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Lenz C, Narang A, Bousman CA. Pharmacogenomic allele coverage of genome-wide genotyping arrays: a comparative analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2024; 34:130-134. [PMID: 38359167 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The use of genome-wide genotyping arrays in pharmacogenomics (PGx) research and clinical implementation applications is increasing but it is unclear which arrays are best suited for these applications. Here, we conduct a comparative coverage analysis of PGx alleles included on genome-wide genotyping arrays, with an emphasis on alleles in genes with PGx-based prescribing guidelines. Genomic manifest files for seven arrays including the Axiom Precision Medicine Diversity Array (PMDA), Axiom PMDA Plus, Axiom PangenomiX, Axiom PangenomiX Plus, Infinium Global Screening Array, Infinium Global Diversity Array (GDA) and Infinium GDA with enhanced PGx (GDA-PGx) Array, were evaluated for coverage of 523 star alleles across 19 pharmacogenes included in prescribing guidelines developed by the Clinical Pharmacogenetic Implementation Consortium and Dutch Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Specific attention was given to coverage of the Association of Molecular Pathology's Tier 1 and Tier 2 allele sets for CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, NUDT15, TPMT and VKORC1 . Coverage of the examined PGx alleles was highest for the Infinium GDA-PGx (88%), Axiom PangenomiX Plus (77%), Axiom PangenomiX (72%) and Axiom PMDA Plus (70%). Three arrays (Infinium GDA-PGx, Axiom PangenomiX Plus and Axiom PMDA Plus) fully covered the Tier 1 alleles and the Axiom PangenomiX array provided full coverage of Tier 2 alleles. In conclusion, PGx allele coverage varied by gene and array. A superior array for all PGx applications was not identified. Future comparative analyses of genotype data produced by these arrays are needed to determine the robustness of the reported coverage estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chad A Bousman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute
- Department of Medical Genetics
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine
- Departments of Psychiatry
- Physiology and Pharmacology
- Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Ahn SH, Park Y, Kim JH. Contradiction in Star-Allele Nomenclature of Pharmacogenes between Common Haplotypes and Rare Variants. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:521. [PMID: 38674455 PMCID: PMC11050392 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The nomenclature of star alleles has been widely used in pharmacogenomics to enhance treatment outcomes, predict drug response variability, and reduce adverse reactions. However, the discovery of numerous rare functional variants through genome sequencing introduces complexities into the star-allele system. This study aimed to assess the nature and impact of the rapid discovery of numerous rare functional variants in the traditional haplotype-based star-allele system. We developed a new method to construct haplogroups, representing a common ancestry structure, by iteratively excluding rare and functional variants of the 25 representative pharmacogenes using the 2504 genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project. In total, 192 haplogroups and 288 star alleles were identified, with an average of 7.68 ± 4.2 cross-ethnic haplogroups per gene. Most of the haplogroups (70.8%, 136/192) were highly aligned with their corresponding classical star alleles (VI = 1.86 ± 0.78), exhibiting higher genetic diversity than the star alleles. Approximately 41.3% (N = 119) of the star alleles in the 2504 genomes did not belong to any of the haplogroups, and most of them (91.3%, 105/116) were determined by a single variant according to the allele-definition table provided by CPIC. These functional single variants had low allele frequency (MAF < 1%), high evolutionary conservation, and variant deleteriousness, which suggests significant negative selection. It is suggested that the traditional haplotype-based naming system for pharmacogenetic star alleles now needs to be adjusted by balancing both traditional haplotyping and newly emerging variant-sequencing approaches to reduce naming complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hwan Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yoomi Park
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea;
- Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea;
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea;
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Gambari R, Waziri AD, Goonasekera H, Peprah E. Pharmacogenomics of Drugs Used in β-Thalassemia and Sickle-Cell Disease: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4263. [PMID: 38673849 PMCID: PMC11050010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this short review we have presented and discussed studies on pharmacogenomics (also termed pharmacogenetics) of the drugs employed in the treatment of β-thalassemia or Sickle-cell disease (SCD). This field of investigation is relevant, since it is expected to help clinicians select the appropriate drug and the correct dosage for each patient. We first discussed the search for DNA polymorphisms associated with a high expression of γ-globin genes and identified this using GWAS studies and CRISPR-based gene editing approaches. We then presented validated DNA polymorphisms associated with a high HbF production (including, but not limited to the HBG2 XmnI polymorphism and those related to the BCL11A, MYB, KLF-1, and LYAR genes). The expression of microRNAs involved in the regulation of γ-globin genes was also presented in the context of pharmacomiRNomics. Then, the pharmacogenomics of validated fetal hemoglobin inducers (hydroxyurea, butyrate and butyrate analogues, thalidomide, and sirolimus), of iron chelators, and of analgesics in the pain management of SCD patients were considered. Finally, we discuss current clinical trials, as well as international research networks focusing on clinical issues related to pharmacogenomics in hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gambari
- Center “Chiara Gemmo and Elio Zago” for the Research on Thalassemia, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Ferrara University, 40124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Aliyu Dahiru Waziri
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Kaduna 810001, Nigeria;
| | - Hemali Goonasekera
- Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo P.O. Box 271, Sri Lanka;
| | - Emmanuel Peprah
- Implementing Sustainable Evidence-Based Interventions through Engagement (ISEE) Lab, Department of Global and Environmental Health, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
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4
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Zhou Y, Peng S, Wang H, Cai X, Wang Q. Review of Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics of Anti-Cancer Compounds and Natural Products. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:468. [PMID: 38674402 PMCID: PMC11049652 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the FDA has approved numerous anti-cancer drugs that are mutation-based for clinical use. These drugs have improved the precision of treatment and reduced adverse effects and side effects. Personalized therapy is a prominent and hot topic of current medicine and also represents the future direction of development. With the continuous advancements in gene sequencing and high-throughput screening, research and development strategies for personalized clinical drugs have developed rapidly. This review elaborates the recent personalized treatment strategies, which include artificial intelligence, multi-omics analysis, chemical proteomics, and computation-aided drug design. These technologies rely on the molecular classification of diseases, the global signaling network within organisms, and new models for all targets, which significantly support the development of personalized medicine. Meanwhile, we summarize chemical drugs, such as lorlatinib, osimertinib, and other natural products, that deliver personalized therapeutic effects based on genetic mutations. This review also highlights potential challenges in interpreting genetic mutations and combining drugs, while providing new ideas for the development of personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics in cancer study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (S.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Siqi Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (S.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (S.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Xinyin Cai
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 202103, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (S.P.); (H.W.)
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5
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Vasileiou KZ, Patrinos GP. How Can We Boost the Pharmacogenomics Adoption Rate in Clinical Practice Around the World? OMICS 2024; 28:204-205. [PMID: 38579137 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2024.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Z Vasileiou
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece
| | - George P Patrinos
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Loftus J, Levy HP, Stevenson JM. Documentation of results and medication prescribing after combinatorial psychiatric pharmacogenetic testing: A case for discrete results. Genet Med 2024; 26:101056. [PMID: 38153010 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Combinatorial pharmacogenetic (PGx) panels intended to aid psychiatric prescribing are available to clinicians. Here, we evaluated the documentation of PGx panel results and subsequent prescribing patterns within a tertiary health care system. METHODS We performed a query of psychiatry service note text in our electronic health record using 71 predefined PGx terms. Patients who underwent combinatorial PGx testing were identified, and documentation of test results was analyzed. Prescription data following testing were examined for the frequency of prescriptions influenced by genes on the panel along with the medical specialties involved. RESULTS A total of 341 patients received combinatorial PGx testing, and documentation of results was found to be absent or incomplete for 198 patients (58%). The predominant method of documentation was through portable document formats uploaded to the electronic health record's "Media" section. Among patients with at least 1 year of follow-up, a large majority (194/228, 85%) received orders for medications affected by the tested genes, including 132 of 228 (58%) patients receiving at least 1 non-psychiatric medication influenced by the test results. CONCLUSION Results from combinatorial PGx testing were poorly documented. Medications affected by these results were often prescribed after testing, highlighting the need for discrete results and clinical decision support.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Loftus
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Howard P Levy
- Maryland Primary Care Physicians, Hanover, MD; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - James M Stevenson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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González CP, Bardolia C, Pizzolato K, Amin NS. Utilizing Pharmacogenomics Results to Improve Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms. Sr Care Pharm 2024; 39:151-158. [PMID: 38528333 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2024.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this aims to demonstrate the advantage of a pharmacogenomics (PGx)-informed medication review in mitigating adverse drug events (ADEs) and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. PGx testing and PGx-informed medication reviews assist in mitigating ADEs. PGx testing was performed on a 68-year-old male presenting with uncontrolled chronic pain. The PGx results highlighted a drug-gene interaction, aiding in identification of the increased risk of statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) attributing to uncontrolled chronic pain. This patient case report illustrates how incorporating PGx results can help improve chronic pain and mitigate ADEs, such as SAMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Perez González
- 1 Office of Translational Research and Residency Programs, Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Moorestown, New Jersey
| | - Chandni Bardolia
- 1 Office of Translational Research and Residency Programs, Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Moorestown, New Jersey
| | - Katie Pizzolato
- 1 Office of Translational Research and Residency Programs, Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Moorestown, New Jersey
| | - Nishita Shah Amin
- 1 Office of Translational Research and Residency Programs, Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Moorestown, New Jersey
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8
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Fragoulakis V, Koufaki MI, Joefield-Roka C, Sunder-Plassmann G, Mitropoulou C. Cost-utility analysis of pharmacogenomics-guided tacrolimus treatment in Austrian kidney transplant recipients participating in the U-PGx PREPARE study. Pharmacogenomics J 2024; 24:10. [PMID: 38499549 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-024-00330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue. Kidney failure patients may undergo a kidney transplantation (KTX) and prescribed an immunosuppressant medication i.e., tacrolimus. Tacrolimus' efficacy and toxicity varies among patients. This study investigates the cost-utility of pharmacogenomics (PGx) guided tacrolimus treatment compared to the conventional approach in Austrian patients undergone KTX, participating in the PREPARE UPGx study. Treatment's effectiveness was determined by mean survival, and utility values were based on a Visual Analog Scale score. Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio was also calculated. PGx-guided treatment arm was found to be cost-effective, resulting in reduced cost (3902 euros less), 6% less hospitalization days and lower risk of adverse drug events compared to the control arm. The PGx-guided arm showed a mean 0.900 QALYs (95% CI: 0.862-0.936) versus 0.851 QALYs (95% CI: 0.814-0.885) in the other arm. In conclusion, PGx-guided tacrolimus treatment represents a cost-saving option in the Austrian healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarita-Ioanna Koufaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece
| | - Candace Joefield-Roka
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gere Sunder-Plassmann
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Mitropoulou
- The Golden Helix Foundation, London, UK.
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Lim KK, Koleva‐Kolarova R, Kamaruzaman HF, Kamil AA, Chowienczyk P, Wolfe CDA, Fox‐Rushby J. Genetic-Guided Pharmacotherapy for Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic and Critical Review of Economic Evaluations. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e030058. [PMID: 38390792 PMCID: PMC10944053 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic-guided pharmacotherapy (PGx) is not recommended in clinical guidelines for coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to examine the extent and quality of evidence from economic evaluations of PGx in CAD and to identify variables influential in changing conclusions on cost-effectiveness. METHODS AND RESULTS From systematic searches across 6 databases, 2 independent reviewers screened, included, and rated the methodological quality of economic evaluations of PGx testing to guide pharmacotherapy for patients with CAD. Of 35 economic evaluations included, most were model-based cost-utility analyses alone, or alongside cost-effectiveness analyses of PGx testing to stratify patients into antiplatelets (25/35), statins (2/35), pain killers (1/35), or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (1/35) to predict CAD risk (8/35) or to determine the coumadin doses (1/35). To stratify patients into antiplatelets (96/151 comparisons with complete findings of PGx versus non-PGx), PGx was more effective and more costly than non-PGx clopidogrel (28/43) but less costly than non-PGx prasugrel (10/15) and less costly and less effective than non-PGx ticagrelor (22/25). To predict CAD risk (51/151 comparisons), PGx using genetic risk scores was more effective and less costly than clinical risk score (13/17) but more costly than no risk score (16/19) or no treatment (9/9). The remaining comparisons were too few to observe any trend. Mortality risk was the most common variable (47/294) changing conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Economic evaluations to date found PGx to stratify patients with CAD into antiplatelets or to predict CAD risk to be cost-effective, but findings varied based on the non-PGx comparators, underscoring the importance of considering local practice in deciding whether to adopt PGx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Keat Lim
- School of Life Course & Population SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rositsa Koleva‐Kolarova
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Hanin Farhana Kamaruzaman
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Malaysian Health Technology Assessment Section (MaHTAS), Medical Development Division, Ministry of HealthPutrajayaMalaysia
| | - Ahmad Amir Kamil
- School of Life Course & Population SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Phil Chowienczyk
- School of Life Course & Population SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation CentreSt. Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster BridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Charles D. A. Wolfe
- School of Life Course & Population SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC), South LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia Fox‐Rushby
- School of Life Course & Population SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Bar-Peled Y, Denton JJ, Richards JL, Brown D, Worthey E, Strong TV. Pharmacogenomics for Prader-Willi syndrome: caregiver interest and planned utilization. Pharmacogenomics 2024; 25:207-216. [PMID: 38506331 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study aim was to determine caregiver interest and planned utilization of pharmacogenomic (PGx) results for their child with Prader-Willi syndrome. Methods: Caregivers consented to PGx testing for their child and completed a survey before receiving results. Results: Of all caregivers (n = 48), 93.8% were highly interested in their child's upcoming PGx results. Most (97.9%) planned to share results with their child's medical providers. However, only 47.9% of caregivers were confident providers would utilize the PGx results. Conclusion: Caregivers are interested in utilizing PGx but are uncertain providers will use these results in their child's care. More information about provider comfort with PGx utilization is needed to understand how PGx education would benefit providers and ultimately patients with PGx results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Bar-Peled
- Department of Clinical & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jessica J Denton
- Department of Clinical & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jaimie L Richards
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Genetics & Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, AL 35294, USA
| | - Donna Brown
- Department of Genetics & Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, AL 35294, USA
| | - Elizabeth Worthey
- Department of Genetics & Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, AL 35294, USA
| | - Theresa V Strong
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, AL 35294, USA
- Foundation for Prader-Willi Research, Covina, CA 91723, USA
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Amlaev KR, Khripunova AA, Maksimenko LL, Khripunova IG, Maksimenko EV, Stepanyan TO. [The pharmacogenetics as integral part of personalized medicine: problems and prospects]. Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med 2024; 32:173-179. [PMID: 38640209 DOI: 10.32687/0869-866x-2024-32-2-173-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The article considers issues of implementation into clinical practice the principles of 5P medicine in its part of individualization of therapeutic tactics considering genetic characteristics of patients. The analysis of studies concerning influence of allelic variations on metabolism, safety and tolerance of the most often prescribed medicinal preparations was implemented. The main assumptions of pharmacogenomics were considered. Despite broad perspective of applying obtained data in clinical practice, there are a number of unresolved problems related to accessibility of genetic testing to population, ambiguity of approaches to interpretation of obtaining results, ethical issues and legal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Amlaev
- The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "The Stavropol State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 355017, Stavropol, Russia,
| | - A A Khripunova
- The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "The Stavropol State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 355017, Stavropol, Russia
| | - L L Maksimenko
- The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "The Stavropol State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 355017, Stavropol, Russia
| | - I G Khripunova
- The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "The Stavropol State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 355017, Stavropol, Russia
| | - E V Maksimenko
- The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "The Stavropol State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 355017, Stavropol, Russia
| | - T O Stepanyan
- The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "The Stavropol State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 355017, Stavropol, Russia
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12
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Zhou Y, Lauschke VM. Next-generation sequencing in pharmacogenomics - fit for clinical decision support? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:213-223. [PMID: 38247431 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2307418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The technological advances of sequencing methods during the past 20 years have fuelled the generation of large amounts of sequencing data that comprise common variations, as well as millions of rare and personal variants that would not be identified by conventional genotyping. While comprehensive sequencing is technically feasible, its clinical utility for guiding personalized treatment decisions remains controversial. AREAS COVERED We discuss the opportunities and challenges of comprehensive sequencing compared to targeted genotyping for pharmacogenomic applications. Current pharmacogenomic sequencing panels are heterogeneous and clinical actionability of the included genes is not a major focus. We provide a current overview and critical discussion of how current studies utilize sequencing data either retrospectively from biobanks, databases or repurposed diagnostic sequencing, or prospectively using pharmacogenomic sequencing. EXPERT OPINION While sequencing-based pharmacogenomics has provided important insights into genetic variations underlying the safety and efficacy of a multitude pharmacological treatments, important hurdles for the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomic sequencing remain. We identify gaps in the interpretation of pharmacogenetic variants, technical challenges pertaining to complex loci and variant phasing, as well as unclear cost-effectiveness and incomplete reimbursement. It is critical to address these challenges in order to realize the promising prospects of pharmacogenomic sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Larrue R, Fellah S, Hennart B, Sabaouni N, Boukrout N, Van der Hauwaert C, Delage C, Cheok M, Perrais M, Cauffiez C, Allorge D, Pottier N. Integrating rare genetic variants into DPYD pharmacogenetic testing may help preventing fluoropyrimidine-induced toxicity. Pharmacogenomics J 2024; 24:1. [PMID: 38216550 PMCID: PMC10786722 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-023-00322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Variability in genes involved in drug pharmacokinetics or drug response can be responsible for suboptimal treatment efficacy or predispose to adverse drug reactions. In addition to common genetic variations, large-scale sequencing studies have uncovered multiple rare genetic variants predicted to cause functional alterations in genes encoding proteins implicated in drug metabolism, transport and response. To understand the functional importance of rare genetic variants in DPYD, a pharmacogene whose alterations can cause severe toxicity in patients exposed to fluoropyrimidine-based regimens, massively parallel sequencing of the exonic regions and flanking splice junctions of the DPYD gene was performed in a series of nearly 3000 patients categorized according to pre-emptive DPD enzyme activity using the dihydrouracil/uracil ([UH2]/[U]) plasma ratio as a surrogate marker of DPD activity. Our results underscore the importance of integrating next-generation sequencing-based pharmacogenomic interpretation into clinical decision making to minimize fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy toxicity without altering treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larrue
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France.
- Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sandy Fellah
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hennart
- Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Naoual Sabaouni
- Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nihad Boukrout
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Cynthia Van der Hauwaert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Clément Delage
- Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Meyling Cheok
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Michaël Perrais
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Cauffiez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Pottier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Service de Toxicologie et Génopathies, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
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14
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Ji Y, Shaaban S. Interrogating Pharmacogenetics Using Next-Generation Sequencing. J Appl Lab Med 2024; 9:50-60. [PMID: 38167765 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenetics or pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the study of the role of inherited or acquired sequence change in drug response. With the rapid evolution of molecular techniques, bioinformatic tools, and increased throughput of functional genomic studies, the discovery of PGx associations and clinical implementation of PGx test results have now moved beyond a handful variants in single pharmacogenes and multi-gene panels that interrogate a few pharmacogenes to whole-exome and whole-genome scales. Although some laboratories have adopted next-generation sequencing (NGS) as a testing platform for PGx and other molecular tests, most clinical laboratories that offer PGx tests still use targeted genotyping approaches. CONTENT This article discusses primarily the technical considerations for clinical laboratories to develop NGS-based PGx tests including whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing analyses and highlights the challenges and opportunities in test design, content selection, bioinformatic pipeline for PGx allele and diplotype assignment, rare variant classification, reporting, and briefly touches a few additional areas that are important for successful clinical implementation of PGx results. SUMMARY The accelerated speed of technology development associated with continuous cost reduction and enhanced ability to interrogate complex genome regions makes it inevitable for most, if not all, clinical laboratories to transition PGx testing to an NGS-based platform in the near future. It is important for laboratories and relevant professional societies to recognize both the potential and limitations of NGS-based PGx profiling, and to work together to develop a standard and consistent practice to maximize the variant or allele detection rate and utility of PGx testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ji
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Sherin Shaaban
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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15
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García-García I, Seco-Meseguer E, Borobia AM, Carcas-Sansuán AJ. Implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical trials: considerations about current methodological, ethical, and regulatory challenges. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:1-10. [PMID: 38088171 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2293999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The implementation of pharmacogenetic analysis within clinical trials faces methodological, ethical, and regulatory challenges, as well as tackling the difficulty in obtaining actionable information with a sufficient level of evidence to enable its integration into routine clinical practice. AREAS COVERED We discuss the current status of pharmacogenetics integration in clinical trials, underscore the associated challenges, and make some suggestions on the aspects to address in any clinical trial including a pharmacogenetic evaluation. We conducted a literature review, thoroughly reviewed the applicable regulations and available guidelines, and assessed the application dossiers submitted for evaluation to the Ethics committee of Hospital La Paz (Madrid, Spain) to extract information related to inclusion of pharmacogenetics evaluations. EXPERT OPINION The integration of pharmacogenetics into clinical trials is becoming increasingly common. However, several regulatory, methodological and ethical aspects involved are insufficiently addressed. There is a need for specific and transparent guidelines that establish unified and compliant criteria for methodology, proper handling of samples in compliance with regulations, and the protection of data privacy and confidentiality. Participants should receive complete and appropriate information regarding the purpose, handling, storage, and transfer of their samples and data, and should have the right to decide about their processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene García-García
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Seco-Meseguer
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Borobia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Carcas-Sansuán
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Bui VL, Alvarez-Arango S, Stevenson JM. Pharmacogenetics to prevent hypersensitivity reactions to antiepileptic drugs: is testing performed when indicated? Pharmacogenet Genomics 2024; 34:16-19. [PMID: 37830946 PMCID: PMC10841751 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive scientific evidence consistently demonstrates the clinical validity and utility of HLA-B*15:02 pre-screening in averting severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), namely Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, associated with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine usage. Current practice guidelines and drug labeling actively advocate for pharmacogenetic pre-screening before initiating these antiepileptic drugs (AED), with particular emphasis on patients of Asian descent. However, there is a potential need to strengthen compliance with these recommendations. This retrospective study aimed to describe the pharmacogenetic pre-screening, documentation, and SCARs incidence for patients of Asian ancestry initiated on carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine at a large Northeastern USA healthcare system. Between 1 July 2016 and August 1, 2021, 27 patients with documented Asian heritage in the electronic health record (EHR) were included. The overall rate of HLA-B*15:02 pre-screening before carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine initiation was 4%. None who underwent pharmacogenetic pre-screening carried the associated HLA-B risk allele, and no SCARs were reported. Notably, pharmacogenetic results were not discretely entered into the EHR, and the results were only found as attached documents in the miscellaneous section of the EHR. There remains a significant opportunity for improving HLA-B*15:02 pre-screening for patients starting carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine to prevent SCARs in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy L. Bui
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Santiago Alvarez-Arango
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - James M. Stevenson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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17
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Fragoulakis V, Koufaki MI, Tzerefou K, Koufou K, Patrinos GP, Mitropoulou C. Assessing the utility of measurement methods applied in economic evaluations of pharmacogenomics applications. Pharmacogenomics 2024; 25:79-95. [PMID: 38288576 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of economic evaluations are published annually investigating the economic effectiveness of pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing. This work was designed to provide a comprehensive summary of the available utility methods used in cost-effectiveness/cost-utility analysis studies of PGx interventions. A comprehensive review was conducted to identify economic analysis studies using a utility valuation method for PGx testing. A total of 82 studies met the inclusion criteria. A majority of studies were from the USA and used the EuroQol-5D questionnaire, as the utility valuation method. Cardiovascular disorders was the most studied therapeutic area while discrete-choice studies mainly focused on patients' willingness to undergo PGx testing. Future research in applying other methodologies in PGx economic evaluation studies would improve the current research environment and provide better results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarita-Ioanna Koufaki
- University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics & Individualized Therapy, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Korina Tzerefou
- University of Piraeus, Economics Department, 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - George P Patrinos
- University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics & Individualized Therapy, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece
- United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Genetics & Genomics, P.O. Box. 15551, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- United Arab Emirates University, Zayed Center for Health Sciences, P.O. Box. 15551, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Christina Mitropoulou
- The Golden Helix Foundation, London, SE1 8RT, UK
- United Arab Emirates University, Zayed Center for Health Sciences, P.O. Box. 15551, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Raupach L, Königs C. PharmoCo: a graph-based visualization of pharmacogenomic plausibility check reports for clinical decision support systems. J Integr Bioinform 2023; 20:jib-2023-0026. [PMID: 38150373 PMCID: PMC10777363 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The first approaches in recent years for the integration of pharmacogenomic plausibility checks into clinical practice show both a promising improvement in the drug therapy safety, but also difficulties in application. One of the difficulties is the meaningful interpretation of the text-based results by the medical practitioner. We propose here as an appropriate and sensible solution to avoid misunderstandings and to include evidence-based, pharmacogenomic recommendations in prescriptions, which should be the graph-based visualization of the reports. This allows for a plausible interpretation and relate complex, even contradictory guidelines. The improved overview over the pharmacogenomics (PGx) guidelines using the graphical visualization makes the medical practitioner's choice of dose and medication more patient-specific, improves the treatment outcome and thus, increases the drug therapy safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Raupach
- Faculty of Technology, Bioinformatics/Medical Informatics Department, Bielefeld University, D-33501Bielefeld, Germany
- ID Information und Dokumentation im Gesundheitswesen GmbH & Co. KGaA, D-10115Berlin, Germany
| | - Cassandra Königs
- Faculty of Technology, Bioinformatics/Medical Informatics Department, Bielefeld University, D-33501Bielefeld, Germany
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Uber R, Hayduk VA, Pradhan A, Ward T, Flango A, Graham J, Wright EA. Pre-emptive pharmacogenomics implementation among polypharmacy patients 65 years old and older: a clinical pilot. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:915-920. [PMID: 37965783 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Pre-emptive testing of pharmacogenomic (PGx) variations has potential to improve medication safety and effectiveness; however, testing is not routine. Given the newfound payor coverage of multigene testing and the potential value of testing within aging patients, it is imperative to test local PGx testing capabilities, report results to patients and providers, and determine the value of testing. Materials & methods: We designed a randomized clinical pilot of a pre-emptive PGx testing process using the electronic health record compared with usual care among an aging primary care population. Results & conclusion: The impact of the program on prescribing patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of care will be evaluated. We hypothesize that implementation of a pre-emptive multigene PGx panel is feasible among elderly, polypharmacy, primary care patients, measured by the number of enrolled patients with PGx results entered in the medical record. Health system wide PGx implementation, including capacity needed to integrate these valuable results, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryley Uber
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation & Outcomes, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa A Hayduk
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation & Outcomes, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Apoorva Pradhan
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation & Outcomes, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Theron Ward
- Enterprise Pharmacy, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | | | - Jove Graham
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation & Outcomes, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Eric A Wright
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation & Outcomes, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
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20
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Mitaly S, Wright J, El Melik R, Matey E. Pharmacists' role in supporting the return of over 10,000 preemptive pharmacogenomics results: The Mayo Clinic experience. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:1733-1742. [PMID: 37478473 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a pharmacist-driven, exploratory pharmacogenomics implementation model with the goal of creating a process for pharmacists to interpret pharmacogenomics results from RIGHT 10K Study samples and provide electronic consults to providers. SUMMARY A train-the-trainer model program was initiated whereby pharmacogenomics pharmacists developed a documentation template and a quick reference guide as a standard guide to train other pharmacists. Pharmacists completed electronic consults (e-consults) reviewing pharmacogenomics results, with reference to drug-gene interactions, for patients with "semi-urgent" and "clinically actionable" results, defined as those indicating a potential for gene-drug interactions to cause major harm and those indicating a potential for an adverse drug reaction or reduced efficacy, respectively. Outcomes measured included the number of consults over time, number and role of pharmacists involved, average time to complete e-consults over time, and gene-drug pairs for semi-urgent consults per month. A total of 395 pharmacists were trained. The total number of e-consults completed was 2,843: 61 semi-urgent and 2,782 clinically actionable consults. The average time spent per consult was 24 minutes, and the average number of e-consults per pharmacist was 7. CYP2C19-clopidogrel was the most common gene-drug pair targeted in semi-urgent consults. CONCLUSION Pharmacy leaders planning to implement similar pharmacogenomics programs can utilize this data to estimate hiring needs for future pharmacogenomics implementation, while also considering the potential additional cost of developing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mitaly
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Matey
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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21
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Huebner T, Steffens M, Scholl C. Current status of the analytical validation of next generation sequencing applications for pharmacogenetic profiling. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9587-9599. [PMID: 37787843 PMCID: PMC10635985 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analytical validity is a prerequisite to use a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based application as an in vitro diagnostic test or a companion diagnostic in clinical practice. Currently, in the United States and the European Union, the intended use of such NGS-based tests does not refer to guided drug therapy on the basis of pharmacogenetic profiling of drug metabolizing enzymes, although the value of pharmacogenetic testing has been reported. However, in research, a large variety of NGS-based tests are used and have been confirmed to be at least comparable to array-based testing. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic evaluation was performed screening and assessing published literature on analytical validation of NGS applications for pharmacogenetic profiling of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, VKORC1 and/or UGT1A1. Although NGS applications are also increasingly used for implementation assessments in clinical practice, we show in the present systematic literature evaluation that published information on the current status of analytical validation of NGS applications targeting drug metabolizing enzymes is scarce. Furthermore, a comprehensive performance evaluation of whole exome and whole genome sequencing with the intended use for pharmacogenetic profiling has not been published so far. CONCLUSIONS A standard in reporting on analytical validation of NGS-based tests is not in place yet. Therefore, many relevant performance criteria are not addressed in published literature. For an appropriate analytical validation of an NGS-based qualitative test for pharmacogenetic profiling at least accuracy, precision, limit of detection and specificity should be addressed to facilitate the implementation of such tests in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Huebner
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, Bonn, 53175, Germany.
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, Bonn, 53175, Germany
| | - Catharina Scholl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, Bonn, 53175, Germany
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22
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Zhang L, Zhou S, Allen JD, Wang F, Pittenger AL, Bishop JR. Assessing pharmacogenomic literacy in China through validation of the Chinese version of the Minnesota Assessment of Pharmacogenomic Literacy. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2356-2368. [PMID: 37721333 PMCID: PMC10651651 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) implementation into clinical care is rapidly increasing in China. However, the extent to which the public understands PGx testing and important knowledge domains requiring patient education or counseling remains unclear. To address this, we created and validated the Chinese version of the Minnesota Assessment of Pharmacogenomic Literacy (MAPL-CTM ). The MAPL-C was developed by translating the English MAPL to Chinese following cross-cultural translation guidelines. An online survey validated the MAPL-C and assessed Chinese individuals' PGx literacy. Validation analyses were performed and associations of PGx literacy with participants' characteristics were quantified. Of 959 high-quality responses, the majority of respondents were Han Chinese (96.3%), men (54.5%), aged 18-29 years (70.9%), residing in China (97.3%), and had received college or higher education (95.0%). Out of 15 starting items developed to query specific predefined knowledge domains, two uninformative items were excluded, resulting in a 13-item MAPL-C. Chinese participants' MAPL-C performance was best explained by a three-factor model, encompassing PGx concepts and function, testing limitations, and privacy. Higher MAPL-C performance was associated with younger age, higher education, and previous genetic testing experience. Correct response rates for questions related to testing limitations were lower than those in other domains. The creation and validation of the MAPL-C fills a gap in determining PGx knowledge among Chinese speakers, quantifying PGx literacy within a Chinese cohort, and identifying response patterns and knowledge gaps. The MAPL-C can be useful in clinical practice to guide patient counseling, assess PGx education interventions, and quantify PGx knowledge in relation to outcomes in research studies involving Chinese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusi Zhang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Josiah D. Allen
- Department of PharmacySt. Elizabeth HealthcareEdgewoodKentuckyUSA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Amy L. Pittenger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Systems, College of PharmacyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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23
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Li B, Sangkuhl K, Whaley R, Woon M, Keat K, Whirl-Carrillo M, Ritchie MD, Klein TE. Frequencies of pharmacogenomic alleles across biogeographic groups in a large-scale biobank. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1628-1647. [PMID: 37757824 PMCID: PMC10577080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is an integral part of precision medicine and contributes to the maximization of drug efficacy and reduction of adverse drug event risk. Accurate information on PGx allele frequencies improves the implementation of PGx. Nonetheless, curating such information from published allele data is time and resource intensive. The limited number of allelic variants in most studies leads to an underestimation of certain alleles. We applied the Pharmacogenomics Clinical Annotation Tool (PharmCAT) on an integrated 200K UK Biobank genetic dataset (N = 200,044). Based on PharmCAT results, we estimated PGx frequencies (alleles, diplotypes, phenotypes, and activity scores) for 17 pharmacogenes in five biogeographic groups: European, Central/South Asian, East Asian, Afro-Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan African. PGx frequencies were distinct for each biogeographic group. Even biogeographic groups with similar proportions of phenotypes were driven by different sets of dominant PGx alleles. PharmCAT also identified "no-function" alleles that were rare or seldom tested in certain groups by previous studies, e.g., SLCO1B1∗31 in the Afro-Caribbean (3.0%) and Sub-Saharan African (3.9%) groups. Estimated PGx frequencies are disseminated via the PharmGKB (The Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase: www.pharmgkb.org). We demonstrate that genetic biobanks such as the UK Biobank are a robust resource for estimating PGx frequencies. Improving our understanding of PGx allele and phenotype frequencies provides guidance for future PGx studies and clinical genetic test panel design, and better serves individuals from wider biogeographic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglan Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin Sangkuhl
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan Whaley
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark Woon
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Keat
- Genomics and Computational Biology PhD Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Teri E Klein
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine (BMIR), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Kanji CR, Mbavha BT, Masimirembwa C, Thelingwani RS. Analytical validation of GenoPharm a clinical genotyping open array panel of 46 pharmacogenes inclusive of variants unique to people of African ancestry. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292131. [PMID: 37788265 PMCID: PMC10547200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomic testing may be used to improve treatment outcomes and reduce the frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Population specific, targeted pharmacogenetics (PGx) panel-based testing methods enable sensitive, accurate and economical implementation of precision medicine. We evaluated the analytical performance of the GenoPharm® custom open array platform which evaluates 120 SNPs across 46 pharmacogenes. Using commercially available reference samples (Coriell Biorepository) and in-house extracted DNA, we assessed accuracy, precision, and linearity of GenoPharm®. We then used GenoPharm® on 218 samples from two Southern African black populations and determined allele and genotype frequencies for selected actionable variants. Across all assays, the GenoPharm® panel demonstrated 99.5% concordance with the Coriell reference samples, with 98.9% reproducibility. We observed high frequencies of key genetic variants in people of African ancestry: CYP2B6*6 (0.35), CYP2C9*8, *11 (0.13, 0.03), CYP2D6*17 (0.21) and *29 (0.11). GenoPharm® open array is therefore an accurate, reproducible and sensitive test that can be used for clinical pharmacogenetic testing and is inclusive of variants specific to the people of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comfort Ropafadzo Kanji
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Beatrice, Zimbabwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Bianza Tinotenda Mbavha
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Beatrice, Zimbabwe
| | - Collen Masimirembwa
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Beatrice, Zimbabwe
| | - Roslyn Stella Thelingwani
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Beatrice, Zimbabwe
- CradleOmics, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Jarrar Y, Musleh R, Hamdan A, Ghanim M, Alqub M, Abudahab S. Lack of exposure to pharmacogenomics education among the health care providing students in the West Bank of Palestine. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2023; 38:267-272. [PMID: 36913309 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluating the knowledge in pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the first step toward the implementation of PGx testing in clinical practice. This survey aimed to evaluate the knowledge of PGx testing among healthcare providing students at the top-ranked university in the West Bank of Palestine. METHODS First an online questionnaire consisting of 30 questions regarding the demographic, knowledge, and attitude toward pharmacogenomics testing was structured and validated. Then the questionnaire was distributed to 1,000 current students from different fields. RESULTS 696 responses was received. The results showed that almost half of the participants (n=355, 51.1%) have never took any courses about PGx during their university training. Only 81 (11.7%) of the students who took the PGx course stated that it helped them understanding how genetic variations affect drug response. The majority of the students were uncertain (n=352, 50.6%) or disagreed (n=143, 20.6%) that the lectures during university education described the effects of genetic variants on drug response. Although most of the students (70-80%) answered that genetic variants can indeed affect the drug's response, only 162 students (23.3%) responded that VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes influence the response to warfarin. In addition, only 94 (13.5%) students were aware that many medicine labels include clinical information about PGx testing provided by the FDA. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded from the results of this survey that there is a lack of exposure to PGx education associated with poor knowledge of PGx testing among the healthcare providing students in the West Bank of Palestine. It is recommended to include and improve the lectures and courses regarding PGx as this will have a major impact on precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Rami Musleh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Anas Hamdan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mustafa Ghanim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Malik Alqub
- Department of Allied and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sara Abudahab
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Hernandez-Martinez V, Duconge J, Ruaño G. An Expiration Date for Pharmacogenetic Test Results and Prescribing Guidance? J Appl Lab Med 2023; 8:826-830. [PMID: 37228092 PMCID: PMC10585451 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Duconge
- School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Gualberto Ruaño
- Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
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M Hidjo MM, Chikwambi Z, Ngwende G, Matenga JA, Masimirembwa C. Warfarin pharmacogenetics in a black Zimbabwean cohort: an observational prospective study. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:529-538. [PMID: 37435666 PMCID: PMC10621760 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A prospective observational study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of implementing clinical guidelines for warfarin dosing in black Zimbabwean patients. Methods: CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*6, CYP2C9*8 and CYP2C9*11 and VKORC1 c. 1639 G>A variations were observed in 62 study patients. Results & Conclusion: Overall, 39/62 (62.90%) participants did not receive a warfarin starting dose as would have been recommended by Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines. US FDA and Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group guidelines are based on CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 only, hence, unlikely useful in this cohort, where such variants were not detected. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines, on the other hand, have a specific recommendation on the African-specific variants CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*6 and CYP2C9*11, and are hence suitable for implementation in Zimbabwe and would help optimize warfarin doses in patients in the study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Madeleine M Hidjo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, 911 Boronia Township, Beatrice, Zimbabwe
- Department of Biotechnology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Zedias Chikwambi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, 911 Boronia Township, Beatrice, Zimbabwe
- Department of Biotechnology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Gift Ngwende
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jonathan A Matenga
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Collen Masimirembwa
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, 911 Boronia Township, Beatrice, Zimbabwe
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Ramsey LB, Prows CA, Chidambaran V, Sadhasivam S, Quinn CT, Teusink-Cross A, Tang Girdwood S, Dawson DB, Vinks AA, Glauser TA. Implementation of CYP2D6-guided opioid therapy at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:852-859. [PMID: 36715063 PMCID: PMC11004919 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the implementation of CYP2D6-focused pharmacogenetic testing to guide opioid prescribing in a quaternary care, nonprofit pediatric academic medical center. SUMMARY Children are often prescribed oral opioids after surgeries, for cancer pain, and occasionally for chronic pain. In 2004, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center implemented pharmacogenetic testing for CYP2D6 metabolism phenotype to inform codeine prescribing. The test and reports were updated to align with changes over time in the testing platform, the interpretation of genotype to phenotype, the electronic health record, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance. The use of the test increased when a research project required testing and decreased as prescribing of oxycodone increased due to FDA warnings about codeine. Education about the opioid-focused pharmacogenetic test was provided to prescribers (eg, the pain and sickle cell teams) as well as patients and families. Education and electronic health record capability increased provider compliance with genotype-guided postsurgical prescribing of oxycodone, although there was a perceived lack of utility for oxycodone prescribing. CONCLUSION The implementation of pharmacogenetic testing to inform opioid prescribing for children has evolved with accumulating evidence and guidelines, requiring changes in reporting of results and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Ramsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia A Prows
- Division of Human Genetics and Division of Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vidya Chidambaran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Senthilkumar Sadhasivam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles T Quinn
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Teusink-Cross
- Division of Pharmacy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sonya Tang Girdwood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; and Division of Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - D Brian Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tracy A Glauser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Mills SC, Massmann A. Congruence rates for pharmacogenomic noninterruptive alerts. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:493-500. [PMID: 37435734 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Meaningful clinical decision support (CDS) recommendations are vital for implementation of pharmacogenomics (PGx) into routine clinical care. PGx CDS alerts include interruptive and noninterruptive alerts. The objective of this study was to evaluate provider ordering behavior after noninterruptive alerts are displayed. A retrospective manual chart review was conducted from the time of noninterruptive alert implementation to the time of data analysis to determine congruence with CDS recommendations. The congruence rate for noninterruptive alerts was 89.8% across all drug-gene interactions. The drug-gene interaction with the most alerts for analysis included metoclopramide (n = 138). The high rate of medication order congruence after noninterruptive alerts were deployed suggests this modality may be appropriate for PGx CDS as a method for best practice adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Mills
- Sanford Imagenetics, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Amanda Massmann
- Sanford Imagenetics, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Sosa-Macías M, Fricke-Galindo I, Fariñas H, Monterde L, Ruiz-Cruz ED, Molina-Guarneros J, Tarazona-Santos E, Rodrigues-Soares F, Galaviz-Hernández C, Peñas-Lledó E, Moya G, Lara-Riegos J, Terán E, Hernández I, Ramírez-Roa R, Altamirano-Tinoco C, López-López M, García-Ortiz JE, LLerena A. Pharmacogenetics: ethnicity, treatment and health in Latin American populations. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:489-492. [PMID: 37529900 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (RIBEF) studies Latin American populations to benefit from the implementation of personalized medicine. Since 2006, it has studied ethnicity to apply pharmacogenetics knowledge in autochthonous populations of Latin America, considering ancestral medicine. The meeting 'Pharmacogenetics: ethnicity, Treatment and Health in Latin American Populations' was held in Mexico City, Mexico, and presented the relevance of RIBEF collaboration with Latin American researchers and the governments of Mexico, Spain and the Autonomous Community of Extremadura. The results of 17 years of uninterrupted work by RIBEF, the Declaration of Mérida/T'Hó and the call for the Dr José María Cantú Award for studies focused on the pharmacogenetics of native populations in Latin America were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sosa-Macías
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- IPN Instituto Politécnico Nacional CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Fricke-Galindo
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Fariñas
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- INUBE Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura, University of Extremadura, Extremadura, Spain
- SIFF Ibero American Society of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
| | | | | | - Juan Molina-Guarneros
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- UFMG Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- UPCH Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues-Soares
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- UFTM Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Galaviz-Hernández
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- IPN Instituto Politécnico Nacional CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Mexico
| | - Eva Peñas-Lledó
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- INUBE Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura, University of Extremadura, Extremadura, Spain
| | - Graciela Moya
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- UCA Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio Lara-Riegos
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- UADY Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Enrique Terán
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- USFQ Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
| | - Isabel Hernández
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- PUCE Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador
| | - Ronald Ramírez-Roa
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- SIFF Ibero American Society of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
| | - Catalina Altamirano-Tinoco
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- UNAN Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León, Nicaragua
| | - Marisol López-López
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- UAM Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Elías García-Ortiz
- CIBO, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente-IMSS, Guadalajara, Mexico
- RELAGH Latin American Network of Human Genetics
| | - Adrián LLerena
- RIBEF Ibero American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- INUBE Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura, University of Extremadura, Extremadura, Spain
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Maghari S, Gallo T, Rivas S, German A, Nguyen Le MQ, Abbaszadegan H, Zubriski MA, Heise CW, Landas ND. Prescription medications with actionable pharmacogenomic recommendations in Veterans Health Administration patients. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:501-508. [PMID: 37435738 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of medications with actionable pharmacogenomic (PGx) safety and efficacy recommendations in patients receiving care from the Veterans Health Administration. Materials & methods: Outpatient prescription data from 2011 to 2021 and any documented adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reviewed for those who received PGx testing at one Veterans Administration location between November 2019 and October 2021. Results: Among the reviewed prescriptions, 381 (32.8%) were associated with an actionable recommendation based on the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) prescribing guidelines, with 205 (17.7%) for efficacy concerns and 176 (15.2%) for safety concerns. Among those with a documented ADR for a PGx-impacted medication, 39.1% had PGx results that aligned with CPIC recommendations. Conclusion: Medications with actionable PGx recommendations for safety and efficacy concerns are received with similar frequency, and most patients who have undergone PGx testing at the Phoenix Veterans Administration have received medications that may be impacted by PGx testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Maghari
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Tyler Gallo
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig W Heise
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Noel D Landas
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
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Williams GR, Tsongalis GJ, Lewis LD, Barney RE, Cook LJ, Geno KA, Nerenz RD. Potential Impact of Pharmacogenomic Single Nucleotide Variants in a Rural Caucasian Population. J Appl Lab Med 2023; 8:251-263. [PMID: 36611001 PMCID: PMC10539040 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the US adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are estimated to cause 100 000 fatalities and cost over $136 billion annually. A patient's genes play a significant role in their response to a drug. Pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug choice and dose for individual patients by characterizing patients' pharmacologically relevant genes to identify variants of known impact. METHODS DNA was extracted from randomly selected remnant whole blood samples from Caucasian patients with previously performed complete blood counts. Samples were genotyped by mass spectrometry using a customized pharmacogenomics panel. A third-party result interpretation service used genotypic results to predict likely individual responses to frequently prescribed drugs. RESULTS Complete genotypic and phenotypic calls for all tested Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and other genes were obtained from 152 DNA samples. Of these 152 unique genomic DNA samples, 140 had genetic variants suggesting dose adjustment for at least one drug. Cardiovascular and psychiatry drugs had the highest number of recommendations, which included United States Food and Drug Administration warnings for highly prescribed drugs metabolized by CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, HLA-A, and VKORC1. CONCLUSIONS Risk for each drug:gene pairing primarily depends upon the degree of predicted enzyme impairment or activation, width of the therapeutic window, and whether parent compound or metabolite is pharmacologically active. The resulting metabolic variations range from risk of toxicity to therapeutic failure. Pharmacogenomic profiling likely reduces ADR potential by allowing up front drug/dose selection to fit a patient's unique drug-response profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lionel D. Lewis
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rachael E. Barney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Leanne J. Cook
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - K. Aaron Geno
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Robert D. Nerenz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Reeves AA, Hopefl R, Deb S. Evaluation of pharmacogenomic evidence for drugs related to ADME genes in CPIC database. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2023; 38:65-78. [PMID: 36257916 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) is a platform that advances the pharmacogenomics (PGx) practice by developing evidence-based guidelines. The purpose of this study was to analyze the CPIC database for ADME related genes and their corresponding drugs, and evidence level for drug-gene pairs; and to determine the presence of these drug-gene pairs in the highest mortality diseases in the United States. METHODS CPIC database was evaluated for drug-gene pairs related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. National Vital Statistics from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was used to identify the diseases with the highest mortality. CPIC levels are assigned to different drug-gene pairs based on varying levels of evidence as either A, B, C, or D. All drug-gene pairs assigned with A/B, B/C, or C/D mixed levels were excluded from this study. A stepwise exclusion process was followed to determine the prevalence of various ADME drug-gene pairs among phase I/II enzymes or transporters and stratify the drug-gene pairs relevant to different disease conditions most commonly responsible for death in the United States. RESULTS From a total of 442 drug-gene pairs in the CPIC database, after exclusion of 86 drug-gene pairs with levels A/B, B/C, or C/D, and 211 non-ADME related genes, 145 ADME related drug-gene pairs resulted. From the 145 ADME related drug-genes pairs, the following were the distribution of levels: Level A: 43 (30%), Level B: 22 (15%), Level C: 59 (41%), Level D: 21 (14%). The most prevalent ADME gene with CPIC level A classification was cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) (26%) and overall, the most prevalent ADME gene in the CPIC database was CYP2D6 (30%). The most prevalent diseases related to the CPIC evidence related drugs were cancer and depression. CONCLUSIONS We found that there is an abundance of ADME related genes in the CPIC database, including in the high mortality disease states of cancer and depression. There is a differential level of pharmacogenomic evidence in drug-gene pairs enlisted in CPIC where levels A and D having the greatest number of drug-gene pairs. CYP2D6 was the most common ADME gene with CPIC evidence for drug-gene pairs. Pharmacogenomic applications of CPIC evidence can be leveraged to individualize patient therapy and lower adverse effect events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Allen Reeves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert Hopefl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Subrata Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
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Larkin T, Kashif R, Elsayed AH, Greer B, Mangrola K, Raffiee R, Nguyen N, Shastri V, Horn B, Lamba JK. Polygenic Pharmacogenomic Markers as Predictors of Toxicity Phenotypes in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Single-Center Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200580. [PMID: 36952646 PMCID: PMC10309546 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent cause of childhood cancer and requires a long course of therapy consisting of three primary phases with interval intensification blocks. Although these phases are necessary to achieve remission, the primary chemotherapeutic agents have potentially serious toxicities, which may lead to delays or discontinuations of therapy. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive pharmacogenomic evaluation of common antileukemic agents and develop a polygenic toxicity risk score predictive of the most common toxicities observed during ALL treatment. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 75 patients with pediatric ALL treated between 2012 and 2020 at the University of Florida. Toxicity data were collected within 100 days of initiation of therapy using CTCAE v4.0 for toxicity grading. For pharmacogenomic evaluation, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes were selected from previous reports or PharmGKB database. 116 unique SNPs were evaluated for incidence of various toxicities. A multivariable multi-SNP modeling for up to 3-SNP combination was performed to develop a polygenic toxicity risk score of prognostic value. RESULTS We identified several SNPs predictive of toxicity phenotypes in univariate analysis. Further multivariable SNP-SNP combination analysis suggest that susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced toxicities is likely multigenic in nature. For 3-SNPscore models, patients with high scores experienced increased risk of GI (P = 2.07E-05, 3 SNPs: TYMS-rs151264360/FPGS-rs1544105/GSTM1-GSTM5-rs3754446), neurologic (P = .0005, 3 SNPs: DCTD-rs6829021/SLC28A3-rs17343066/CTPS1-rs12067645), endocrine (P = 4.77E-08, 3 SNPs: AKR1C3-rs1937840/TYMS-rs2853539/CTH-rs648743), and heme toxicities (P = .053, 3 SNPs: CYP3A5-rs776746/ABCB1-rs4148737/CTPS1-rs12067645). CONCLUSION Our results imply that instead of a single-SNP approach, SNP-SNP combinations in multiple genes in drug pathways increases the robustness of prediction of toxicity. These results further provide promising SNP models that can help establish clinically relevant biomarkers allowing for greater individualization of cancer therapy to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Larkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- St Joseph's Children's Hospital/BayCare Medical Group, Tampa, FL
| | - Reema Kashif
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Abdelrahman H. Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL
| | - Beate Greer
- Pediatrics Division, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Karna Mangrola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Roya Raffiee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL
| | - Vivek Shastri
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL
| | - Biljana Horn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jatinder K. Lamba
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL
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Jahmunah V, Chen S, Oh SL, Acharya UR, Chowbay B. Automated warfarin dose prediction for Asian, American, and Caucasian populations using a deep neural network. Comput Biol Med 2023; 153:106548. [PMID: 36652867 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Existing warfarin dose prediction algorithms based on pharmacogenetics and clinical parameters have not been used clinically due to the absence of external validation, lack of assessment for clinical utility, and high risk of bias. Moreover, given the high degree of heterogeneity across different datasets used to develop these algorithms, it is unsurprising that prediction errors remain high, and dosing accuracy is dependent on specific ethnic populations. To circumvent these challenges, deep neural models are increasingly used to improve the precision and accuracy of warfarin dose predictions. Hence, this study sought to develop a deep learning-based model using a well-established curated dataset of over 6000 patients from the International Warfarin Pharmacogenomics Consortium (IWPC). Clinically-relevant input data such as physical attributes, medical conditions, concomitant medications, genotype status of functional warfarin genetic polymorphisms, and therapeutic INR were entered followed by applying a unique and robust training and validation method. The deep model yielded a low average mean absolute error (MAE) of 7.6 mg/week and a relatively low mean percentage of error of 40.9% in Asians, 14.2 mg/week MAE and 36.9% in African Americans, and 12.7 mg/week MAE and 45.4% mean percentage of error in White Caucasians. This model also resulted in 36.4% of all patients with a predicted dose within 20% of the administered dose. Hence, our proposed deep model provides an alternative to predicting warfarin dose in the clinical setting upon validation in ethnically-similar datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jahmunah
- School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Sylvia Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Lih Oh
- School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore; Biomedical Engineering, School of Social Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taiwan; School of Management and Enterprise, University of Southern Queensland, Australia.
| | - Balram Chowbay
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Centre for Clinician Scientist Development, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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Oluwole OG, Henry M. Genomic medicine in Africa: a need for molecular genetics and pharmacogenomics experts. Curr Med Res Opin 2023; 39:141-147. [PMID: 36094413 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2124072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale implementation of genomic medicine in Africa has not been actualized. This overview describes how routine molecular genetics and advanced protein engineering/structural biotechnology could accelerate the implementation of genomic medicine. By using data-mining and analysis approaches, we analyzed relevant information obtained from public genomic databases on pharmacogenomics biomarkers and reviewed published studies to discuss the ideas. The results showed that only 68 very important pharmacogenes currently exist, while 867 drug label annotations, 201 curated functional pathways, and 746 annotated drugs have been catalogued on the largest pharmacogenomics database (PharmGKB). Only about 5009 variants of the reported ∼25,000 have been clinically annotated. Predominantly, the genetic variants were derived from 43 genes that contribute to 2318 clinically relevant variations in 57 diseases. Majority (∼60%) of the clinically relevant genetic variations in the pharmacogenes are missense variants (1390). The enrichment analysis showed that 15 pharmacogenes are connected biologically and are involved in the metabolism of cardiovascular and cancer drugs. The review of studies showed that cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent non-communicable diseases responsible for approximately 13% of all deaths in Africa. Also, warfarin pharmacogenomics is the most studied drug on the continent, while CYP2D6, CYP2C9, DPD, and TPMT are the most investigated pharmacogenes with allele activities indicated in African and considered to be intermediate metaboliser for DPD and TPMT (8.4% and 11%). In summary, we highlighted a framework for implementing genomic medicine starting from the available resources on ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi G Oluwole
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marc Henry
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zhou Y, Lauschke VM. Challenges Related to the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing for the Optimization of Drug Therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 280:237-260. [PMID: 35792943 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods have become increasingly used in various areas of human genomics. In routine clinical care, their use is already implemented in oncology to profile the mutational landscape of a tumor, as well as in rare disease diagnostics. However, its utilization in pharmacogenomics is largely lacking behind. Recent population-scale genome data has revealed that human pharmacogenes carry a plethora of rare genetic variations that are not interrogated by conventional array-based profiling methods and it is estimated that these variants could explain around 30% of the genetically encoded functional pharmacogenetic variability.To interpret the impact of such variants on drug response a multitude of computational tools have been developed, but, while there have been major advancements, it remains to be shown whether their accuracy is sufficient to improve personalized pharmacogenetic recommendations in robust trials. In addition, conventional short-read sequencing methods face difficulties in the interrogation of complex pharmacogenes and high NGS test costs require stringent evaluations of cost-effectiveness to decide about reimbursement by national healthcare programs. Here, we illustrate current challenges and discuss future directions toward the clinical implementation of NGS to inform genotype-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Liu JS, Chen Y, Shi DD, Zhang BR, Pu JL. Pharmacogenomics-a New Frontier for Individualized Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:536-546. [PMID: 36582064 PMCID: PMC10207905 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221229154830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with a significant public health burden. It is characterized by the gradual degeneration of dopamine neurons in the central nervous system. Although symptomatic pharmacological management remains the primary therapeutic method for PD, clinical experience reveals significant inter-individual heterogeneity in treatment effectiveness and adverse medication responses. The mechanisms behind the observed interindividual variability may be elucidated by investigating the role of genetic variation in human-to-human variances in medication responses and adverse effects. OBJECTIVE This review aims to explore the impact of gene polymorphism on the efficacy of antiparkinsonian drugs. The identification of factors associated with treatment effectiveness variability might assist the creation of a more tailored pharmacological therapy with higher efficacy, fewer side outcomes, and cheaper costs. METHODS In this review, we conducted a thorough search in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and critically examined current discoveries on Parkinson's disease pharmacogenetics. The ethnicity of the individuals, research methodologies, and potential bias of these studies were thoroughly compared, with the primary focus on consistent conclusions. RESULTS This review provides a summary of the existing data on PD pharmacogenetics, identifies its limitations, and offers insights that may be beneficial for future research. Previous studies have investigated the impact of gene polymorphism on the effectiveness and adverse effects of levodopa. The trendiest genes are the COMT gene, DAT gene, and DRD2 gene. However, limited study on other anti-Parkinson's drugs has been conducted. CONCLUSION Therefore, In order to develop an individualized precision treatment for PD, it is an inevitable trend to carry out multi-center, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trials of PD pharmacogenomics covering common clinical anti-PD drugs in large, homogeneous cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Si Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
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Bairamova SP, Pavlova OV, Shport SV, Gurina OI, Pavlov KA. [The relationship of cytochrome P450 isoforms with the efficacy and safety of antipsychotic and antidepressant therapy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:40-46. [PMID: 37994887 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312311140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is the leading enzyme in the biotransformation of most psychotropic drugs. CYP450 gene polymorphisms determine a patient's endophenotype with respect to the activity of enzymes of the family and affect the metabolism of prescribed antipsychotics and antidepressants. Categorizing patients by endophenotype during genotyping is likely to help simplify the selection of therapy in clinical practice. Co-prescribing drugs that may be inhibitors or inducers of CYP450 isoforms, in turn, may lead to adverse reactions or no effect of therapy. The article presents a compilation of known pharmacogenetic recommendations regarding the four major endophenotypes of metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Bairamova
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Pavlova
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Shport
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O I Gurina
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Pavlov
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
- Alexeev Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Bai H, Zhang X, Bush WS. Pharmacogenomic and Statistical Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2629:305-330. [PMID: 36929083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2986-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants can alter response to drugs and other therapeutic interventions. The study of this phenomenon, called pharmacogenomics, is similar in many ways to other types of genetic studies but has distinct methodological and statistical considerations. Genetic variants involved in the processing of exogenous compounds exhibit great diversity and complexity, and the phenotypes studied in pharmacogenomics are also more complex than typical genetic studies. In this chapter, we review basic concepts in pharmacogenomic study designs, data generation techniques, statistical analysis approaches, and commonly used methods and briefly discuss the ultimate translation of findings to clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimeng Bai
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William S Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Nguyen JQ, Crews KR, Moore BT, Kornegay NM, Baker DK, Hasan M, Campbell PK, Dean SM, Relling MV, Hoffman JM, Haidar CE. Clinician adherence to pharmacogenomics prescribing recommendations in clinical decision support alerts. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2022; 30:132-138. [PMID: 36228116 PMCID: PMC9748527 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoughtful integration of interruptive clinical decision support (CDS) alerts within the electronic health record is essential to guide clinicians on the application of pharmacogenomic results at point of care. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital implemented a preemptive pharmacogenomic testing program in 2011 in a multidisciplinary effort involving extensive education to clinicians about pharmacogenomic implications. We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinicians' adherence to 4783 pharmacogenomically guided CDS alerts that triggered for 12 genes and 60 drugs. Clinicians adhered to the therapeutic recommendations provided in 4392 alerts (92%). In our population of pediatric patients with catastrophic illnesses, the most frequently presented gene/drug CDS alerts were TPMT/NUDT15 and thiopurines (n = 3850), CYP2D6 and ondansetron (n = 667), CYP2D6 and oxycodone (n = 99), G6PD and G6PD high-risk medications (n = 51), and CYP2C19 and proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole and pantoprazole; n = 50). The high adherence rate was facilitated by our team approach to prescribing and our collaborative CDS design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Q Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristine R Crews
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ben T Moore
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nancy M Kornegay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Donald K Baker
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Murad Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick K Campbell
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shannon M Dean
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennesse, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James M Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of the Office of Quality and Patient Safety, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennesse, USA
| | - Cyrine E Haidar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Zhao Y, Brush M, Wang C, Wagner AH, Liu H, Freimuth RR. Leveraging a pharmacogenomics knowledgebase to formulate a drug response phenotype terminology for genomic medicine. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:5279-5287. [PMID: 36222570 PMCID: PMC9710557 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Despite the increasing evidence of utility of genomic medicine in clinical practice, systematically integrating genomic medicine information and knowledge into clinical systems with a high-level of consistency, scalability and computability remains challenging. A comprehensive terminology is required for relevant concepts and the associated knowledge model for representing relationships. In this study, we leveraged PharmGKB, a comprehensive pharmacogenomics (PGx) knowledgebase, to formulate a terminology for drug response phenotypes that can represent relationships between genetic variants and treatments. We evaluated coverage of the terminology through manual review of a randomly selected subset of 200 sentences extracted from genetic reports that contained concepts for 'Genes and Gene Products' and 'Treatments'. RESULTS Results showed that our proposed drug response phenotype terminology could cover 96% of the drug response phenotypes in genetic reports. Among 18 653 sentences that contained both 'Genes and Gene Products' and 'Treatments', 3011 sentences were able to be mapped to a drug response phenotype in our proposed terminology, among which the most discussed drug response phenotypes were response (994), sensitivity (829) and survival (332). In addition, we were able to re-analyze genetic report context incorporating the proposed terminology and enrich our previously proposed PGx knowledge model to reveal relationships between genetic variants and treatments. In conclusion, we proposed a drug response phenotype terminology that enhanced structured knowledge representation of genomic medicine. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhao
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew Brush
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alex H Wagner
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert R Freimuth
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Narendra G, Choudhary S, Raju B, Verma H, Silakari O. Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme-Mediated Toxicity and Pharmacokinetic Resistance to Anti-Cancer Agents: A Review on the Pharmacogenomics Aspect. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:1495-1517. [PMID: 36180817 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The inter-individual differences in cancer susceptibility are somehow correlated with the genetic differences that are caused by the polymorphisms. These genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes/drug-inactivating enzymes may negatively or positively affect the pharmacokinetic profile of chemotherapeutic agents that eventually lead to pharmacokinetic resistance and toxicity against anti-cancer drugs. For instance, the CYP1B1*3 allele is associated with CYP1B1 overexpression and consequent resistance to a variety of taxanes and platins, while 496T>G is associated with lower levels of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which results in severe toxicities related to 5-fluorouracil. In this context, a pharmacogenomics approach can be applied to ascertain the role of the genetic make-up in a person's response to any drug. This approach collectively utilizes pharmacology and genomics to develop effective and safe medications that are devoid of resistance problems. In addition, recently reported genomics studies revealed the impact of many single nucleotide polymorphisms in tumors. These studies emphasized the importance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes on the effect of anti-tumor drugs. In this review, we discuss the pharmacogenomics aspect of polymorphisms in detail to provide an insight into the genetic manipulations in drug-metabolizing enzymes that are responsible for pharmacokinetic resistance or toxicity against well-known anti-cancer drugs. Special emphasis is placed on different deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms and their effect on pharmacokinetic resistance. The information provided in this report may be beneficial to researchers, especially those who are working in the field of biotechnology and human genetics, in rationally manipulating the genetic information of patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy to avoid the problem of pharmacokinetic resistance/toxicity associated with drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera Narendra
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Truong TM, Apfelbaum JL, Danahey K, Schierer E, Ludwig J, George D, House L, Karrison T, Shahul S, Anitescu M, Choksi A, Hartman S, Knoebel RW, van Wijk XM, Yeo KTJ, Meltzer D, Ratain MJ, O’Donnell PH. Pilot Findings of Pharmacogenomics in Perioperative Care: Initial Results From the First Phase of the ImPreSS Trial. Anesth Analg 2022; 135:929-940. [PMID: 35213469 PMCID: PMC9402808 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenomics, which offers a potential means by which to inform prescribing and avoid adverse drug reactions, has gained increasing consideration in other medical settings but has not been broadly evaluated during perioperative care. METHODS The Implementation of Pharmacogenomic Decision Support in Surgery (ImPreSS) Trial is a prospective, single-center study consisting of a prerandomization pilot and a subsequent randomized phase. We describe findings from the pilot period. Patients planning elective surgeries were genotyped with pharmacogenomic results, and decision support was made available to anesthesia providers in advance of surgery. Pharmacogenomic result access and prescribing records were analyzed. Surveys (Likert-scale) were administered to providers to understand utilization barriers. RESULTS Of eligible anesthesiology providers, 166 of 211 (79%) enrolled. A total of 71 patients underwent genotyping and surgery (median, 62 years; 55% female; average American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, 2.6; 58 inpatients and 13 ambulatories). No patients required postoperative intensive care or pain consultations. At least 1 provider accessed pharmacogenomic results before or during 41 of 71 surgeries (58%). Faculty were more likely to access results (78%) compared to house staff (41%; P = .003) and midlevel practitioners (15%) ( P < .0001). Notably, all administered intraoperative medications had favorable genomic results with the exception of succinylcholine administration to 1 patient with genomically increased risk for prolonged apnea (without adverse outcome). Considering composite prescribing in preoperative, recovery, throughout hospitalization, and at discharge, each patient was prescribed a median of 35 (range 15-83) total medications, 7 (range 1-22) of which had annotated pharmacogenomic results. Of 2371 prescribing events, 5 genomically high-risk medications were administered (all tramadol or omeprazole; with 2 of 5 pharmacogenomic results accessed), and 100 genomically cautionary mediations were administered (hydralazine, oxycodone, and pantoprazole; 61% rate of accessing results). Providers reported that although results were generally easy to access and understand, the most common reason for not considering results was because remembering to access pharmacogenomic information was not yet a part of their normal clinical workflow. CONCLUSIONS Our pilot data for result access rates suggest interest in pharmacogenomics by anesthesia providers, even if opportunities to alter prescribing in response to high-risk genotypes were infrequent. This pilot phase has also uncovered unique considerations for implementing pharmacogenomic information in the perioperative care setting, and new strategies including adding the involvement of surgery teams, targeting patients likely to need intensive care and dedicated pain care, and embedding pharmacists within rounding models will be incorporated in the follow-on randomized phase to increase engagement and likelihood of affecting prescribing decisions and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien M. Truong
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Apfelbaum
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keith Danahey
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Schierer
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jenna Ludwig
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David George
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Larry House
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore Karrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sajid Shahul
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Magdalena Anitescu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anish Choksi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seth Hartman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Randall W. Knoebel
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xander M.R. van Wijk
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kiang-Teck J. Yeo
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Meltzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark J. Ratain
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter H. O’Donnell
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Bartos MN, Scott SA, Jabs EW, Naik H. Attitudes on pharmacogenomic results as secondary findings among medical geneticists. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:273-280. [PMID: 35916546 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As evidence mounts supporting the utility of pharmacogenomic-guided medication management, incorporating pharmacogenomic genes into secondary finding results from sequencing panels is increasingly under consideration. We studied medical geneticists' attitudes on receiving pharmacogenomic results as secondary finding. METHODS Four focus groups with 16 medical geneticists total were conducted followed by thematic analysis. RESULTS All participants ordered genetic sequencing tests; however, the majority had rarely or never ordered pharmacogenomic tests (10/16) or prescribed medications with established response variability (11/16). In total 81.3% expressed low comfort interpreting pharmacogenomic results without appropriate clinical resources (13/16). The positives of receiving pharmacogenomic results as secondary finding included prevention of adverse drug reactions in adults, grateful information-seeking patients, the ability to rapidly prescribe more effective treatments and appreciation of the recent advances in both pharmacogenomic knowledge and available guidelines. Negatives included laboratory reporting issues, exclusivity of pharmacogenomic results to certain populations, lengthy reports concealing pharmacogenomic results in patient charts and laboratories marketing to individuals without prior pharmacogenomic knowledge or targeting inappropriate populations. The most desirable pharmacogenomic resources included a universal electronic health record clinical decision support tool to assist identifying and implementing pharmacogenomic results, a specialized pharmacist as part of the care team, additional pharmacogenomic training during medical/graduate school, and a succinct interpretation of pharmacogenomic results included on laboratory reports. CONCLUSIONS The majority of participants agreed that adding certain actionable pharmacogenomic genes to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics SF list is reasonable; however, this was qualified with a need for additional resources to support implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan N Bartos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stuart A Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford
- Clinical Genomics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Hetanshi Naik
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
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Raymond M, Critchlow E, Rice SM, Wodoslawsky S, Berger SI, Hegde M, Empey PE, Al-Kouatly HB. Fetal pharmacogenomics: A promising addition to complex neonatal care. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:140-145. [PMID: 36029725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacogenomics (PGx) characterizes genetic variation in medication response. 85-95% of the population carries actionable PGx variants. No prior studies have demonstrated the application and feasibility of PGx in prenatal testing. We assessed parental desire for PGx findings from fetal exome sequencing (ES), evaluated PGx variants, and reviewed implications for medically complex neonates. METHODS A prospective cohort undergoing ES for nonimmune hydrops fetalis were offered PGx results as a secondary finding. Seven pharmacogenes with Level A evidence, defined by Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines, were tested and reported to patients and referring providers. Medication administration records were reviewed. RESULTS Most participants (36/40, 90%) desired PGx testing. 32/36 (89%) had potentially actionable PGx diplotypes in six genes: CYP2C19 (20/36, 56%), CYP2C9 (16/36, 44%), CYP2D6 (10/36, 28%), SLCO1B1 (13/36, 36%), TPMT (6/36, 17%), UGT1A1 (4/36, 11%). 12/13 (92%) live births had PGx variants. Neonatal chart review indicated that three medications with CPIC Level A evidence were administered to four neonates. None of the patients received a medication that aligned with an actionable pharmacogenetic variant as defined by Level A CPIC guidance. CONCLUSION Most participants opted to receive PGx results. 89% had actionable variants, consistent with population estimates. Obtaining fetal PGx data is feasible for medically complex neonates. Further studies are needed for broad clinical application of PGx in fetuses with major congenital abnormalities. Our study demonstrates the potential of PGx as useful preemptive clinical information that could be obtained at the time of fetal exome sequencing for other indications. CLINICALTRIALS gov Registration: NCT03911531.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Raymond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Critchlow
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Rice
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sascha Wodoslawsky
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research at Children's National, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Philip E Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huda B Al-Kouatly
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomic testing can be an effective tool to enhance medication safety and efficacy. Pharmacogenomically actionable medications are widely used, and approximately 90-95% of individuals have an actionable genotype for at least one pharmacogene. For pharmacogenomic testing to have the greatest impact on medication safety and clinical care, genetic information should be made available at the time of prescribing (preemptive testing). However, the use of preemptive pharmacogenomic testing is associated with some logistical concerns, such as consistent reimbursement, processes for reporting preemptive results over an individual's lifetime, and result portability. Lessons can be learned from institutions that have implemented preemptive pharmacogenomic testing. In this review, we discuss the rationale and best practices for implementing pharmacogenomics preemptively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine E Haidar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; , , , ,
| | - Kristine R Crews
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; , , , ,
| | - James M Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; , , , ,
- Office of Quality and Safety, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; , , , ,
| | - Kelly E Caudle
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; , , , ,
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Mbavha BT, Kanji CR, Stadler N, Stingl J, Stanglmair A, Scholl C, Wekwete W, Masimirembwa C. Population genetic polymorphisms of pharmacogenes in Zimbabwe, a potential guide for the safe and efficacious use of medicines in people of African ancestry. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:173-182. [PMID: 35190514 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a clinically significant factor in the safe and efficacious use of medicines. While PGx knowledge is abundant for other populations, there are scarce PGx data on African populations and is little knowledge on drug-gene interactions for medicines used to treat diseases common in Africa. The aim of this study was to use a custom-designed open array to genotype clinically actionable variants in a Zimbabwean population. This study also identified some of the commonly used drugs in Zimbabwe and the associated genes involved in their metabolism. METHODS A custom-designed open array that covers 120 genetic variants was used to genotype 522 black Zimbabwean healthy volunteers using TaqMan-based single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Data were also accessed from Essential Drugs' List in Zimbabwe (EDLIZ), and the medicines were grouped into the associated biomarker groups based on their metabolism. We also estimated the national drug procurement levels for medicines that could benefit from PGx-guided use based on the data obtained from the national authorities in Zimbabwe. RESULTS The results demonstrate the applicability of an open-array chip in simultaneously determining multiple genetic variants in an individual, thus significantly reducing cost and time to generate PGx data. There were significantly high frequencies of African-specific variants, such as the CYP2D6*17 and *29 variants and the CYP2B6*18 variant. The data obtained showed that the Zimbabwean population exhibits PGx variations in genes important for the safe and efficacious use of drugs approved by the EDLIZ and are procured at significantly large amounts annually. The study has established a cohort of genotyped healthy volunteers that can be accessed and used in the conduct of clinical pharmacogenetic studies for drugs entering a market of people of predominantly African ancestry. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the potential benefit of integrating PGx in Zimbabwe for the safe and efficacious use of drugs that are commonly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianza T Mbavha
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Comfort R Kanji
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nadina Stadler
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Stanglmair
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn
| | - Catharina Scholl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn
| | - William Wekwete
- Evaluations and Registration Division, Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Collen Masimirembwa
- Department of Genomic Medicine, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Harare, Zimbabwe
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Truong TM, Apfelbaum JL, Schierer E, Danahey K, Borden BA, Karrison T, Shahul S, Anitescu M, Gerlach R, Knoebel RW, Meltzer DO, Ratain MJ, O’Donnell PH. Anesthesia providers as stakeholders to adoption of pharmacogenomic information in perioperative care. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:79-86. [PMID: 34570085 PMCID: PMC8940738 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Integration of pharmacogenomics into clinical care is being studied in multiple disciplines. We hypothesized that understanding attitudes and perceptions of anesthesiologists, critical care and pain medicine providers would uncover unique considerations for future implementation within perioperative care. METHODS A survey (multiple choice and Likert-scale) was administered to providers within our Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care prior to initiation of a department-wide prospective pharmacogenomics implementation program. The survey addressed knowledge, perceptions, experiences, resources and barriers. RESULTS Of 153 providers contacted, 149 (97%) completed the survey. Almost all providers (92%) said that genetic results influence drug therapy, and few (22%) were skeptical about the usefulness of pharmacogenomics. Despite this enthusiasm, 87% said their awareness about pharmacogenomic information is lacking. Feeling well-informed about pharmacogenomics was directly related to years in practice/experience: only 38% of trainees reported being well-informed, compared to 46% of those with 1-10 years of experience, and nearly two-thirds with 11+ years (P < 0.05). Regarding barriers, providers reported uncertainty about availability of testing, turnaround time and whether testing is worth financial costs. CONCLUSIONS Anesthesiology, critical care and pain medicine providers are optimistic about the potential clinical utility of pharmacogenomics, but are uncertain about practical aspects of testing and desire clear guidelines on the use of results. These findings may inform future institutional efforts toward greater integration of genomic results to improve medication-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien M. Truong
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Apfelbaum
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Schierer
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keith Danahey
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brittany A. Borden
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore Karrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sajid Shahul
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Magdalena Anitescu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca Gerlach
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Randall W. Knoebel
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mark J. Ratain
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter H. O’Donnell
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
The development of Alzheimer's disease therapeutics has been challenging, with 99% of clinical trials failing to find a significant difference between drug and placebo. While the quest continues for more effective treatments, there is emerging evidence that pharmacogenetic considerations are important factors in regard to metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity of drugs. Currently, there are five US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; three acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and aducanumab. Introducing a limited genetic panel consisting of APOE4, CYP2D6*10, and BChE*K would optimize acetylcholinesterase inhibitor therapy, facilitate immunotherapy risk assessment, and inform an amyloid-related imaging abnormality surveillance schedule. In view of the genetic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease identified in genome-wide association studies, pharmacogenetics is expected to play an increasing role in mechanism-specific treatment strategies and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Argueta
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Emily Notari
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kinga Szigeti
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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