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Zhang Q, Lu M, Liu T, Zheng X, Chen T, Yang L, Ding L, Yang Y, Han Z, Gu L, Wang Z. Glechomenes A-G, diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activities from the aerial part of Glechoma longituba. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:106034. [PMID: 38795853 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Ten diterpenoids including six unreported abietane-type diterpenoids Glecholmenes A-F (1-6) and an undescribed labdane-type diterpenoid Glecholmene G (9), together with three known diterpenoids (7,8,10), were firstly isolated from the aerial part of G. longituba. Their structures were established mainly by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) methods. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and X-ray crystallographic analyses were used for the determination of their absolute configurations. The anti-inflammatory activity of all compounds was evaluated using the classical LPS-induced NO release model in RAW264.7 cells. Compound 2 displayed significant anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 values of 29.08 ± 1.40 μM (Aminoguanidine hydrochloride as the positive control, IC50 = 21.84 ± 0.48 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meilong Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianzi Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiuqin Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianqi Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ding
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhuzhen Han
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lihua Gu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Shan T, Xu J, Zhong X, Zhang J, He B, Tao Y, Wu J. Full-length transcriptome sequencing provides new insights into the complexity of flavonoid biosynthesis in Glechoma longituba. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14104. [PMID: 38148235 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Glechoma longituba has been frequently used in treating urolithiasis and cholelithiasis due to the presence of flavonoids, which are its major bioactive constituents. However, research on the molecular background of flavonoid biosynthesis in G. longituba is limited. In this study, we used single-molecule real-time combined with next-generation sequencing technologies to construct the complete transcriptome of G. longituba. We identified 404,648 non-redundant transcripts, including 249,697 coding sequences, 197,811 simple sequence repeats, 174,846 long noncoding RNA, and 176,554 coding RNA. Moreover, we functionally annotated 346,218 isoforms (85.56%) and identified 86,528 differentially expressed genes. We also identified 55 non-redundant full-length isoforms related to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the expression levels of some key genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly positively correlated with the flavonoid metabolites. Furthermore, we performed bioinformatics analysis (sequence and structural) of isoform_47029 (encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase) and isoform_53692 (encoding flavonol synthase) to evaluate their potential biological functions. Finally, we validated gene expression levels of 12 flavonoid-related key enzyme genes using quantitative real-time PCR. Overall, this study provides full-length transcriptome information on G. longituba for the first time and valuable molecular resources for further research on the medicinal properties of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Shan
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingyao Xu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xinxin Zhong
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bing He
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yijia Tao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, China
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Su Y, Huang Y, Kou Q, Lu L, Jiang H, Li X, Gui R, Huang R, Huang X, Ma J, Li J, Nie X. Study on the Role of an Erythrocyte Membrane-Coated Nanotheranostic System in Targeted Immune Regulation of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301361. [PMID: 37075744 PMCID: PMC10288270 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population. Despite significant advances in studies of the pathobiology on AD, there is still no effective treatment. Here, an erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged nanodrug delivery system (TR-ZRA) modified with transferrin receptor aptamers that can be targeted across the blood-brain barrier to ameliorate AD immune environment is established. Based on metal-organic framework (Zn-CA), TR-ZRA is loaded with CD22shRNA plasmid to silence the abnormally high expression molecule CD22 in aging microglia. Most importantly, TR-ZRA can enhance the ability of microglia to phagocytose Aβ and alleviate complement activation, which can promote neuronal activity and decrease inflammation level in the AD brain. Moreover, TR-ZRA is also loaded with Aβ aptamers, which allow rapid and low-cost monitoring of Aβ plaques in vitro. After treatment with TR-ZRA, learning, and memory abilities are enhanced in AD mice. In conclusion, the biomimetic delivery nanosystem TR-ZRA in this study provides a promising strategy and novel immune targets for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Su
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Yufen Huang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Qinjie Kou
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Blood TransfusionThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Haiye Jiang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Xisheng Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Rong Gui
- Department of Blood TransfusionThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Blood TransfusionThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Xueyuan Huang
- Department of Blood TransfusionThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Jinqi Ma
- Department of Blood TransfusionThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Blood TransfusionThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
| | - Xinmin Nie
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityNo.138,Tongzipo Road,Yuelu DistrictChangshaHunan410013China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic Health DetectionChangshaHunan410000China
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Gu Y, Wei L, Liu Y, Luo Y, Tan T. Rapid identification of chemical constituents in Yinqiao Powder using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with data filtering strategy. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5392. [PMID: 35491476 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Yinqiao Powder is a classic and effective prescription for the treatment of many kinds of pneumonia in China. To date, the chemical constituents had not been uncovered. Comprehensive identification of chemical constituents provided a structure basis to discover the potential anti-pneumonia ingredients in Yinqiao Powder. In this paper, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis with diagnostic product ions and neutral loss filtering strategy were established and applied for the comprehensive chemical profiling of Yinqiao Powder, which simplified structure elucidation of chemical constituents in Yinqiao Powder. A total of 124 compounds, including 8 C6-C2 glucoside conjugates, 28 iridoid glycosides, 14 lignans, 21 phenylethanol glycosides, 20 triterpenoid saponins, 9 chlorogenic acids and 24 flavonoids were rapidly identified in Yinqiao Powder, and 32 of them were characterized by comparing their MS/MS data and retention time with reference standards. The results indicated that UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method coupled with data filtering strategy was feasible and rational to identify the complex chemical constituents of Yinqiao Powder, which would be conducive to discover the active ingredients of Yinqiao Powder for the treatment of pneumonia and establish its quality standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Gu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lele Wei
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Tan
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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Magaña AA, Kamimura N, Soumyanath A, Stevens JF, Maier CS. Caffeoylquinic acids: chemistry, biosynthesis, occurrence, analytical challenges, and bioactivity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1299-1319. [PMID: 34171156 PMCID: PMC9084498 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) are specialized plant metabolites we encounter in our daily life. Humans consume CQAs in mg-to-gram quantities through dietary consumption of plant products. CQAs are considered beneficial for human health, mainly due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Recently, new biosynthetic pathways via a peroxidase-type p-coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase enzyme were discovered. More recently, a new GDSL lipase-like enzyme able to transform monoCQAs into diCQA was identified in Ipomoea batatas. CQAs were recently linked to memory improvement; they seem to be strong indirect antioxidants via Nrf2 activation. However, there is a prevalent confusion in the designation and nomenclature of different CQA isomers. Such inconsistencies are critical and complicate bioactivity assessment since different isomers differ in bioactivity and potency. A detailed explanation regarding the origin of such confusion is provided, and a recommendation to unify nomenclature is suggested. Furthermore, for studies on CQA bioactivity, plant-based laboratory animal diets contain CQAs, which makes it difficult to include proper control groups for comparison. Therefore, a synthetic diet free of CQAs is advised to avoid interferences since some CQAs may produce bioactivity even at nanomolar levels. Biotransformation of CQAs by gut microbiota, the discovery of new enzymatic biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, dietary assessment, and assessment of biological properties with potential for drug development are areas of active, ongoing research. This review is focused on the chemistry, biosynthesis, occurrence, analytical challenges, and bioactivity recently reported for mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraCQAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Alcázar Magaña
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Naofumi Kamimura
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Zhou Y, He YJ, Wang ZJ, Hu BY, Xie TZ, Xiao X, Zhou ZS, Sang XY, Luo XD. A review of plant characteristics, phytochemistry and bioactivities of the genus Glechoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113830. [PMID: 33465438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plants of the genus Glechoma have been abundantly used for thousands of years in China as folk treatments for cholelithiasis, urolithiasis, inflammation, and other conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY This review discusses the potential application of Glechoma as an herbal medicine. The plant characteristics, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Glechoma are summarized as a guide for phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various search engines including SciFinder, Google Scholar, Scopus-Elsevier, Medline, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for publications on Glechoma using relevant keywords. Additionally, local records, books, and non-English journals were screened up to October 2020. RESULTS The phytochemistry of several Glechoma plants has been systematically studied, and over one hundred different compounds have been isolated and identified. Terpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols are the major secondary metabolites. Crude extracts and isolated compounds have been shown to exhibit various pharmacological activities including prevention of nephrolithiasis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticomplement, antimicrobial, antioxidant, depigmenting, anticancer, and antiviral activities, among others. CONCLUSION Glechoma species have been used as folk medicine to treat various diseases and have diverse biological activities, making them valuable starting materials for drug development. However, in most cases the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, safety, and possible interactions with other drugs remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Ying-Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Bin-Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Tian-Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Xia Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Zhong-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Xu-Yan Sang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, 650201, PR China.
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Characterization of Phenolics in Rejected Kiwifruit and Their Antioxidant Potential. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit hold significant nutritional value and are a good source of antioxidants due to their diverse range of bioactive compounds. Kiwifruit waste is generated throughout the food supply chain, particularly during transportation and storage. Kiwifruit rejected from the retail market due to unfavorable appearance still possess potential economic value as kiwifruit are abundant in phenolic compounds. The present work studied the phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of rejected kiwifruit, including SunGold (Actinidia chinensis), Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa), and round organic Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa). Regarding phenolics estimation, SunGold possessed the highest TPC (0.72 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g), while Hayward exhibited the highest TFC (0.05 ± 0.09 mg QE/g). In antioxidant assays, SunGold showed the highest antioxidant activities in DPPH (0.31 ± 0.35 mg AAE/g), FRAP (0.48 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g), ABTS (0.69 ± 0.07 mg AAE/g), •OH-RSA (0.07 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g) assays, and FICA (0.19 ± 0.07 mg EDTA/g), whereas Hayward showed the highest RPA (0.09 ± 0.02 mg AAE/g) and TAC (0.57 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g). Separation and characterization of phenolics were conducted using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of 97 phenolics were tentatively characterized from rejected SunGold (71 phenolics), Hayward (55 phenolics), and round organic Hayward (9 phenolics). Hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols were the most common phenolics characterized in the three samples. The quantitative analysis was conducted by HPLC-PDA and found that chlorogenic acid (23.98 ± 0.95 mg/g), catechin (23.24 ± 1.16 mg/g), and quercetin (24.59 ± 1.23 mg/g) were the most abundant phenolics present in the rejected kiwifruit samples. The notable presence of phenolic compounds and their corresponding antioxidant capacities indicate the potential value of rescuing rejected kiwifruit for further utilization and commercial exploitation.
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