle on analgesia within females. Consistent with the analgesia, females in diestrus had highest brain oxycodone levels (assessed using microdialysis) compared to males and females in estrus. Analgesia correlated with brain oxycodone, but not brain oxymorphone or noroxycodone levels, or plasma drug or metabolite levels. Propranolol (a CYP2D mechanism-based inhibitor), versus vehicle pre-treatments, increased brain oxycodone, and decreased brain oxymorphone/oxycodone drug level ratios (an in vivo CYP2D activity phenotype in the brain) in males and females in estrus, but not in females in diestrus. Brain oxymorphone/oxycodone inversely correlated with analgesia. Together, both sex and estrous cycle impact oxycodone analgesia and brain oxycodone levels, likely through regulation of brain CYP2D oxycodone metabolism. As CYP2D6 is expressed in human brain, perhaps similar sex and cycle influences also occur in humans.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abd-Elhakim YM, Moselhy AAA, Aldhahrani A, Beheiry RR, Mohamed WAM, Soliman MM, Saffaf BA, M. El Deib M. Protective Effect of Curcumin against Sodium Salicylate-Induced Oxidative Kidney Damage, Nuclear Factor-Kappa Dysregulation, and Apoptotic Consequences in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:826. [PMID: 34064189 PMCID: PMC8224369 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of sodium salicylates (SS), alone and in combination with curcumin (CUR), on kidney function and architecture in rats. Five rat groups were given 1 mL physiological saline/rat orally, 1 mL olive oil/rat orally, 50 mg CUR/kg bwt orally, 300 mg SS/kg bwt intraperitoneally, or CUR+SS for 15 days. The hematological indices, serum protein profile, serum electrolytes balance, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation of kidney tissues were assessed. The histopathological examination and immune expression of Caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) were conducted. The findings showed that SS injection induced nephrotoxic activity, including increased serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels. It also caused apparent pathological alterations with increased Caspase-3 and NF-κB immuno-expression. In addition, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia but not hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia were evident in SS-injected rats. Moreover, SS exposure increased serum α1 globulin, renal tissue malondialdehyde, and Caspase-3 levels but superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and Bcl-2 levels declined. Meanwhile, CUR significantly counteracted the SS harmful impacts on kidneys but SS+CUR co-administration induced an anemic condition. Overall, CUR has an evident protective role against SS-induced renal damage, but the disturbed hematological alterations should be carefully taken into consideration in their combined use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Attia A. A. Moselhy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Turabah 21995, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Rasha R. Beheiry
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Wafaa A. M. Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Turabah 21995, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Bayan A. Saffaf
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, City of the Future 41639, Egypt;
| | - Maha M. El Deib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu SF, Hu AL, Xie L, Liu JJ, Wu Q, Liu J. Age-associated changes of cytochrome P450 and related phase-2 gene/proteins in livers of rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7429. [PMID: 31396457 PMCID: PMC6681801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are phase-I metabolic enzymes playing important roles in drug metabolism, dietary chemicals and endogenous molecules. Age is a key factor influencing P450s expression. Thus, age-related changes of CYP 1–4 families and bile acid homeostasis-related CYPs, the corresponding nuclear receptors and a few phase-II genes were examined. Livers from male Sprague-Dawley rats at fetus (−2 d), neonates (1, 7, and 14 d), weanling (21 d), puberty (28 and 35 d), adulthood (60 and 180 d), and aging (540 and 800 d) were collected and subjected to qPCR analysis. Liver proteins from 14, 28, 60, 180, 540 and 800 days of age were also extracted for selected protein analysis by western blot. In general, there were three patterns of their expression: Some of the drug-metabolizing enzymes and related nuclear receptors were low in fetal and neonatal stage, increased with liver maturation and decreased quickly at aging (AhR, Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1, Cyp2b2, Cyp3a1, Cyp3a2, Ugt1a2); the majority of P450s (Cyp1a2, Cyp2c6, Cyp2c11, Cyp2d2, Cyp2e1, CAR, PXR, FXR, Cyp7a1, Cyp7b1. Cyp8b1, Cyp27a1, Ugt1a1, Sult1a1, Sult1a2) maintained relatively high levels throughout the adulthood, and decreased at 800 days of age; and some had an early peak between 7 and 14 days (CAR, PXR, PPARα, Cyp4a1, Ugt1a2). The protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP4A1, and CYP7A1 corresponded the trend of mRNA changes. In summary, this study characterized three expression patterns of 16 CYPs, five nuclear receptors, and four phase-II genes during development and aging in rat liver, adding to our understanding of age-related CYP expression changes and age-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - An-Ling Hu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qu W, Liu X. Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of artocarpin and assessment of its drug-drug interaction. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Guangxi Medical University; Nanning China
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Srinivas NR. Severe metabolic impairment with increasing age for CYP3A and CYP2D substrates in rats: Possible consequences for drug development. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28593732 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|