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LaLone V, Aizenshtadt A, Goertz J, Skottvoll FS, Mota MB, You J, Zhao X, Berg HE, Stokowiec J, Yu M, Schwendeman A, Scholz H, Wilson SR, Krauss S, Stevens MM. Quantitative chemometric phenotyping of three-dimensional liver organoids by Raman spectral imaging. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100440. [PMID: 37159662 PMCID: PMC10162950 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Confocal Raman spectral imaging (RSI) enables high-content, label-free visualization of a wide range of molecules in biological specimens without sample preparation. However, reliable quantification of the deconvoluted spectra is needed. Here we develop an integrated bioanalytical methodology, qRamanomics, to qualify RSI as a tissue phantom calibrated tool for quantitative spatial chemotyping of major classes of biomolecules. Next, we apply qRamanomics to fixed 3D liver organoids generated from stem-cell-derived or primary hepatocytes to assess specimen variation and maturity. We then demonstrate the utility of qRamanomics for identifying biomolecular response signatures from a panel of liver-altering drugs, probing drug-induced compositional changes in 3D organoids followed by in situ monitoring of drug metabolism and accumulation. Quantitative chemometric phenotyping constitutes an important step in developing quantitative label-free interrogation of 3D biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon LaLone
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - John Goertz
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Frøydis Sved Skottvoll
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco Barbero Mota
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Junji You
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Henriette Engen Berg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Justyna Stokowiec
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Minzhi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Tao G, Dagher F, Ghose R. Neratinib causes non-recoverable gut injury and reduces intestinal cytochrome P450 3A enzyme in mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:184-194. [PMID: 35237423 PMCID: PMC8882787 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neratinib is a pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor newly approved by FDA in 2017 to treat HER2-positive breast cancer, but the phase III trial of neratinib showed that 96% of the patients taking neratinib experienced diarrhea. So far very few mechanistic studies explore neratinib-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Hereby, we performed toxicity studies in mice to characterize the potential mechanism underlying this adverse effect. C57BL/6 J mice were separated into three groups A, B, C. Group A received vehicle; group B was orally dosed with 100 mg/kg neratinib once daily for 18 days. Group C was dosed with 100 mg/kg neratinib for 12 days and switched to vehicle for 6 days. Intestine and liver were collected for further analysis. Human intestine-derived cells were treated with neratinib in vitro. Our results showed that 12 days treatment of neratinib caused persistent histological damage in mouse GI tract. Both gene expression and activity of Cyp3a11, the major enzyme metabolizing neratinib in mice was reduced in small intestine. The gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines increased throughout the GI tract. Such damages were not recovered after 6 days without neratinib treatment. In addition, in vitro data showed that neratinib was potent in killing human intestine-derived cell lines. Based on such findings, we hypothesized that neratinib downregulates intestinal CYP3A enzyme to cause excessive drug disposition, eventually leading to gut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Fatima Dagher
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- Correspondence address. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Health Building 2, Room 7045, 4849 Calhoun Rd., 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA. Tel: +1-832-842-8343. E-mail:
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Abourehab MAS, Alqahtani AM, Youssif BGM, Gouda AM. Globally Approved EGFR Inhibitors: Insights into Their Syntheses, Target Kinases, Biological Activities, Receptor Interactions, and Metabolism. Molecules 2021; 26:6677. [PMID: 34771085 PMCID: PMC8587155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the EGFR with small-molecule inhibitors is a confirmed valid strategy in cancer therapy. Since the FDA approval of the first EGFR-TKI, erlotinib, great efforts have been devoted to the discovery of new potent inhibitors. Until now, fourteen EGFR small-molecule inhibitors have been globally approved for the treatment of different types of cancers. Although these drugs showed high efficacy in cancer therapy, EGFR mutations have emerged as a big challenge for these drugs. In this review, we focus on the EGFR small-molecule inhibitors that have been approved for clinical uses in cancer therapy. These drugs are classified based on their chemical structures, target kinases, and pharmacological uses. The synthetic routes of these drugs are also discussed. The crystal structures of these drugs with their target kinases are also summarized and their bonding modes and interactions are visualized. Based on their binding interactions with the EGFR, these drugs are also classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors. The cytotoxicity of these drugs against different types of cancer cell lines is also summarized. In addition, the proposed metabolic pathways and metabolites of the fourteen drugs are discussed, with a primary focus on the active and reactive metabolites. Taken together, this review highlights the syntheses, target kinases, crystal structures, binding interactions, cytotoxicity, and metabolism of the fourteen globally approved EGFR inhibitors. These data should greatly help in the design of new EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alaa M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahaa G. M. Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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Muhamad N, Na-Bangchang K. Metabolite Profiling in Anticancer Drug Development: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:1401-1444. [PMID: 32308372 PMCID: PMC7154001 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s221518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism is one of the most important pharmacokinetic processes and plays an important role during the stage of drug development. The metabolite profile investigation is important as the metabolites generated could be beneficial for therapy or leading to serious toxicity. This systematic review aims to summarize the research articles relating to the metabolite profile investigation of conventional drugs and herb-derived compounds for cancer chemotherapy, to examine factors influencing metabolite profiling of these drugs/compounds, and to determine the relationship between therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of their metabolites. The literature search was performed through PubMed and ScienceDirect databases up to January 2019. Out of 830 published articles, 78 articles were included in the analysis based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Both phase I and II enzymes metabolize the anticancer agents/herb-derived compounds . The major phase I reactions include oxidation/hydroxylation and hydrolysis, while the major phase II reactions are glucuronidation, methylation, and sulfation. Four main factors were found to influence metabolite formation, including species, gender, and route and dose of drug administration. Some metabolites were identified as active or toxic metabolites. This information is critical for cancer chemotherapy and anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadda Muhamad
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.,Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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