Near-infrared dual-response fluorescent probe for detection of N2H4 and intracellular viscosity changes in biological samples and various water samples

N2H4 is a common raw material used in the production of pesticides and has good water solubility, so it may contaminate water sources and eventually enter living organisms, causing serious health problems. Viscosity is an important indicator of the cellular microenvironment and an early warning signal for many diseases. The high reactivity of hydrazine depletes glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes, causing oxidative stress ultimately leading to significant changes in intracellular viscosity and even death. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop an effective method to detect N2H4 and viscosity in environmental and biological systems. On this basis, we developed two fluorescent probes, BDD and BHD, based on xanthene and 2-benzothiazole acetonitrile. The experimental results show that BHD and BDD have good imaging capabilities for N2H4 in cells, zebrafish and Arabidopsis. BHD and BDD also showed sensitive detection and fluorescence enhancement in the near-infrared region when the intracellular viscosity was changed. Notably, the probe BDD has also successfully imaged N2H4 in a variety of real water samples.

A fluorescent probe for detecting H2O2 and delivering H2S in lysosomes and its application in maintaining the redox environments

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be used as a marker for the occurrence of oxidative stress in the organism. Lysosomes serve as intracellular digestive sites, and when the concentration of H2O2 in them is abnormal, lysosomal function is often impaired, leading to the development of diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) acts as a gaseous signaling molecule that scavenges H2O2 from cells and tissues, thereby maintaining the redox environment of the body. However, most of the reported hydrogen peroxide fluorescent probes so far can only detect H2O2, but cannot maintain the intracellular redox environment. In this paper, an H2O2 fluorescent probe LN-HOD with lysosomal targeting properties was designed and synthesized by combining the H2O2 recognition site with a naphthylamine fluorophore via a thiocarbamate moiety. The probe has the advantages of large Stokes shift (110 nm), high sensitivity and good H2S release capability. The probe LN-HOD can be used to detect H2O2 in cells, zebrafish and plant roots. In addition, LN-HOD detects changes in the concentration of H2O2 in plant roots when Arabidopsis is stressed by cadmium ion (Cd2+). And through its ability to release H2S, it can help to remove excess H2O2 and maintain the redox environment in cells, zebrafish and plant roots. The present work provides new ideas for the detection and assisted removal of H2O2, which contributes to the in-depth study of the cellular microenvironment in organisms.

Development of an indirect ELISA against Orf virus using two recombinant antigens, partial B2L and F1L

Orf is a highly contagious viral disease affecting goats and sheep. It is caused by Orf virus (ORFV) and has caused severe economic losses to the global goat industry, including in China. In this study, an indirect ELISA method for recombinant proteins based on truncated dominant antigenic epitopes of B2L and F1L genes of ORFV was established. A series of conditions and its performance were comprehensively evaluated. The optimized ELISA reaction conditions were: the optimal coating amount of antigen was 0.25 μg/mL, 5% skim milk powder was closed for 1 h, the optimal dilution of serum was 1:200, the optimal incubation time of the rabbit anti-goat IgG was 1:8000, the optimal color development time of TMB was 15 mins, and the threshold value of negative-positive was 0.358. The method specifically detects anti-ORFV antibodies and does not cross-react with positive sera for other common goat pathogenic bacteria antiserum. ORFV-positive sera were still positive after 1:512 dilution, with intra-batch coefficient of variation (CV) between 7.1% and 9.5% and inter-batch CV between 5.0% and 7.6%; 51% (92/180) of immunized goat serum samples were tested positive and 14.44% (14/63) of non-immunized goat serum samples were positive. The results show that the indirect ELISA antibody assay established in this study has good specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility, and provides a technical tool for clinical ORFV serum antibody detection and epidemiological investigation.

[Endoscopic response evaluation in gastrointestinal cancers after neoadjuvant chemora- diotherapy]

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has emerged as the standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, esophageal cancer and gastroesophageal junction cancer which can not only improve the rate of local control but also induce pathological complete response in some patients. For patients who have achieved clinical complete response after neoadjuvant therapy, the watch & wait strategy and organ preservation could reduce unnecessary surgery and minimize the risk of postoperative complications, meanwhile greatly improve patients' quality of life without affecting the oncologic outcome. At present, a variety of methods, including white light endoscopy, endoscopic forceps biopsy, image enhanced endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration, endoscopic submucosal dissection, artificial intelligence assisted technology, etc., have become important assistance for the evaluation of tumor response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and have been widely used in clinical practice. This review will briefly introduce the application of the endoscopic approaches mentioned above and some novel endoscopic techniques and developing trends in response evaluation for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, esophageal cancer and gastroesophageal junction cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Type-I protein arginine methyltransferase inhibition primes anti-programmed cell death protein 1 immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy shows promise for treating aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, only some patients benefit from ICB, revealing an urgent need for identifying novel strategies for sensitizing patients to ICB. Previously, the authors demonstrated that type-I protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) regulated antiviral innate-immune responses in TNBC by altering RNA splicing. This study aimed to explore the effects of targeting type-I PRMTs on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the efficacy of ICB therapy against TNBC.

METHODS

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the effects of type-I PRMT inhibition on the TME, especially T-cell subsets. Single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing was performed to analyze the diversity and dynamics of the T-cell repertoire. A syngeneic murine model of TNBC was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and immune memory effect of combining a type-I PRMT inhibitor (MS023) with an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody.

RESULTS

Type-I PRMT inhibition combined with anti-PD-1 therapy reduced tumor growth. Mechanistically, type-I PRMT inhibition reshaped the TME. Increased CD8 T-cell infiltration was verified using flow cytometry. Increased clonotypes and clonal diversity were also observed after MS023 treatment, which contributed to immune memory following combination treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting type-I PRMT can potentially improve immunotherapeutic efficacies in patients with TNBC. By enhancing the tumor immunogenicity and promoting a more favorable immune microenvironment, this combined approach may enable more patients with TNBC to benefit from immunotherapies.

Successful ECMO treatment in patients with cerebral hemorrhage and PROC gene mutation associated with VTE: a case report

In this report, we report a case of a middle-aged male, admitted to the ICU with cerebral hemorrhage resulting from a severe high-altitude fall. The patient encountered significant challenges in oxygenation index correction, attributed to extensive embolism in both the primary and branch pulmonary arteries. Consequently, the patient underwent an immediate initiation of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) therapy, persisting for 20 days. During this treatment period, a mutation in the protein C (PROC) gene was identified. The medical team meticulously navigated the delicate balance between anticoagulation and bleeding risks. Eventually, the patient was successfully weaned off VA-ECMO and subsequently discharged. This report aims to delve into the etiology and therapeutic approaches of this uncommon case, with the intention of offering insightful reference for managing similar clinical scenarios in the future.

Cellulose nanocrystals intercalated clay biocomposite for rapid Cr(VI) removal

The application of bentonite (Bt) as an adsorbent for heavy metals has been limited due to its hydrophobicity and insufficient surface area. Herein, we present cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) modified Bt composite (CNC@Bt) with enhanced efficiency for Cr(VI) removal. CNC@Bt exhibited an increased specific surface area and a porous structure, while maintaining the original crystal structure of Bt. This was achieved through a synergistic function of ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and steric hindrance. The adsorption of Cr(VI) by CNC@Bt followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. Moreover, the process was endothermic and spontaneous. At an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 20 mg/L and pH = 4.0, 10 g/L CNC@Bt achieved a removal rate of 92.7%, and the adsorption capacity was 1.85 mg/g, significantly higher than bare Bt (37.9% and 0.76 mg/g). The removal efficiency remained consistently above 80% over a wide pH range, indicating the potential practical applicability of CNC@Bt. With its fast adsorption rate, pH adaptability, and stable performance, CNC@Bt presents promising prospects for the rapid treatment of Cr-contaminated wastewater.

First Report of Brown Leaf Rot Disease on Dendrobium nobile Caused by Xylaria flabelliformis in Guizhou Province, China

Dendrobium nobile is the largest species of the Orchidaceae family and produces dendrobine, a compound with medicinal properties (Sarsaiya et al., 2020a; Sarsaiya et al., 2024; Qian et al., 2024). The accumulation of dendrobine in D. nobile is regulated by various pathogenic fungi, which directly and indirectly influence dendrobine biosynthesis (Sarsaiya et al., 2019a; Sarsaiya et al., 2019b). In a field planted with D. nobile in Guizhou Province, China, small lesions were initially observed on the upper part of the leaves from May to June 2019, which later developed into larger brown necrotic leaf lesions. Over time, these lesions greatly impacted the medicinal value (dendrobine) and productivity of the plant. A pure culture of Xylaria flabelliformis from infected wild D. nobile leaves was recovered and subsequently cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 °C for 5 days. Xylaria flabelliformis grew slowly and was composed of white mycelia. Colonies were initially white, with a regular margin, and formed stromata that consisted of mycelia sterilia without ascospores. We identified the strain as Xylaria flabelliformis based on its morphological characteristics (Liu et al., 2007) and by sequencing elongation factor-1α (EF-1α). The length of the DNA sequence of EF-1α that was used for the analysis of Xylaria flabelliformis was 1188 bp. BLASTx (nucleotide 6-frame translation-protein) analysis using the National Center for Biotechnology Information database showed that the obtained protein sequence (BLASTx protein accession no.: UTS95822.1, BLASTn nucleotide sequence accession no.: MW508334.1) had the highest similarity (98.21%) with the X. flabelliformis hypothetical protein (TRX95197.1) based on a thorough phylogenetic comparison with other Xylaria species. Healthy D. nobile seedlings were planted in pots and sterilized. The terminal leaves were excised from all pre-sterilised D. nobile seedlings and inoculated with Xylaria flabelliformis mycelial plugs, whereas sterile PDA plugs and moist cotton plugs were used as controls. All seedlings were maintained under optimum temperature and humidity conditions (25 °C and 80%, respectively) for seven days for observation and analysis. All experiments were performed in triplicate. After the incubation period, brown leaf rot lesions were observed for the first time on the inoculated D. nobile leaves, but no symptoms were observed on the leaves of the two control groups (sterile PDA plugs and moist cotton plugs). To complete Koch's postulates, Xylaria flabelliformis was re-isolated and identified from all diseased tissues by DNA sequencing of the EF-1α. It was determined for the first time that Xylaria flabelliformis can cause brown leaf lesions in D. nobile. Moreover, the pathogenicity of Xylaria flabelliformis in D. nobile has not been previously reported (Mead et al., 2019; Meng et al., 2019; Sarsaiya et al., 2019a; Sarsaiya et al., 2020b; Chen et al., 2023; Rinchen, 2023; Cao et al., 2024). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BLRS lesions in D. nobile leaves caused by Xylaria flabelliformis in Guizhou Province, China. Identification of Xylaria flabelliformis as a pathogen of D. nobile is crucial for advancing effective management and control practices against brown leaf rot disease. This discovery provides valuable insights into the development of targeted strategies to mitigate the impact of Xylaria flabelliformis on D. nobile, safeguard medicinal properties such as dendrobine, and enhance overall productivity.

Small extracellular vesicles facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps via the miR-375-3p/QKI axis

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the involvement of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in EMT and their contributions to CRSwNP has not been extensively investigated.

METHODS

SEVs were isolated from nasal mucosa through ultracentrifugation. MicroRNA sequencing and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction were employed to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs carried by sEVs. Human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) were used to assess the EMT-inducing effect of sEVs/microRNAs. EMT-associated markers were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the target gene of miR-375-3p. MicroRNA mimic, lentiviral, and plasmid transduction were used for functional experiments.

RESULTS

In line with the greater EMT status in eosinophilic CRSwNP (ENP), sEVs derived from ENP (ENP-sEVs) could induce EMT in hNECs. MiR-375-3p was elevated in ENP-sEVs compared to that in control and nonENP. MiR-375- 3p carried by ENP-sEVs facilitated EMT by directly targeting KH domain containing RNA binding (QKI) at seed sequences of 913-919, 1025-1033, and 2438-2444 in 3'-untranslated region. Inhibition of QKI by miR-375-3p overexpression promoted EMT, which could be reversed by restoration of QKI. Furthermore, the abundance of miR-375-3p in sEVs was closely correlated with the clinical symptom score and disease severity.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-375-3p-enriched sEVs facilitated EMT by suppressing QKI in hNECs. The association of miR-375-3p with disease severity underscores its potential as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target for the innovative management of CRSwNP.

Clinical knowledge-guided deep reinforcement learning for sepsis antibiotic dosing recommendations

Sepsis is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Antibiotics are an important component in the treatment of sepsis. The use of antibiotics is currently facing the challenge of increasing antibiotic resistance (Evans et al., 2021). Sepsis medication prediction can be modeled as a Markov decision process, but existing methods fail to integrate with medical knowledge, making the decision process potentially deviate from medical common sense and leading to underperformance. (Wang et al., 2021). In this paper, we use Deep Q-Network (DQN) to construct a Sepsis Anti-infection DQN (SAI-DQN) model to address the challenge of determining the optimal combination and duration of antibiotics in sepsis treatment. By setting sepsis clinical knowledge as reward functions to guide DQN complying with medical guidelines, we formed personalized treatment recommendations for antibiotic combinations. The results showed that our model had a higher average value for decision-making than clinical decisions. For the test set of patients, our model predicts that 79.07% of patients will achieve a favorable prognosis with the recommended combination of antibiotics. By statistically analyzing decision trajectories and drug action selection, our model was able to provide reasonable medication recommendations that comply with clinical practices. Our model was able to improve patient outcomes by recommending appropriate antibiotic combinations in line with certain clinical knowledge.

Reproductive outcomes after in vitro fertilization in women with cesarean section scar diverticulum: A retrospective study

PURPOSE

Some studies have suggested that cesarean section diverticulum may affect the pregnancy outcomes of assisted reproductive technology through a variety of mechanisms. This study aims to explore whether previous cesarean section and uterine scar diverticulum affect pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 954 infertile women with only one previous delivery who had in vitro fertilization treatment and underwent fresh embryo transplantation for the first time at our center between 2015 and 2019. We first divided the women into two groups by previous vaginal delivery (n = 557) or cesarean section delivery (n = 397), and the latter group included 88 women with cesarean diverticulum and 309 women without cesarean diverticulum. Baseline characteristics were compared and analyzed, and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the different pregnancy outcomes among the above groups.

RESULTS

Although the live birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and mean embryo implantation rate after in vitro fertilization were significantly reduced in patients with previous cesarean section (live birth rate: 26.45% vs. 43.99%, adjusted OR: 0.602, CI: 0.447-0.810; clinical pregnancy rate: 35.26% vs. 49.91%, adjusted OR: 0.724, CI: 0.544-0.962; mean embryo implantation rate: 0.227 ± 0.378 vs. 0.243 ± 0.397, adjusted OR: 0.860, CI: 0.514-1.439), there were no significant differences in pregnancy outcomes between the women with cesarean diverticulum and without cesarean diverticulum (p > 0.05) or between the two groups at different ages. The live birth and clinical pregnancy rates in the women with residual muscle thickness ≤2.2 mm or prolonged menstruation were reduced, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study showed reduced pregnancy and live birth rates after in vitro fertilization in patients with previous cesarean section, while uterine scarring did not adversely affect pregnancy and delivery outcomes after in vitro fertiliazation.

Causal relationship between cigarette smoking behaviors and the risk of hernias: a Mendelian randomization study

PURPOSE

As the global population continues to age, there is a noticeable yearly rise in the incidence of hernias. Simultaneously, smoking, a widespread addictive behavior and a significant contributor to mortality, has evolved into a pervasive public health concern. Existing literature has already established a connection between smoking and an increased risk of postoperative recurrence and postoperative infections following hernia surgery. However, there remains a dearth of research exploring the association between smoking and hernia morbidity. In this study, our objective is to systematically evaluate the causal relationship between cigarette smoking behaviors and hernia morbidity using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.

METHODS

Hernia-related data were sourced from the FinnGen Biobank database, while cigarette smoking behavior data were gathered from the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use. To assess the causal relationship, we employed five methods: the weighted median, the weighted mode the inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and the simple mode. Sensitivity analysis was conducted, incorporating Cochran's Q test, the MR-Egger intercept test, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plot. The presentation of the causal relationship is expressed as an odds ratio (OR) along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

Employing the IVW method as the reference standard, we found that smoking intensity is associated with an increased risk of diaphragmatic hernia (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.00-1.46, P = 0.047). These consistent findings were further corroborated by the weighted median and weighted mode methods (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.54, P = 0.026; OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.02-1.52, P = 0.045). Conversely, when applying the IVW method, we identified no statistically significant causal relationship between smoking age, smoking initiation status, smoking cessation status, and the incidence of hernia.

CONCLUSIONS

Our MR study has uncovered genetic evidence linking smoking intensity and the occurrence of diaphragmatic hernia. The risk of developing diaphragmatic hernia rises in tandem with the intensity of smoking. This emphasizes the crucial role of regularly advising patients to cease smoking in clinical settings.

Aptamers for nanobodies: A nontoxic alternative to toxic ochratoxin A in immunoassays

To measure toxins using immunoassays, hazardous toxin standards need to be added for quantification. To solve this problem, we propose to use aptamers as competitors to replace toxin standards. In this work, aptamers specific for ochratoxin A (OTA) nanobodies were selected using a DNA library containing a 36 nucleotide random region. The obtained sequences were highly aligned and the best competitor was identified to be a sequence named apt2-OT based on an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Kd of apt2-OT was measured to be 2.86 μM using local surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The optimal apt2-OT was identified to substitute the OTA standard with a concentration needed for 50% inhibition of binding (IC50) of 3.26 μM based on a nontoxic direct competitive ELISA. The equivalence relationship between the aptamer and OTA was established in a flour sample, and a recovery experiment was performed. The detection limit for this method was 0.23 ng/mL, with a linear range from 0.25 to 10.50 ng/mL. The recovery rate was 97.5%-115.5%. This study provides a low-cost, rapid and environmentally friendly alternative to the development of immunoassays for toxins.

Multivalent Aptamer-Based Lysosome-Targeting Chimeras (LYTACs) Platform for Mono- or Dual-Targeted Proteins Degradation on Cell Surface

Selective protein degradation platforms have opened novel avenues in therapeutic development and biological inquiry. Antibody-based lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs) have emerged as a promising technology that extends the scope of targeted protein degradation to extracellular targets. Aptamers offer an advantageous alternative owing to their potential for modification and manipulation toward a multivalent state. In this study, a chemically engineered platform of multivalent aptamer-based LYTACs (AptLYTACs) is established for the targeted degradation of either single or dual protein targets. Leveraging the biotin-streptavidin system as a molecular scaffold, this investigation reveals that trivalently mono-targeted AptLYTACs demonstrate optimum efficiency in degrading membrane proteins. The development of this multivalent AptLYTACs platform provides a principle of concept for mono-/dual-targets degradation, expanding the possibilities of targeted protein degradation.

Phenotypic characterisation of regulatory T cells in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication that occurs during pregnancy. Emerging evidence suggests that immune abnormalities play a pivotal role in the development of GDM. Specifically, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered a critical factor in controlling maternal-fetal immune tolerance. However, the specific characteristics and alterations of Tregs during the pathogenesis of GDM remain poorly elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in Tregs among pregnant women diagnosed with GDM compared to healthy pregnant women. A prospective study was conducted, enrolling 23 healthy pregnant women in the third trimester and 21 third-trimester women diagnosed with GDM. Participants were followed up until the postpartum period. The proportions of various Treg, including Tregs, mTregs, and nTregs, were detected in the peripheral blood of pregnant women from both groups. Additionally, the expression levels of PD-1, HLA-G, and HLA-DR on these Tregs were examined. The results revealed no significant differences in the proportions of Tregs, mTregs, and nTregs between the two groups during the third trimester and postpartum period. However, GDM patients exhibited significantly reduced levels of PD-1+ Tregs (P < 0.01) and HLA-G+ Tregs (P < 0.05) in the third trimester compared to healthy pregnant women in the third trimester. Furthermore, GDM patients demonstrated significantly lower levels of PD-1+ mTregs (P < 0.01) and HLA-G+ (P < 0.05) mTregs compared to healthy pregnant women in the third trimester. Overall, the proportion of Tregs did not exhibit significant changes during the third trimester in GDM patients compared to healthy pregnant women. Nevertheless, the observed dysregulation of immune regulation function in Tregs and mTregs may be associated with the development of GDM in pregnant women.

Metal-Free, Hindered, Regioselective Access to Multifunctional Groups Diarylamines via SN Ar Substitution of P-Nitroso Aromatic Methyl Ether by Arylamines

Multifunctional groups diarylamines, an innovative product, efficiently produced from arylamines and p-nitrosoanisole derivatives by intermolecular SN Ar under weak acid conditions. This SN Ar proceeds under mild reaction conditions, and more significantly, the substrates involved do not necessarily require strong electron-withdrawing groups. Moreover, this SN Ar is characterized by resistance to space crowding, tolerance to halogen and nitroso functional groups, and high regioselectivity. Mechanistic observations suggest that the SN Ar is the result of the transfer of the positive charge center of the protonated nitroso group to the p-methoxy group.

Peptidase inhibitor 16 promotes inflammatory arthritis by suppressing Foxp3 expression via regulating K48-linked ubiquitin degradation Bmi-1 in regulatory T cells

Abnormalities of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been suggested in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) is the key transcriptional factor of Tregs expression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16) was significantly increased in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue from RA patients. PI16 transgenic mice (PI16Tg) aggravated arthritis severity partly through suppressing Foxp3 expression. Mechanistically, PI16 could interact with and stabilize Bmi-1 in Tregs via inhibiting K48-linked polyubiquitin of Bmi-1, which promotes the enrichment of repressive histone mark in Foxp3 promoter. Furthermore, Bmi-1 specific inhibitor PTC209 could restore Foxp3 expression and alleviate arthritis progression in PI16Tg mice, accompanied by increased recruitment of active histone mark in the promoter of Tregs. Our results suggest that PI16-Bmi-1 axis plays an important role in RA and other autoimmune diseases by suppressing Foxp3 expression in Tregs via Bmi-1-mediated histone modification.

Empathy and cooperation vary with gender in Chinese junior high school adolescents

Previous research on the relationship between empathy and subcategories of prosocial behavior, specifically cooperation, has shown inconsistent findings. It has also paid limited attention to gender differences in the impact of empathy. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between empathy and cooperation in Chinese junior high school adolescents, and the gender differences, through three studies. In Study 1, 448 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 12-15 years, 55.1% males) completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Cooperative Propensity Rating Scale; the results showed that adolescent empathy was positively associated with cooperative propensity, and this association was significantly higher for males than for females. Study 2 used longitudinal data from 246 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 12-15 years, 54.5% males) to further support the positive association between empathy and cooperation propensity and the gender differences found in Study 1. Study 3 employed the public goods dilemma to examine the effects of empathic states on the cooperative behavior of 157 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 13-16 years, 48% males) by evoking empathy. Using different research methods, this study revealed a facilitative relationship between empathy and cooperation and demonstrated that empathy was more predictive of cooperation among male than among female adolescents.

Facilitative effect of awe on cooperation: The role of the small-self and self-other inclusion

Awe has been theorized as a kind of self-transcendence emotion that has an important impact on individual social behavior. Based on the self-transcendence of awe, this study examined how awe can increase small-self and self-other inclusion to facilitate cooperation among individuals across three studies (N = 1162). First, the relationship between awe, cooperative propensity, and the mediating role of small-self and self-other inclusion in the relationship was examined using questionnaires on trait levels (Study 1). Second, awe emotions were induced from the state level through behavioral experiments to verify the facilitative effect on cooperative behavior in multiple rounds of public goods dilemma (Study 2). Third, by adding the induction of negative awe to discuss the impact of different valence of awe on cooperative behavior, the mediating role of small-self and self-other inclusion was supported (Study 3). Results show that awe has a facilitative effect on cooperation, which provides strong evidence for the positive social function of self-transcendent emotional awe.

Enhancing dendrobine production in Dendrobium nobile through mono-culturing of endophytic fungi, Trichoderma longibrachiatum (MD33) in a temporary immersion bioreactor system

Introduction

Dendrobine, a valuable alkaloid found in Dendrobium nobile, possesses significant pharmaceutical potential.

Methods

In this study, we explored innovative approaches to enhance dendrobine production by utilizing endophytic fungi in a Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System (TIBS, Nanjing BioFunction Co. Ltd., China) and traditional test bottles. Dendrobine was unequivocally identified and characterised in D. nobile co-culture seedlings through UHPLC analysis and LC-MS qTOF analysis, supported by reference standards.

Results

The CGTB (control group) and EGTB (experimental group) 12-month-old D. nobile seedlings exhibited similar peak retention times at 7.6±0.1 minutes, with dendrobine identified as C16H25NO2 (molecular weight 264.195). The EGTB, co-cultured with Trichoderma longibrachiatum (MD33), displayed a 2.6-fold dendrobine increase (1804.23 ng/ml) compared to the CGTB (685.95 ng/ml). Furthermore, a bioanalytical approach was applied to investigate the mono-culture of T. longibrachiatum MD33 with or without D. nobile seedlings in test bottles. The newly developed UHPLC-MS method allowed for dendrobine identification at a retention time of 7.6±0.1 minutes for control and 7.6±0.1 minutes for co-culture. Additionally, we explored TIBS to enhance dendrobine production. Co-culturing D. nobile seedlings with Trichoderma longibrachiatum (MD33) in the TIBS system led to a substantial 9.7-fold dendrobine increase (4415.77 ng/ml) compared to the control (454.01 ng/ml) after just 7 days. The comparative analysis of dendrobine concentration between EGTB and EGTIBS highlighted the remarkable potential of TIBS for optimizing dendrobine production. Future research may focus on scaling up the TIBS approach for commercial dendrobine production and investigating the underlying mechanisms for enhanced dendrobine biosynthesis in D. nobile. The structural elucidation of dendrobine was achieved through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, revealing a complex array of proton environments and distinct carbon environments, providing essential insights for the comprehensive characterization of the compound.

Discussion

These findings hold promise for pharmaceutical and industrial applications of dendrobine and underline the role of endophytic fungi in enhancing secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants.

Gastrointestinal manifestations of critical ill heatstroke patients and their associations with outcomes: A multicentre, retrospective, observational study

BACKGROUND

Extreme heat exposure is a growing health problem, and the effects of heat on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is unknown. This study aimed to assess the incidence of GI symptoms associated with heatstroke and its impact on outcomes.

AIM

To assess the incidence of GI symptoms associated with heatstroke and its impact on outcomes.

METHODS

Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to heatstroke were included from 83 centres. Patient history, laboratory results, and clinically relevant outcomes were recorded at ICU admission and daily until up to day 15, ICU discharge, or death. GI symptoms, including nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, flatulence, and bloody stools, were recorded. The characteristics of patients with heatstroke concomitant with GI symptoms were described. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine significant predictors of GI symptoms.

RESULTS

A total of 713 patients were included in the final analysis, of whom 132 (18.5%) patients had at least one GI symptom during their ICU stay, while 26 (3.6%) suffered from more than one symptom. Patients with GI symptoms had a significantly higher ICU stay compared with those without. The mortality of patients who had two or more GI symptoms simultaneously was significantly higher than that in those with one GI symptom. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that older patients with a lower GCS score on admission were more likely to experience GI symptoms.

CONCLUSION

The GI manifestations of heatstroke are common and appear to impact clinically relevant hospitalization outcomes.

Association of gestational metabolic syndrome with the Chinese Healthy Eating Index in mid-pregnancy: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

This study aims to investigate the relationship between gestational metabolic syndrome (GMS) and the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) in mid-pregnancy, and to identify potentially beneficial or high-risk dietary habits. We have developed a mid-pregnancy version of CHEI-2022, adapting the Chinese Healthy Eating Index to align with the food quantity recommendations outlined in the 2022 Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents for mid-pregnancy.

METHODS

Using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, data from 2411 mid-pregnant individuals were collected through interviews. The Total CHEI score and its component scores were determined through analysis of responses from the food frequency questionnaire. GMS diagnosis involved conducting physical examinations and performing blood biochemical tests. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between GMS or related indices and both the total CHEI score and its component scores.

RESULTS

The study identified an overall GMS prevalence of 21.65% (522 out of 2411 participants). During mid-pregnancy, participants diagnosed with GMS exhibited higher BMI, FBG, 1hPBG, 2hPBG, TC, TG, HDL, SBP, as well as higher educational levels and daily activity, compared to those without GMS (P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with higher total CHEI scores (≥ 80) were found to have lower odds of GMS or related indices (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary intake of potatoes, whole grains, beans, dark green vegetables, and fruits, as per the CHEI recommendations, was associated with reduced odds of GMS or related indices (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

A high-quality diet, as indicated by a total CHEI score of 80 or higher, and increased consumption of specific dietary components, namely potatoes, beans, dark green vegetables, and fruits, were found to effectively reduce the odds of GMS or related indices during mid-pregnancy.

[Research advances on application of sub-epidermal moisture scanner in monitoring tissue viability of early pressure injuries]

Pressure injury (PI) not only reduces the quality of life of patients but also is expensive to manage, placing a heavy financial burden on patients and their families, and society. Despite the increasing diversity of methods used to identify early PI, there are still few methods that can truly and accurately predict early PI. The sub-epidermal moisture scanner is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-authorized PI management device that can predict the occurrence and development of PI by measuring the level of local tissue bio-capacitance and monitoring the tissue viability. As an emerging diagnostic instrument, the sub-epidermal moisture scanner has already shown great advantages in clinical practice, which can promote the informatization, digitization, and intelligent prevention and management of PI. This paper introduces the pathophysiological mechanism of PI, elucidates the working principle and parameter settings of the sub-epidermal moisture scanner, its clinical application in monitoring tissue viability in early PI, and its limitation, and looks forward to its future development.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease and Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study in Qingdao, China

Objective

The outcomes of fetuses with isolated congenital heart disease (CHD) diagnosed prenatally have not been investigated in a population-based study in China. This population-based study aimed to evaluate the rate of voluntary termination of pregnancy after the prenatal diagnosis of isolated CHD in Qingdao, China.

Methods

This was a population-based retrospective study in which data were collected from all pregnant women in Qingdao (eastern China) from August 2018 to July 2020; fetal data, maternal data and data on pregnancy outcomes were extracted from medical records regarding prenatal diagnosis of CHD. The inclusion criteria were as follows: pregnant women or their husbands who had a household registration in Qingdao and who underwent regular prenatal screening in Qingdao. The exclusion criterion was the failure to sign an informed consent form. Counseling for all parents of fetuses with CHD was provided by a multidisciplinary team of experienced pediatric cardiologists, obstetricians, geneticists, etc. According to the type and severity of CHD, the pregnancy termination rate was analyzed.

Results

Among the 126,843 pregnant women, 1299 fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of CHD were included in the study. Among the included fetuses, 1075 were diagnosed with isolated CHD, and the overall pregnancy termination rate was 22.8%. Termination rates varied according to the complexity of CHD (low complexity vs moderate complexity, P=0.000; low complexity vs high complexity, P=0.000; moderate complexity vs high complexity, P=0.000), with rates of 6.0% for low complexity, 54.2% for moderate complexity, and 99.1% for high complexity. The decision to terminate the pregnancy in cases of isolated CHD was unrelated to maternal age (P=0.091) but was related to gestational age (p=0.000).

Conclusion

In Qingdao, 99.1% of parents whose fetuses were diagnosed with isolated high-complexity CHD chose to voluntarily terminate the pregnancy. The pregnancy termination rate increased with increasing complexity of prenatally diagnosed CHD.

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus alleviates the neurotoxicity of microcystin-LR in zebrafish (Danio rerio) through the gut-brain axis

Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is one of the most toxic cyanobacterial toxins and is harmful to the central nervous system of fish. Probiotic additives can improve neuroendocrine function in fish. Although both MCLR and probiotics aim at the nervous system, whether they interact with each other and the mechanisms remain unexplored. In the present study, 4-month-old zebrafish were exposed to 0, 2.2, and 22 μg/L of MCLR for 28 days with or without the probiotic L. rhamnosus. We found that MCLR exposure could inhibit the swimming speed of zebrafish, while the presence of L. rhamnosus mitigated this abnormality. To elucidate the mechanism of how L. rhamnosus alleviates MCLR-induced neurotoxicity, we examined the bioaccumulation of MCLR, changes in neurotransmitters, immune biochemical indicators, and hormone content of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in zebrafish along the gut-brain axis. Our results showed L. rhamnosus could reverse the abnormal swimming behavior and eventually alleviate neurotoxicity in zebrafish by modulating intestinal and brain neural signaling, neuroinflammation, and HPI axis responses. This study provides implications for the application of probiotics in the aquaculture industry.

Exploring the role of mutual prediction in inter-brain synchronization during competitive interactions: an fNIRS hyperscanning investigation

Mutual prediction is crucial for understanding the mediation of bodily actions in social interactions. Despite this importance, limited studies have investigated neurobehavioral patterns under the mutual prediction hypothesis in natural competitive scenarios. To address this gap, our study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning to examine the dynamics of real-time rock-paper-scissors games using a computerized paradigm with 54 participants. Firstly, our results revealed activations in the right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral frontopolar cortex, each displaying distinct temporal profiles indicative of diverse cognitive processes during the task. Subsequently, a task-related increase in inter-brain synchrony was explicitly identified in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which supported the mutual prediction hypothesis across the two brains. Moreover, our investigation uncovered a close association between the coherence value in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the dynamic predictive performances of dyads using inter-subject representational similarity analysis. Finally, heightened inter-brain synchrony values were observed in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex before a draw compared to a no-draw scenario in the second block, suggesting that cross-brain signal patterns could be reflected in behavioral responses during competition. In summary, these findings provided initial support for expanding the understanding of cognitive processes underpinning natural competitive engagements.

Chinese experts' consensus on the application of intensive care big data

The development of intensive care medicine is inseparable from the diversified monitoring data. Intensive care medicine has been closely integrated with data since its birth. Critical care research requires an integrative approach that embraces the complexity of critical illness and the computational technology and algorithms that can make it possible. Considering the need of standardization of application of big data in intensive care, Intensive Care Medicine Branch of China Health Information and Health Care Big Data Society, Standard Committee has convened expert group, secretary group and the external audit expert group to formulate Chinese Experts' Consensus on the Application of Intensive Care Big Data (2022). This consensus makes 29 recommendations on the following five parts: Concept of intensive care big data, Important scientific issues, Standards and principles of database, Methodology in solving big data problems, Clinical application and safety consideration of intensive care big data. The consensus group believes this consensus is the starting step of application big data in the field of intensive care. More explorations and big data based retrospective research should be carried out in order to enhance safety and reliability of big data based models of critical care field.

Risk Factors for Locoregional Recurrence and Distant Metastasis in 143 Patients with Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the External Auditory Canal

AIMS

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) grows slowly and is characterised by potential recurrence and metastasis to distant organs. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for locoregional recurrence (LRR) and distant metastasis in patients with ACC of the external auditory canal (EAC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Demographic, pathological, therapeutic and survival data of 143 patients with EAC ACC were reviewed in this study. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were carried out to determine the risk factors for LRR and distant metastasis. Factors associated with overall survival after LRR and distant metastasis were also analysed.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 49 months, 31 of 143 patients were observed with LRR and 34 developed distant metastasis. Bone invasion and histological subtype were independent risk factors for locoregional recurrence-free survival. T stage and LRR were independent risk factors for distant metastasis-free survival. Salvage surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for LRR resulted in better survival, whereas extrapulmonary metastasis and LRR were associated with a higher risk of poor survival after distant metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Patients with distant metastases, especially those with LRR, are at significant risk of poor prognosis. Our findings emphasise the importance of long-term regular follow-up and recommend surgical intervention with radiotherapy for recurrent EAC ACC.

Quercetin of huoxuehuayu tongluo decoction and azithromycin combination therapy effectively improves rat tubal factor infertility by inhibiting inflammation

Objectives

Tubal factor infertility (TFI) is common female infertility responsible for a large portion of female factor infertility. This study reveals the effect of the quercetin of Huoxuehuayu Tongluo Decoction with azithromycin on the pregnancy rate and inflammation of TFI female rats.

Materials and Methods

Female Sprague Dawley rats were constructed into the TFI model and treated with quercetin, Huoxuehuayu Tongluo Decoction, and combination therapy (quercetin and azithromycin). Pregnancy rate and litter size were measured. Network pharmacology was applied to analyze the interaction between Huoxuehuayu Tongluo Decoction and TFI. The combination of quercetin and IL-6 was analyzed by molecular docking. HE staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the histopathology and ultrastructure of fallopian tube tissues. The TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MPO levels were detected by ELISA. The activation of JAK/STAT, MAPK, and NF-κB p65 pathways was detected by western blot or immunohistochemistry.

Results

Quercetin was the main active component of Huoxuehuayu Tongluo Decoction, and could bind to IL-6 in TFI. Target genes were enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, inflammatory disease, etc. Under the quercetin and azithromycin combination therapy, both rat pregnancy rates and litter sizes increased significantly. quercetin and azithromycin alleviated the symptoms of hydrosalpinx and inflammatory damage in fallopian tube tissues. The phosphorylation of JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways and NF-κB p65 translocation to the nucleus were significantly inhibited by the quercetin and azithromycin therapy.

Conclusion

Quercetin and azithromycin combination therapy inhibited inflammation and phosphorylation of JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways to improve TFI inflammation and pregnancy function.

Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovers the cell type-dependent transcriptomic changes in the retrosplenial cortex after peripheral nerve injury

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a vital area for storing remote memory and has recently been found to undergo broad changes after peripheral nerve injury. However, little is known about the role of RSC in pain regulation. Here, we examine the involvement of RSC in the pain of mice with nerve injury. Notably, reducing the activities of calcium-/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II-positive splenial neurons chemogenetically increases paw withdrawal threshold and extends thermal withdrawal latency in mice with nerve injury. The single-cell or single-nucleus RNA-sequencing results predict enhanced excitatory synaptic transmissions in RSC induced by nerve injury. Local infusion of 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine into RSC to decrease the excitatory synaptic transmissions relieves pain and induces conditioned place preference. Our data indicate that RSC is critical for regulating physiological and neuropathic pain. The cell type-dependent transcriptomic information would help understand the molecular basis of neuropathic pain.

[Shifts in the diameter of continuous circular capsulorhexis based on the Gullstrand eye model with the Callisto Eye System during cataract surgery]

Objective: To investigate the disparity between the set value of the capsulorhexis ring diameter in ophthalmic surgical navigation systems and the actual capsulorhexis ring diameter projected onto the lens surface. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. Based on the Gullstrand eye model, the theoretical diameter of the capsulorhexis ring projected onto the lens plane through the cornea was calculated using the law of refraction in the Callisto Eye System. When the anterior chamber depth (ACD) ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 mm and the corneal curvature ranged from 40.00 to 48.00 D, the capsulorhexis ring diameters were calculated after projecting capsulorhexis rings with set diameters of 5.5 mm and 6.0 mm onto the lens plane. Additionally, 40 patients (40 eyes) aged 40 to 85 years who underwent cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation at the Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were selected to validate the theoretical calculations. Among them, 15 were male, and 25 were female, and they were divided into three groups based on the ACD: group A (13 eyes) with ACD<3.0 mm; group B (16 eyes) with 3.0 mm≤ACD<3.5 mm; group C (11 eyes) with ACD≥3.5 mm. One week after surgery, anterior segment images of the eyes were taken, and the actual capsulorhexis ring diameter was measured using the Photoshop image processing software and compared with the set and calculated values. Results: When the capsulorhexis ring diameters were set at 5.5 mm and 6.0 mm and the corneal curvature was calculated based on the Gullstrand Eye model at 43.05 D, a linear negative correlation was found between ACD and the capsulorhexis ring diameter projected onto the lens plane (P<0.001). When the ACD was set at 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 mm, and the capsulorhexis ring diameters were set at 5.5 and 6.0 mm, a linear negative correlation was observed between corneal curvature and the capsulorhexis ring diameter projected onto the lens plane (P<0.001). When the capsulorhexis ring diameter was set at 5.5 mm and the patient ACD and corneal curvature data were used for calculations, the capsulorhexis ring diameters projected onto the lens plane for groups A, B, and C were (5.09±0.05) mm, (4.97±0.05) mm, and (4.91±0.07) mm, respectively. When the capsulorhexis ring diameter was set at 6.0 mm, they were (5.56±0.05) mm, (5.44±0.05) mm, and (5.37±0.08) mm, respectively. One week after surgery, the actual measurements of capsulorhexis ring diameters for groups A, B, and C were (5.44±0.20) mm, (5.27±0.28) mm, and (5.25±0.41) mm, respectively, and the differences compared to the calculated values were not statistically significant (all P>0.05), but the differences compared to the set values were statistically significant (all P<0.001). Conclusion: The capsulorhexis ring diameter projected onto the lens surface by the Callisto Eye system was reduced by 7.33% to 10.48% compared to the set value, and the degree of reduction increased with the increase of ACD and corneal curvature.

Virological Characteristics of Five SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Including Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) show increasing transmissibility and infectivity and induce substantial injuries to human health and the ecology. Therefore, it is vital to understand the related features for controlling infection. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 WIV04 (prototype) and five VOCs (Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 variants) were inoculated in Vero cells to observe their growth activities. Apart from evaluating the environmental stability at different temperatures, residual virus titers and infectivity at different temperatures (4 °C, room temperature (RT) and 37 °C) were measured over 7 days. The experiment also assessed the infectivity for different incubation durations. The growth capacity assay suggested that the WIV04, Beta and Delta variants replicated efficiently in Vero cells compared with Omicron Variants, and BA.2 replicated more efficiently in Vero cells than BA.1 and BA.5. In addition, all variants exhibited longer survivals at 4 °C and could remain infectious after 7 days, compared to RT' survival after 5 days and at 37 °C after 1 day. The virus infection assay indicated that the Omicron variant had a weaker ability to infect cells compared to the WIV04, Beta and Delta strains, and a longer infection time was required for these strains, except for BA.2.

[Association between remnant cholesterol levels and incident diabetic retinopathy in middle-aged and older patients with diabetes]

Objective: To investigate the association between remnant cholesterol (RC) and the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in middle-aged and older individuals with diabetes. Methods: Based on the Shanghai Nicheng Cohort Study database, the data of 1 255 individuals with diabetes aged 55-70 years at baseline (2013-2014) with complete fundus photographs and serum cholesterol data in Nicheng, Shanghai, were analyzed. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between baseline RC level and incident DR. Results: The median age of the subjects was 61.9 years, and 60.4% were women. After a 4.6-year follow-up, 79 (6.3%) patients developed DR, including 50 (4.0%) mild non-proliferative DR and 29 (2.3%) referable DR (RDR). Multivariable logistic regression showed that each mmol/L increase of RC was associated with a 40% higher risk of RDR (RR=1.40, 95%CI 1.03-1.90). Compared with the lowest tertile of RC (<0.63 mmol/L), the risk of RDR in the highest tertile (≥0.85 mmol/L) increased by 4.59 times (RR=5.59, 95%CI 1.51-20.73). Conclusion: The RC level may help identify individuals at high risk of incident RDR in middle-aged and older Chinese adults with diabetes.

Deacetylation of chitin oligomers by Fusarium graminearum polysaccharide deacetylase suppresses plant immunity

Chitin is a long-chain polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine that forms rigid microfibrils to maintain the hyphal form and protect it from host attacks. Chitin oligomers are first recognized by the plant receptors in the apoplast region, priming the plant's immune system. Here, seven polysaccharide deacetylases (PDAs) were identified and their activities on chitin substrates were investigated via systematic characterization of the PDA family from Fusarium graminearum. Among these PDAs, FgPDA5 was identified as an important virulence factor and was specifically expressed during pathogenesis. ΔFgpda5 compromised the pathogen's ability to infect wheat. The polysaccharide deacetylase structure of FgPDA5 is essential for the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. FgPDA5 formed a homodimer and accumulated in the plant apoplast. In addition, FgPDA5 showed a high affinity toward chitin substrates. FgPDA5-mediated deacetylation of chitin oligomers prevented activation of plant defence responses. Overall, our results identify FgPDA5 as a polysaccharide deacetylase that can prevent chitin-triggered host immunity in plant apoplast through deacetylation of chitin oligomers.

Design and experiments of a compact electrostatic low energy beam transport with a double Einzel-lens for a transportable neutron source

A transportable, compact, accelerator-based neutron source is under development at Xian Jiaotong University. An electrostatic low energy beam transport (LEBT) structure with a double Einzel-lens setup was adopted due to its short length and low power consumption. It can transport a pulsed proton beam to the radio frequency quadrupole with a required beam current of 15 mA and an energy of 30 keV. We performed detailed structure optimization and beam tracking to achieve beam matching and small emittance growth. In addition, the fast chopper, beam steering, and diagnostic devices are integrated into the LEBT. The fabrication and assembly of the proton injector have been completed, and beam commissioning was carried out to measure the beam current and Twiss parameters. The design strategy, beam simulation, and experimental results are presented and discussed in this paper.

An investigation into the cytotoxic effects of microbubbles and their constituents on osteosarcoma and bone marrow stromal cells

BACKGROUND

Ultrasound-responsive microbubbles offer a means of achieving minimally invasive, localised drug delivery in applications including regenerative medicine. To facilitate their use, however, it is important to determine any cytotoxic effects they or their constituents may have. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that phospholipid-shelled microbubbles are non-toxic to human bone-derived cells at biologically-relevant concentrations.

METHODS

Microbubbles were fabricated using combinations of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-dibehenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DBPC), polyoxyethylene(40) stearate (PEG40S) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene-glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000). Microbubble size and concentration were measured as a function of time and temperature by optical microscopy. Effects on MG63 osteosarcoma and human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were measured for up to 72 h by assay for viability, metabolic activity and proliferation.

RESULTS

DBPC:DSPE-PEG2000 microbubbles were significantly more stable than DSPC:PEG40S microbubbles under all conditions tested. Serum-containing medium had no detrimental effect on microbubble stability, but storage at 37 °C compared to at 4 °C reduced stability for both preparations, with almost complete dissolution of microbubbles at times ≥24 h. DSPC:PEG40S microbubbles had greater inhibitory effects on cell metabolism and growth than DBPC:DSPE-PEG2000 microbubbles, with PEG40S found to be the principle inhibitory component. These effects were only evident at high microbubble concentrations (≥20% (v/v)) or with prolonged culture (≥24 h). Increasing cell-microbubble contact by inversion culture in a custom-built device had no inhibitory effect on metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicate that, over a broad range of concentrations and incubation times, DBPC:DSPE-PEG2000 and DSPC:PEG40S microbubbles have little effect on osteoblastic cell viability and growth, and that PEG40S is the principle inhibitory component in the formulations investigated.

Diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a multimodal MRI assessment strategy

AIM

To identify more specific screening indicators at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) and to determine an efficient diagnostic strategy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study analysed clinical and imaging data of patients diagnosed with SDAVF and alternative myelopathy who underwent conventional MRI examinations. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) T2-weighted sampling perfection with application-optimised contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions (3D-T2-SPACE) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) data from patients with SDAVF were compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) data.

RESULTS

The age of onset, perimedullary flow voids (PFV), distribution of lesions, syringomyelia, degree of spinal oedema, and cauda equina disorder (CED) were factors that showed statistically significance in the identification of SDAVF with alternative myelopathy. After controlling for age, gender, PFV, degree of spinal cord swelling, and syringomyelia, the multivariable ordinal logistic regression model showed that the CED sign (OR = 32.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.47-427.15; p=0.008) was an independent predictor for SDAVF. The diagnostic model constructed using the PFV and CED signs had better diagnostic performance, with an area under the curve of 0.957 (p<0.001), maximum Youden index of 0.844, sensitivity of 92.9%, and specificity of 91.5%. Both 3D-T2-SPACE (77.8%) and CE-MRA (83.3%) sequences had good localisation values for SDAVF. Combining the two imaging examinations had better diagnostic accuracy than that of DSA.

CONCLUSION

CED and PFV on conventional MRI were specific indicators for the diagnosis of SDAVF. To compensate for the lack of fistula localisation on conventional MRI, 3D-T2-SPACE and CE-MRA can be used. Together they complement each other and have good diagnostic potential.

The value of 3D T2-weighted SPACE sequence in the differential diagnosis of spinal arteriovenous fistula and acute transverse myelitis

OBJECTIVE

Spinal arteriovenous fistulas (SAVF) was often neglected and misdiagnosed as acute transverse myelitis (ATM) due to its insidious onset and non-specific clinical symptoms. This study aims to investigate the differential diagnostic value of high-resolution T2-weighted volumetric sequence (3D sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions [SPACE]) in patients with SAVF and ATM.

METHODS

Retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiological findings of 32 SDAVF patients and 32 ATM patients treated at our institutions from May 2018 to January 2023. They all underwent conventional spinal MRI and T2-SPACE examination, compared their performance in identifying lesions, to estimate the value of T2 SPACE sequence in the diagnosis of SAVF and ATM patients.

RESULTS

The clue of cauda equina area change (CEAC) in conventional MRI and T2-SPACE sequences is specific for the diagnosis of SAVF. The diagnostic model composed of perimedullary flow voids (PFV) and CEAC has good diagnostic performance (AUCMRI = 0.95; AUCSPACE = 0.935). Compared with conventional MRI, the T2-SPACE sequence has a higher detection rate, sensitivity, and negative predictive value for PFV and CEAC in SAVF patients, but lower specificity and positive predictive value. In T2-SPACE images, there are significant differences in the distribution range, quadrant, and maximum diameter of PFV vessels between SAVF and ATM patients. Moreover, T2-SPACE sequence can determine the site of fistula in most SAVF patients preferably, and the inter-rater agreement was good in the assessment of the fistula.

CONCLUSION

The CEAC is a new and useful clue for the diagnosis of thoracolumbar SAVF. And T2-SPACE sequence can more intuitively observe the lesions of SAVF, has good differential diagnostic value for SAVF and ATM patients.

Evaluating the zoonotic potential of RNA viromes of rodents provides new insight into rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens in Guangdong, China

Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have been on the rise, with a significant proportion being zoonotic. Rodents, as the natural reservoirs of numerous diverse zoonotic viruses, pose a substantial threat to human health. To investigate the diversity of known and unknown viruses harbored by rodents in Guangdong (southern province of China), we conducted a comprehensive analysis of viral genomes through metagenomic sequencing of organs from 194 rodents. Our analysis yielded 2163 viral contigs that were assigned to 25 families known to infect a wide range of hosts, including vertebrates, invertebrates, amoebas, and plants. The viral compositions vary considerably among different organs, but not in rodent species. We also assessed and prioritized zoonotic potential of those detected viruses. Ninety-two viral species that are either known to infect vertebrates and invertebrates or only vertebrates were identified, among which 21 are considered high-risk to humans. The high-risk viruses included members of the Hantavirus, Picobirnaviruses, Astroviruses and Pestivirus. The phylogenetic trees of four zoonotic viruses revealed features of novel viral genomes that seem to fit evolutionarily into a zone of viruses that potentially pose a risk of transmission to humans. Recognizing that zoonotic diseases are a One Health issue, we approached the problem of identifying the zoonotic risk from rodent-transmitted disease in the Guangdong province by performing next-generation sequencing to look for potentially zoonotic viruses in these animals.

Advancing energy storage through solubility prediction: leveraging the potential of deep learning

Solubility prediction plays a crucial role in energy storage applications, such as redox flow batteries, because it directly affects the efficiency and reliability. Researchers have developed various methods that utilize quantum calculations and descriptors to predict the aqueous solubilities of organic molecules. Notably, machine learning models based on descriptors have shown promise for solubility prediction. As deep learning tools, graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged to capture complex structure-property relationships for material property prediction. Specifically, MolGAT, a type of GNN model, was designed to incorporate n-dimensional edge attributes, enabling the modeling of intricacies in molecular graphs and enhancing the prediction capabilities. In a previous study, MolGAT successfully screened 23 467 promising redox-active molecules from a database of over 500 000 compounds, based on redox potential predictions. This study focused on applying the MolGAT model to predict the aqueous solubility (log S) of a broad range of organic compounds, including those previously screened for redox activity. The model was trained on a diverse sample of 8494 organic molecules from AqSolDB and benchmarked against literature data, demonstrating superior accuracy compared with other state of the art graph-based and descriptor-based models. Subsequently, the trained MolGAT model was employed to screen redox-active organic compounds identified in the first phase of high-throughput virtual screening, targeting favorable solubility in energy storage applications. The second round of screening, which considered solubility, yielded 12 332 promising redox-active and soluble organic molecules suitable for use in aqueous redox flow batteries. Thus, the two-phase high-throughput virtual screening approach utilizing MolGAT, specifically trained for redox potential and solubility, is an effective strategy for selecting suitable intrinsically soluble redox-active molecules from extensive databases, potentially advancing energy storage through reliable material development. This indicates that the model is reliable for predicting the solubility of various molecules and provides valuable insights for energy storage, pharmaceutical, environmental, and chemical applications.

Liver cancer stem cell dissemination and metastasis: uncovering the role of NRCAM in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) play an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the mechanisms that link LCSCs to HCC metastasis remain largely unknown. This study aims to reveal the contributions of NRCAM to LCSC function and HCC metastasis, and further explore its mechanism in detail.

METHODS

117 HCC and 29 non-HCC patients with focal liver lesions were collected and analyzed to assess the association between NRCAM and HCC metastasis. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to explore the biological characteristics of cells with high NRCAM expression in metastatic HCC. The role and mechanism of NRCAM in LCSC dissemination and metastasis was explored in vitro and in vivo using MYC-driven LCSC organoids from murine liver cells.

RESULTS

Serum NRCAM is associated with HCC metastasis and poor prognosis. A scRNA-seq analysis identified that NRCAM was highly expressed in LCSCs with MYC activation in metastatic HCC. Moreover, NRCAM facilitated LCSC migration and invasion, which was confirmed in MYC-driven LCSC organoids. The in vivo tumor allografts demonstrated that NRCAM mediated intra-hepatic/lung HCC metastasis by enhancing the ability of LCSCs to escape from tumors into the bloodstream. Nrcam expression inhibition in LCSCs blocked HCC metastasis. Mechanistically, NRCAM activated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis-related matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) through the MACF1 mediated β-catenin signaling pathway in LCSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

LCSCs typified by high NRCAM expression have a strong ability to invade and migrate, which is an important factor leading to HCC metastasis.

Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Containing a High Density of Pendant Phenylboronic Acid Groups for Dopamine Detection

A fluorescent sensing system based on a conjugated polyelectrolyte was constructed to detect dopamine (DA) in complex samples. The conjugated polymer PFPE-PBA with poly[fluorenyl-alt-p-phenyleneethynylene] (PFPE) as the backbone and carrying four pendant phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups in each repeat unit was synthesized. PFPE-PBA was found to have good solubility in polar solvents. After optimization, glycine-NaOH at pH 10 was selected as the buffer, and the solvent composition of the system was set to methanol/water (9/1 by volume). Titration experiments showed that DA could effectively quench the fluorescence of the polymer solution with a response time within 60 s and a limit of detection of 23 nM. Polyols, cations, and other possible interfering substances do not significantly affect the fluorescence of the polymer, thereby allowing for the highly selective detection of DA. Furthermore, quantitative determination of DA in spiked serum and artificial urine samples was successfully demonstrated, with recoveries ranging from 96.7 to 104%. Preliminary mechanism studies suggest that the pedant PBAs capture DA via reaction with the catechol group, and the fluorescence quenching is most likely due to the photoinduced electron transfer between the aromatic part of DA and the conjugated backbone. This study provides a general strategy for the future design of conjugated polyelectrolyte-based sensing systems.

[The analysis of features of first-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease within 1 year after delivery]

To explore the clinical features and influencing factors of first-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD) within 1 year after delivery. A single center, observational cohort study was used to retrospectively analyze 12 patients with first-onset NMOSD within 1 year after delivery hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of Beijing Tong Ren Hospital from June 2015 to June 2018(short as the postpartum onset group). 12 patients with first-onset NMOSD without 1 year after delivery hospitalized in our department during the same period were selected (short as the control group). The results showed the next recurrence interval in the postpartum onset group was longer than the control group [the postpartum onset group: (6.1±3.5) years, the control group: (1.6±1.5) years, t=3.622,P=0.005], the times of relapses were less than the control group [the postpartum onset group: (1.8±1.4) times, the control group:4.0 (3.0, 7.3) times, Z=-3.122,P=0.002], and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) of the last follow-up was lower than the control group [the postpartum onset group: 3.0(2.3, 3.9), the control group: 4.5(4.0, 6.0), Z=-3.358,P=0.001] with statistically significant differences. The recurrence rates of 1 year, 3 years and 5 years in the postpartum onset group (0%, 16.7%, 33.3%) were lower than control group (58.3%, 83.3%, 91.7%) with statistically significant differences (χ2=8.000,P=0.014;χ2=10.667,P=0.003; χ2=8.711,P=0.009). After the second delivery, the recurrence rate in postpartum onset group was 100% (n=3) and in control group was 50%(n=2), but the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=2.100,P=0.429). In the postpartum onset group, combination of autoimmune disease was consistent with positive in serum AQP-4 antibody moderately (Kappa=0.5, P=0.046). Positive in other autoimmune antibodies were consistent with positive in serum AQP-4 antibody moderately (Kappa=0.5, P=0.046). Combination of autoimmune disease were consistent with positive in serum other autoimmune antibodies well (Kappa=0.667, P=0.021). In conclusion, the first-onset NMOSD within 1 year after delivery have longer next recurrence interval, less times of relapses, lower relapse rate, better long-term prognosis of central nervous system, and they have trend to suffering from recurrent after the second delivery. For the females, combined with autoimmune disease or autoimmune antibody, who are ready for pregnancy, could detect serum AQP-4; if serum AQP-4 positive, they are recommended to prevent the occurrence of NMOSD after delivery.

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and simultaneous endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for treating gastric varices draining through gastrorenal shunts

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration-assisted endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection (E-BRTO) temporarily treats gastric fundic varices draining through gastrorenal shunts (GRS) occluding the GRS with a balloon, then endoscopically injecting cyanoacrylate. We retrospectively examined the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of E-BRTO.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We enrolled 85 patients with hepatic cirrhosis plus gastric fundic varices with GRS; 34 underwent E-BRTO. The 51 patients who refused all secondary prophylactic treatments served as controls.

RESULTS

Finally, 33 of the 34 patients underwent successful E-BRTO without major adverse events. Gastric varices were eradicated from all 33 patients in the E-BRTO group; the average follow-up time was 161.0 (74.0) weeks (mean [SD]). Four end-point events (12%) were recorded during the follow-up period. In the control group, 33 patients (65%) suffered repeat variceal bleeding, resulting in seven deaths. The cumulative rebleeding rates of the E-BRTO group on the 6th, 24th, 48th, 96th, 144th, 192nd, 240th, and 288th week were 0%, 3%, 9%, 9%, 13%, 13%, 13%, and 13%, while the cumulative rebleeding rates of the control group in the same period were 10%, 20%, 35%, 46%, 55%, 65%, 76%, and 76%.

CONCLUSIONS

E-BRTO was safe, feasible, and well tolerated by patients with hepatic cirrhosis plus gastric fundic varices with GRS. Over the long-term follow-up period, the E-BRTO group demonstrated a lower rate of repeat bleeding than the control group.

Association of intravascular enhancement sign on 3D-T1W TSE with collateral status in middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke

OBJECTIVE

The significance of the intravascular enhancement sign (IVES) on high-resolution magnetic resonance vascular wall imaging (HR-VWI) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the IVES and collateral assessment derived from digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

METHOD

A total of 75 patients with occlusion of the first segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) who underwent HR-VWI and DSA examinations at our research institution between November 2016 and February 2023 were included. The number of vessels with IVES, IVES-Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS), American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology (ASITN/SIR) collateral grade, and DSA collateral blood flow grade were retrospectively evaluated. Correlations between these indicators were assessed using Spearman's correlation.

RESULTS

Interrater agreement was good for the assessment of HR-VWI and DSA indicators. After adjustments for age, degree of wall enhancement, and hypertension, a multivariable ordinal logistic regression model identified both the number of IVES vessels (OR = 1.37; 95%CI [1.06-1.78]; P = 0.017) and IVES-ASPECTS (OR = 2.00; 95%CI [1.03-3.87]; P = 0.041) as independent predictors of ischemic stroke. In the patient group with acute ischemic stroke, we found weak correlations between the number of IVES vessels and the ASITN/SIR collateral grade (rho = -0.35; P = 0.002) and between the IVES-ASPECTS and ASITN/SIR collateral grade (rho = -0.27; P = 0.02). Moreover, there were strong correlations between the number of IVES vessels and the DSA collateral blood flow grade (rho = -0.74; P < 0.001) and between the IVES-ASPECTS and the DSA collateral blood flow grade (rho = -0.65; P < 0.001). The number of IVES vessels correlated strongly with the IVES-ASPECTS (rho = 0.92, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

We find that the IVES is closely associated with sluggish collateral blood flow, which further confirms the hemodynamic mechanism underlying the IVES in MCA occlusion.

Risk Factor Analysis and Nomogram for Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in ICU Patients with Heat Stroke: A National Multicenter Study

Objective

The aim of this nationwide multicenter study was to ascertain the risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with heat stroke admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) and to develop a nomogram for prognostic prediction.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data collected from ICU patients diagnosed with heat stroke across multiple centers nationwide. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, a nomogram was constructed to estimate the individualized probability of mortality. Internal validation of the nomogram was performed, and its performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

A total of 292 ICU patients with heat stroke were included in this study. Three risk factors, namely Cr (creatinine), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and SBP (systolic blood pressure), were found to be significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. These risk factors were incorporated into the nomogram, which exhibited good discriminative ability (area under the ROC curve of the training and validation cohorts were 0.763 and 0.739, respectively) and calibration. Internal validation and decision curve analysis confirmed the stability and reliability of the nomogram.

Conclusion

This nationwide multicenter study identified key risk factors for in-hospital mortality in ICU patients with heat stroke. The developed nomogram provides an individualized prediction of mortality risk and can serve as a valuable tool for clinicians in the assessment and management of ICU patients with heat stroke.

Prediction of prokinetic agents in critically ill patients with feeding intolerance: a prospective observational clinical study

Background

Prokinetic agents are currently considered the first-line therapy to improve gastric emptying when feeding intolerance occurred in critically ill adults. In this study, we developed a technique to assess the feasibility of predicting prokinetic agent efficacy in critically ill patients.

Methods

The first images of each patient were obtained after EFI had occurred but before the first dose of prokinetic agents was administered and additional images were obtained every morning until the seventh day. The gastric antrum echodensity was recorded based on grayscale values (50th percentile, ED50; 85th percentile, ED85; mean, EDmean) and daily energy and protein intake was collected as the judgment for effective and ineffective group. A receiver operating characteristic curve was analyzed to distinguish the thresholds between the two groups and thus determine the ability of the gastric antrum echodensity to predict the efficacy of prokinetic agents.

Results

In total, 83 patients were analyzed. Patients in the ineffective group had a higher ED50 (58.13 ± 14.48 vs. 49.88 ± 13.78, p < 0.001, difference 95% CI: 5.68, 10.82), ED85 (74.81 ± 16.41 vs. 65.70 ± 16.05, p < 0.001, difference 95% CI:6.16, 12.05), and EDmean (60.18 ± 14.31 vs. 51.76 ± 14.08, p < 0.001, difference 95% CI: 5.85, 11.00) than those in the effective group. Patients in the effective group more easily reached the target energy 16.21 ± 7.98 kcal/kg vs. 9.17 ± 6.43 kcal/kg (p < 0.001), 0.72 ± 0.38 g/kg vs. 0.42 ± 0.31 g/kg (p < 0.001) than in the ineffective group intake by day.

Conclusion

The gastric antrum echodensity might serve as a tool for judging the efficacy of prokinetic agents, helping clinicians to decide whether to use prokinetic agents or place a post-pyloric tube when feeding intolerance occurs in critically ill patients.Clinical trial registration:http://www.chictr.org.cn/addproject2.aspx, ChiCTR2200058373. Registered 7 April 2022.

A novel method to extend viability and functionality of living heart slices

Living heart slices have recently emerged as a powerful experimental model for fundamental cardiac research. By retaining the structure and function of the native myocardium while maintaining the simplicity of cell culture models, heart slices can be easily employed in electrophysiological, pharmacological, biochemical, and structural investigations. One single heart yields many slices (>20 slices for rodents, >100 slices for porcine or human hearts), however due to the low throughput of most assays and rapid slice degeneration within 24 h of preparation, many slices remain unused and are discarded at the end of the preparation day. Here we present a novel method to extend viability and functionality of living heart slices, enabling their use in experiments over several consecutive days following preparation. By combining hypothermic conditions with inhibition of myosin II ATPase using 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), slices prepared from the left ventricle of porcine hearts remain viable and exhibit preserved contractile function and morphology for up to 6 days. Electrophysiological function was also confirmed over the 6 days by extracellular field potentials recordings. This simple method not only maximizes the use of slices prepared from one single heart, thus reducing the number of animals required, but also increases data reproducibility by allowing multiple electrophysiological, pharmacological, biochemical, and structural studies to be performed from the same heart.