Development of air‐assisted dispersive micro‐solid‐phase extraction‐based supramolecular solvent‐mediated Fe 3 O 4 @Cu–Fe–LDH for the determination of tramadol in biological samples

Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy

This review emphasises the importance of opioid monitoring in clinical practice and advocates for a personalised approach based on pharmacogenetics. Beyond effectively managing pain, meticulous oversight is required to address concerns about side effects, specially due to opioid-crisis-related abuse and dependence. Various monitoring techniques, along with pharmacogenetic considerations, are critical for personalising treatment and optimising pain relief while reducing misuse and addiction risks. Future perspectives reveal both opportunities and challenges, with advances in analytical technologies holding promise for increasing monitoring efficiency. The integration of pharmacogenetics has the potential to transform pain management by allowing for a precise prediction of drug responses. Nevertheless, challenges such as prominent pharmacogenetic testing and guideline standardisation persist. Collaborative efforts are critical for transforming scientific advances into tangible improvements in patient care. Standardised protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration are required to ensure consistent and evidence-based opioid monitoring. Future research should look into the long-term effects of opioid therapy, as well as the impact of genetic factors on individual responses, to help guide personalised treatment plans and reduce adverse events. Lastly, embracing innovation and collaboration can improve the standard of care in chronic pain management by striking a balance between pain relief and patient safety.

CuFe Layered Double Hydroxide as Self-Cascade Nanoreactor for Efficient Antibacterial Therapy

Nanozyme-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent catalytic therapy has been developed into a powerful strategy against bacterial wound infections. However, the limited endogenous supply or instability of H2O2, the reliance on external stimuli for the generation of ROS, and the highly expressed glutathione (GSH) level make it a challenge to achieve high-performance therapeutic efficiency. In this work, a facile therapeutic strategy against bacterial infections with pristine CuFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) as the self-cascade nanoreactor is proposed without modification or additional energy input. CuFe LDH with an oxidase-like feature can catalyze the generation of multiple ROS, such as 1O2, ·O2-, and H2O2. And the self-generated H2O2 in the cascade nanoreactor could be further in situ transformed to ·OH owing to the peroxidase-like activity. As a result, the cell membrane of bacteria is destroyed, leading to death. Furthermore, its ultrahigh enzyme-like activity of CuFe LDH could effectively promote the breakdown of the biofilm structure. Additionally, the Cu2+-mediated GSH exhaustion of CuFe LDH further avoids the consumption of oxidized ROS and thereby significantly improves the sterilization effect. Finally, the as-prepared CuFe LDH with negligible side effects on normal tissues can be successfully used to eliminate the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds and accelerate their healing in the mouse model, which paves a new avenue as an antibacterial agent for clinical anti-infective treatment.

Mixed-mode cationic exchange sorptive tapes combined with direct infusion mass spectrometry for determining opioids in saliva samples

This article describes the synthesis of mixed-mode cationic exchange (MCX) tapes as sorptive phases in bioanalysis, and it faces the determination of methadone and tramadol in saliva as the model analytical problem. The tapes are synthesized using aluminum foil as substrate, which is subsequently covered with double-sided adhesive tape where the MCX particles (ca. 1.4 ± 0.2 mg) finally adhere. MCX particles allow the extraction of the analytes at the physiological pH, where both drugs are positively charged, minimizing the potential co-extraction of endogenous matrix compounds. The extraction conditions were studied considering the main variables (e.g. ionic strength, extraction time, sample dilution). Under the optimum conditions and using direct infusion mass spectrometry as the instrumental technique, detection limits as low as 3.3 μg·L^-1 were obtained. The precision calculated at three different levels, and expressed as relative standard deviation, was better than 3.8%. The accuracy, expressed as relative recoveries, ranged from 83 to 113%. The method was finally applied to determine tramadol in saliva samples from patients under medical treatment. This approach opens the door to easily preparing sorptive tapes based on commercial (or ad-hoc synthesized) sorbent particles.

Silver-coated magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient delivery system for the antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole against E. Coli and S. aureus: release kinetics and antimicrobial activity

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are prescribed for a broad spectrum of bacteria. However, the use of these medicines is restricted due to the risk of microbial resistance in the body. Nanotechnology is a strategy for overcoming this problem by helping develop novel drug delivery systems. This study aims to assess the ability of Fe₃O₄/Ag and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag nanoparticles to improve efficiency of the traditional formulation of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Fe₃O₄/Ag and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag were found to have sphere-like morphologies with average sizes of 33.2 and 35.1 nm, respectively. The values of the zeta potential for the pure sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were -30.6 and -10.0 mV, respectively, which increased to zero or even larger positive values after being conjugated with the NPs. The study of the release kinetics showed that 64.7% of the medicines were released from the carriers within 40 days. The values of MIC for sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, Fe₃O₄/Ag/sulfamethoxazole, Fe₃O₄/Ag/trimethoprim, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag/sulfamethoxazole, and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag/trimethoprim against Escherichia coli were calculated to be 12, 9, 4, 4, 4, and 4 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, the relevant values against Staphylococcus aureus were measured to be 12, 9, 4, 4, 3, and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The use of synthesized nanomaterials for the delivery of these antibiotics leads to smaller doses compared to their traditional forms.

Dual Size/Charge-Switchable Nanocatalytic Medicine for Deep Tumor Therapy

Elevating intratumoral levels of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by nanocatalytic medicine for tumor-specific therapy without using conventional toxic chemodrugs is recently of considerable interest, which, however, still suffers from less satisfactory therapeutic efficacy due to the relatively poor accumulation at the tumor site and largely blocked intratumoral infiltration of nanomedicines. Herein, an ultrasound (US)-triggered dual size/charge-switchable nanocatalytic medicine, designated as Cu-LDH/HMME@Lips, is constructed for deep solid tumor therapy via catalytic ROS generations. The negatively charged liposome outer-layer of the nanomedicine enables much-prolonged blood circulation for significantly enhanced tumoral accumulation, while the positively charged Fenton-like catalyst Cu-LDH released from the liposome under the US stimulation demonstrates much enhanced intratumoral penetration via transcytosis. In the meantime, the co-released sonosensitizer hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) catalyze the singlet oxygen (1O2) generation upon the US irradiation, and deep-tumoral infiltrated Cu-LDH catalyzes the H2O2 decomposition to produce highly toxic hydroxyl radical (·OH) specifically within the mildly acidic tumor microenvironment (TME). The efficient intratumoral accumulation and penetration via the dual size/charge switching mechanism, and the ROS generations by both sonosensitization and Fenton-like reactions, ensures the high therapeutic efficacy for the deep tumor therapy by the nanocatalytic medicine.

Application of magnetic nanomaterials in bioanalysis

The importance of magnetic nanomaterials and magnetic hybrid materials, which are classified as new generation materials, in analytical applications is increasingly understood, and research on the adaptation of these materials to analytical methods has gained momentum. Development of sample preparation techniques and sensor systems using magnetic nanomaterials for the analysis of inorganic, organic and biomolecules in biological samples, which are among the samples that analytical chemists work on most, are among the priority issues. Therefore in this review, we focused on the use of magnetic nanomaterials for the bioanalytical applications including inorganic and organic species and biomolecules in different biological samples such as primarily blood, serum, plasma, tissue extracts, urine and milk. We summarized recent progresses, prevailing techniques, applied formats, and future trends in sample preparation-analysis methods and sensors based on magnetic nanomaterials (Mag-NMs). First, we provided a brief introduction of magnetic nanomaterials, especially their magnetic properties that can be utilized for bioanalytical applications. Second, we discussed the synthesis of these Mag-NMs. Third, we reviewed recent advances in bioanalytical applications of the Mag-NMs in different formats. Finally, recently literature studies on the relevance of Mag-NMs for bioanalysis applications were presented.

Review: Microextraction Technique Based New Trends in Food Analysis

Food chemistry is the study and classification of the quality and origin of foods. The identification of definite biomarkers and the determination of residue contaminants such as toxins, pesticides, metals, human and veterinary drugs, which are a very common source of food-borne diseases. The food analysis is continuously demanding the improvement of more robust, sensitive, highly efficient, and economically beneficial analytical approaches to promise the traceability, safety, and quality of foods in the acquiescence with the consumers and legislation demands. The traditional methods have been used at the starting of the 20th century based on wet chemical methods. Now it existing the powerful analytical techniques used in food analysis and safety. This development has led to substantial enhancements in the analytical accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, thereby mounting the applied range of food applications. In the present decade, microextraction (micro-scale extraction) pays more attention due to its futures such as low consumption of solvent and sample, throughput analysis easy to operate, greener, robotics, and miniaturization, different adsorbents have been used in the microextraction process with unique nature recognized with wide range applications.

Nanoflake-Constructed Supramolecular Hierarchical Porous Microspheres for Fire-Safety and Highly Efficient Thermal Energy Storage

The leakage and fire hazard of organic solid-liquid phase change material (PCM) tremendously limit its long-term and safe application in thermal energy storage and regulation. In this work, novel nanoflake-fabricated organic-inorganic supramolecular hierarchical microspheres denoted as BPL were synthesized through the electrostatically driven assembly of poly(ethylene ammonium phenylphosphamide) (BP) decorated layered double hydroxides using sodium dodecyl sulfate as a template. Then the BPL was simultaneously utilized as a porous supporting material and flame retardant for polyethylene glycol to fabricate shape-stabilized PCM (BS-PCM). Benefiting from the structural uniqueness of the BPL microsphere, the BS-PCM possessed a high latent heat capacity of 116.7 J g^-1 and excellent thermoregulatory capability. Moreover, the BS-PCM had no apparent leakage after a 200-cycle heating/cooling process and showed excellent thermal reversibility, superior to similar solid-liquid PCMs reported in recent literature. More interestingly, unlike flammable PEG, BS-PCM showed excellent fire resistance when exposed to a fire source. The unique BPL porous microsphere provided not only a microcontainer with high storage capacity for solid-liquid PCM, but also a fire resistant barrier to PEG, supplying a promising solution for highly efficient and fire-safe thermal energy storage.