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Mostafa A. Insights into the sustainability of liquid chromatographic methods for favipiravir bioanalysis: a comparative study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19658-19679. [PMID: 38899032 PMCID: PMC11185049 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of favipiravir as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, particularly in treating influenza and exploring its potential against COVID-19, emphasizes the necessity for efficient analytical methods. Liquid chromatography has emerged as a commonly utilized technique for quantifying favipiravir in biological fluids. However, the environmental and health concerns linked to classical analytical methods mean a transition toward green analytical chemistry is required. This study investigates the environmental impact of 19 liquid chromatographic methods utilized in the bioanalysis of favipiravir. Recognizing the importance of eco-friendly practices in pharmaceutical analysis, the study employs three widely accepted greenness assessment tools: Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE). Moreover, it incorporates a comprehensive evaluation on a global scale utilizing the whiteness assessment tool Red-Green-Blue 12 (RGB 12). The comprehensive evaluation aims to extend beyond traditional validation criteria and considerations of green chemistry, providing insights into the development of practically efficient, eco-friendly and economical analytical methods for favipiravir determination. This study emphasizes the necessity of planning for the environmental impact and overall sustainability of analytical methods before laboratory trials. Additionally, the integration of greenness/whiteness evaluation in method validation protocols is strongly advocated, emphasizing the importance of critical and global evaluations in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Eastern Province Saudi Arabia (+966) 56 262 3776
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Safari E, Seyfinejad B, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Nemati M. Acid-base reaction-based dispersive solid phase extraction of favipiravir using biotin from biological samples prior to capillary electrophoresis analysis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19612-19618. [PMID: 38903417 PMCID: PMC11188667 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, an acid-base reaction-based dispersive solid-phase extraction method was developed for the extraction of favipiravir from deionized water, plasma and urine samples prior to its determination using a capillary electrophoresis-diode array detector. The target analyte was extracted from the samples using biotin as a green adsorbent. To reach this goal, the pH of the solution was first adjusted to 9.0 (using borate buffer), and the ionic strength of the solution was enhanced by adding sodium chloride (2.5%, w/v). Thereafter, an appropriate amount of biotin was dissolved in the solution and a homogenous phase was obtained. By adding hydrochloric acid to the solution, an acid-base reaction occurs via protonation of biotin, which decreases its solubility. During this procedure, the analyte was adsorbed onto the tiny particles of the produced adsorbent dispersed into the solution. The resulting mixture was sonicated to facilitate the adsorption of the analyte onto the adsorbent surface. After the collection of biotin particles through centrifugation, the analyte was eluted using acetonitrile and then used in the determination stage. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the calibration curve was linear from 250 to 3000 ng mL-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.9968. Low limit of detection, and quantification, good repeatability on the same day and different days (relative standard deviation ≤ 8.2%), and acceptable extraction recovery were accessed. The applicability of the method was examined by performing it on spiked plasma and urine samples, and its performance was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Safari
- Pharmaceutical and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Behrouz Seyfinejad
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran +98 4133344798 +98 4133372250
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University 99138 Nicosia Mersin 10 North Cyprus Turkey
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran +98 4133344798 +98 4133372250
| | - Mahboob Nemati
- Pharmaceutical and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran +98 4133344798 +98 4133372250
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Hoseininezhad-Namin MS, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A. Favipiravir, remdesivir, and lopinavir: metabolites, degradation products and their analytical methods. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:127-144. [PMID: 38445647 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2326415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. Several studies have suggested that antiviral drugs such as favipiravir (FAV), remdesivir (RDV), and lopinavir (LPV) may potentially prevent the spread of the virus in the host cells and person-to-person transmission. Simultaneously with the widespread use of these drugs, their stability and action mechanism studies have also attracted the attention of many researchers. This review focuses on the action mechanism, metabolites and degradation products of these antiviral drugs (FAV, RDV and LPV) and demonstrates various methods for their quantification and discrimination in the different biological samples. Herein, the instrumental methods for analysis of the main form of drugs or their metabolite and degradation products are classified into two types: optical and chromatography methods which the last one in combination with various detectors provides a powerful method for routine and stability analyses. Some representative studies are reported in this review and the details of them are carefully explained. It is hoped that this review will be a good guideline study and provide a better understanding of these drugs from the aspects investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saleh Hoseininezhad-Namin
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Heudi O, Winter S. Supported liquid extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of a TLR7 agonist imiquimod LFX453 in plasma at low picograms per milliliter: Method validation and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in minipig. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5769. [PMID: 37937618 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation is essential for low-level compound determination. In the present work, supported liquid extraction (SLE) was used as sample preparation for the low-level determination of a new TLR7 agonist imiquimod compound, LFX453. Samples were extracted on ISOLUTE® SLE 96-well plates using tert-butyl-methyl ether followed by evaporation and dry residue reconstitution with 150 μl of a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile-water (50/50, v/v). Samples were eluted using a flow rate of 0.750 ml/min on a C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). Tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the samples in positive mode. The method run time was 6.5 min, and the low limit of quantification was 1.00 pg/ml with 0.100 ml of minipig plasma. Intra-run and inter-run precision and accuracy were within the acceptance criteria at four concentration levels over a concentration ranging from 1.00 to 200 pg/ml. There was no matrix effect and recovery, three freeze-thaw cycles and incurred samples reanalysis were validated. The method was successfully applied for measuring LFX453 in minipig plasma after application on minipig skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Heudi
- PK Sciences/Bioanalytics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Winter
- PK Sciences/Bioanalytics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Sharaf YA, Abd El-Fattah MH, El-Sayed HM, Hassan SA. A solvent-free HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Favipiravir and its hydrolytic degradation product. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18512. [PMID: 37898682 PMCID: PMC10613211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During COVID-19 pandemic, Favipiravir (FPV) showed a great efficacy against COVID-19 virus, it produced noticeable improvements in recovery of the patients. The aim of this study was to develop a new, green and simple method for the simultaneous determination of FPV and its acid-induced degradation product (ADP) in its pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This method will be key for the inevitable development of FPV solution and inhaler formulations. A green micellar RP-HPLC method was developed using an RP-VDSPHERE PUR 100 column (5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm) and an isocratic mixed micellar mobile phase composed of 0.02 M Brij-35, 0.1 M SDS and 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate anhydrous and adjusted to pH 3.0 with 1.0 mL min-1 flow rate. The detection was performed at 280 nm with a run time of less than six min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, linear relationship has been established between peak area and concentration of FPV and its ADP in the range of 5-100 and 10-100 µg mL-1 with elution time of 3.8 and 5.7 min, respectively. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and applied successfully for determination of FPV in its pharmaceutical dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Ahmed Sharaf
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mai H Abd El-Fattah
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt.
| | - Heba M El-Sayed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Said A Hassan
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Sharaf YA, Abd El-Fattah MH, El-Sayed HM, Hegazy MA. Spectrophotometric determination of favipiravir in presence of its acid hydrolysis product. BMC Chem 2023; 17:129. [PMID: 37777796 PMCID: PMC10542695 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (FAV) has been approved as an antiviral drug used in pandemic corona virus to treat covid-19. It has an amide moiety susceptible to hydrolysis and degradation in acid medium. Therefore, four simple, sensitive, and accurate stability indicating spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of FAV in presence of its acid induced degradation product. The first method describes direct determination of FAV at 323 nm. Dual wavelength method was the second developed one for FAV quantitation by recording the absorbance difference at 322.7 and 270 nm. The third method involves using first derivative peak to peak amplitude at 338.0 and 308.0 nm, while difference spectrophotometry was the fourth suggested method, and it was based on recording the spectral changes at 361.3 nm as pH changes. The obtained calibration curves were linear over 4.0-22.0 µg/mL. Accuracy of the suggested procedures ranged from 99.11 to100.06, while precision results were from 0.80 to1.68. The developed methods were used to determine FAV in pure powdered form, laboratory-prepared mixtures with their degradation product, and pharmaceutical formulation without interference from its acidic degradation product.The greenness was assessed based on GAPI and ACREE metric and was found to be compatible and in reconciliation with green analytical chemistry concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Ahmed Sharaf
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mai H Abd El-Fattah
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science & Technology, Giza, 12566, Egypt.
| | - Heba M El-Sayed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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7
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El-Sayed HM, Abdellatef HE, Hendawy HAM, El-Abassy OM, Ibrahim H. A highly sensitive and green electroanalytical method for the determination of favipiravir in pharmaceutical and biological fluids. BMC Chem 2023; 17:109. [PMID: 37653428 PMCID: PMC10472665 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Favipiravir is currently used for the treatment of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE A highly sensitive and eco-friendly electroanalytical method was developed to quantify favipiravir. METHOD The voltammetric method optimized a sensor composed of reduced graphene oxide / modified carbon paste electrode in the presence of an anionic surfactant, improving the favipiravir detection limit. The investigation reveals that favipiravir-oxidation is a diffusion-controlled irreversible process. The effects of various pH and scan rates on oxidation anodic peak current were investigated. RESULTS The developed method offers a wide linear dynamic range of 1.5-420 ng/mL alongside a higher sensitivity with a limit of detection in the nanogram range (0.44 ng/mL) and a limit of quantification in the low nanogram range (1.34 ng/mL). CONCLUSION The proposed method was applied for the determination of favipiravir in the dosage form, human plasma and urine samples. The developed method exhibited good selectivity in the presence of two potential electroactive biological interferants, uric acid which increases during favipiravir therapy and the recommended co-administered vitamin C. The organic solvent-free method greenness was evaluated via the Green Analytical Procedure Index, The present work offers a simple, sensitive and environment-friendly method fulfilling green chemistry concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M El-Sayed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hisham Ezzat Abdellatef
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | | | - Omar M El-Abassy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Hany Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr, 11829, Egypt
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Xu D, Huang H, Hu W, Liu X, Yang J. LC-MS/MS separation and quantitation of ribavirin in chicken and comparison of different mass spectrometric platforms. BMC Chem 2023; 17:96. [PMID: 37550729 PMCID: PMC10408068 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of ribavirin in chicken. Samples was extracted with 0.1% formic acid and purified by Hypercarb cartridge prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The eluates were evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in 1 mL 5mM ammonium acetate containing 5% acetonitrile (v/v) and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Hypercarb analytical column under a gradient elution program with acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in 5 mM ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The intraday and interday accuracy ranged from - 7.83 - 1.39%, and - 6.38 - 2.25%, with precisions between 1.34 - 3.88%% and 1.10 - 4.67%. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) of ribavirin was 0.1 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect and stability. Application of the method confirmed 3 ribavirin positive samples out of 50 commercial chicken samples, with concentrations of ribavirin ranging from 0.9 μg/kg to 5.8 μg/kg a, respectively. Additionally, both AB Sciex 5500 and Agilent 6945B were proven to be suitable in ribavirin separation and quantification. The described method is suitable for the determination of ribavirin in chicken in analytical practice to monitor illegal addition of this kind of anti-viral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daokun Xu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haolun Huang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Hu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Demonstration Collaborative Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food and Drug Safety, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control and Agilent Technologies (China), Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Laboratory for Food Safety, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control and SCIEX (China), Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Challenger E, Penchala SD, Hale C, Fitzgerald R, Walker L, Reynolds H, Chiong J, Fletcher T, Khoo S, Else L. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of favipiravir in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115436. [PMID: 37148698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir (FVP) is a broad-spectrum antiviral that selectively inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, first trialled for the treatment of influenza infection. It has been shown to be effective against a number of RNA virus families including arenaviruses, flaviviruses and enteroviruses. Most recently, FVP has been investigated as a potential therapeutic for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of FVP in human plasma has been developed and validated for use in clinical trials investigating favipiravir as treatment for coronavirus disease-2019. Samples were extracted by protein precipitation using acetonitrile, using 13C, 15N- Favipiravir as internal standard. Elution was performed on a Synergi Polar-RP 150 × 2.1 mm 4 µm column using a gradient mobile phase programme consisting of 0.2% formic acid in water and 0.2% formic acid in methanol. The assay was validated over the range 500-50,000 ng/mL; this method was found to be precise and accurate and recovery of FVP from the matrix was high. Stability experiments confirmed and expanded on the known stability of FVP, including under heat treatment and for a period of 10 months at - 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Challenger
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Sujan Dilly Penchala
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Colin Hale
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Richard Fitzgerald
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Lauren Walker
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Helen Reynolds
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Justin Chiong
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Tom Fletcher
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Saye Khoo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Laura Else
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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Fabric phase sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of favipiravir in biological and forensic samples. ADVANCES IN SAMPLE PREPARATION 2023. [PMCID: PMC9985823 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a pyrazine analog, is proposed as providential antiviral agent against the COVID-19 infection during 2020 pandemic emergency. For the first time, a fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed and applied for the determination of favipiravir (FAV) in biological samples (human plasma, blood and urine), pharmaceutical and forensic samples. The method comprises of extraction of FAV by FPSE followed by its derivatization with N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and GC-MS analysis. Design of experiment-based optimization was performed using Placket-Burman Design (PBD) and Central Composite Design (CCD) for the screening of significant factors of FPSE and their optimization, respectively. Among all tested membranes, sol-gel polyethylene glycol (PEG) has offered the best extraction efficiency for FAV. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method was found to be linear in the range of 0.01–10 µg mL−1 by GC-MS. The LODs and LOQs were as low as 0.001-0.0026 μg mL−1 and 0.003-0.0086 μg mL−1, respectively by GC-MS. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 5 and 10 %, respectively, showing good method precision. The proposed method has been successfully applied to detect and quantify FAV in human urine, whole blood and plasma samples along with seized forensic samples. In addition, the proposed method has been evaluated for its green character by ComplexGAPI index.
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Ali MFB, Saraya RE, El Deeb S, Ibrahim AE, Salman BI. An Innovative Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor Encrusted with Tb Nanoparticles for the Detection of Favipiravir: A Potential Antiviral Drug for the Treatment of COVID-19. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:243. [PMID: 36832009 PMCID: PMC9954130 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An innovative polymer-based electro-sensor decorated with Tb nanoparticles has been developed for the first time. The fabricated sensor was utilized for trace determination of favipiravir (FAV), a recently US FDA-approved antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID-19. Different techniques, including ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were applied for the characterization of the developed electrode TbNPs@ poly m-THB/PGE. Various experimental variables, including pH, potential range, polymer concentration, number of cycles, scan rate and deposition time, were optimized. Moreover, different voltammetric parameters were examined and optimized. The presented SWV method showed linearity over the range of 10-150 × 10-9 M with a good correlation coefficient (R = 0.9994), and the detection limit (LOD) reached 3.1 × 10-9 M. The proposed method was applied for the quantification of FAV in tablet dosage forms and in human plasma without any interference from complex matrices, obtaining good % recovery results (98.58-101.93%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa F. B. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Roshdy E. Saraya
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Teschnische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Baher I. Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Siripongboonsitti T, Ungtrakul T, Watanapokasin N, Timsri P, Wongpakdee K, Wattanasin P, Pavitrapok C, Khunvichai A, Jamnongtanachot P, Mueannoom W, Kitpoka T, Arjharn W, Mahanonda N. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Favipiravir Oral Solution and Tablet Formulations in Healthy Thai Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:14-20. [PMID: 35877195 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the pharmacokinetics and safety of favipiravir oral solution with those of tablet formulations, which were agents repurposed to treat nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 in Thailand. In an open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover study, 24 healthy subjects under fasting conditions were randomly assigned to a single dose of 200 mg of favipiravir, either as an oral solution of 200 mg/15 mL (test product) or a tablet (reference product), separated by a 7-day washout period. Fifteen plasma samples were collected over 12 hours after drug administration. Plasma favipiravir levels were quantified using in-house developed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The test/reference geometric mean ratio along with 90%CI for the maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to the time of the last quantifiable concentration, and AUC after single-dose administration, extrapolated to infinity were 115.3% (90%CI, 107.7%-123.3%), 100.4% (90%CI, 96.9%-104.0%), and 100.4% (90%CI, 96.8%-104.2%), respectively. These results were within the predefined acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (80.0%-125.0%). No adverse events were observed in either group. The oral solution formulation could offer the advantage of easier swallowing in broader patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taweegrit Siripongboonsitti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapat Ungtrakul
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natcha Watanapokasin
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornuma Timsri
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Parin Wattanasin
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nithi Mahanonda
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Tiris G, Gazioglu I, Furton KG, Kabir A, Locatelli M. Fabric phase sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of favipiravir in human plasma and breast milk. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 223:115131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Tarek Mahmoud S, Moffid MA, Sayed RM, Mostafa EA. Core shell stationary phase for a novel separation of some COVID-19 used drugs by UPLC-MS/MS Method: Study of grapefruit consumption impact on their pharmacokinetics in rats. Microchem J 2022; 181:107769. [PMID: 35855210 PMCID: PMC9284531 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the synchronized determination of four drugs used in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), namely, azithromycin, apixaban, dexamethasone, and favipiravir in rat plasma. using a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 m) with a high-resolution ESI tandem mass spectrometer detection with multiple reaction monitoring. We used an Agilent Poroshell column, which is characterized by a stationary phase based on non-porous core particles. With a remarkable improvement in the number of theoretical plates and low column backpressure. In addition, the developed method was employed in studying the potential food-drug interaction of grapefruit juice (GFJ) with the selected drugs which affects their pharmacokinetics in rats. The LC-MS/MS operated in positive and negative ionization mode using two internal standards: moxifloxacin and chlorthalidone, respectively. Liquid- liquid extraction of the cited drugs from rat plasma was accomplished using diethyl ether: dichloromethane (70:30, v/v). The analytes were separated using methanol: 0.1 % formic acid in water (95: 5, v/v) as a mobile phase in isocratic mode of elution pumped at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A detailed validation of the bio-analytical method was performed in accordance with US-FDA and EMA guidelines. Concerning the in vivo pharmacokinetic study, the statistical significance between the results of the test groups receiving GFJ along with the cited drugs and the control group was assessed demonstrating that GFJ increased the plasma concentration of azithromycin, apixaban, and dexamethasone. Accordingly, this food–drug interaction requires cautious ingestion of GFJ in patients using (SARS-CoV-2) medications as it can produce negative effects in the safety of the drug therapy. A potential drug–drug interaction is also suggested between those medications requiring a suitable dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Tarek Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Moffid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Rawda M Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Eman A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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15
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Patel R, Dube A, Solanki R, Khunt D, Parikh S, Junnuthula V, Dyawanapelly S. Structural Elucidation of Alkali Degradation Impurities of Favipiravir from the Oral Suspension: UPLC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS and NMR. Molecules 2022; 27:5606. [PMID: 36080375 PMCID: PMC9457609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel stability-indicating, reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of favipiravir in an oral suspension. The effective separation of favipiravir and its degradation products was achieved on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (5 μm particle size, 150 mm length × 4.6 mm diameter). The mobile phase was prepared by mixing 5 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) and methanol in a 75:25 v/v ratio delivered at a 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The eluents were monitored using a photodiode array detector at a wavelength of 322 nm. The stability-indicating nature of this method was evaluated by performing force degradation studies under various stress conditions, such as acidic, alkali, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic degradation. Significant degradation was observed during the alkali stress degradation condition. The degradation products generated during various stress conditions were well separated from the favipiravir peak. In addition, the major degradation product formed under alkali stress conditions was identified using UPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS and NMR. Method validation was performed according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline requirements. The developed method is simple, accurate, robust, and reliable for routine quality control analysis of favipiravir oral suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Patel
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhishek Dube
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravisinh Solanki
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalin Parikh
- Senores Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad 380058, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Sathish Dyawanapelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
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16
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Emam AA, Abdelaleem EA, Abdelmomen EH, Abdelmoety RH, Abdelfatah RM. Rapid and ecofriendly UPLC quantification of Remdesivir, Favipiravir and Dexamethasone for accurate therapeutic drug monitoring in Covid-19 Patient's plasma. Microchem J 2022; 179:107580. [PMID: 35582001 PMCID: PMC9098531 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Innovative therapeutic protocols to the rapidly spreading coronavirus disease (COVID19) epidemic is highly required all across the world. As demonstrated by clinical studies, Favipiravir (FVP) and Remdesivir (REM) are new antiviral medicines that are effective against COVID-19. REM is the first FDA approved antiviral medicine against COVID-19. In addition to antivirals, corticosteroids such as dexamethasone (DEX), and anticoagulants such as apixaban (PX) are used in multidrug combinations protocols. This work develops and validates simple and selective screening of the four medicines of COVID -19 therapeutic protocol. FVP, REM, DEX, and PX as internal standard in human plasma using UPLC method by C18 column and methanol, acetonitrile, and water acidified by orthophosphate (pH = 4) in a ratio of (15: 35: 50, by volume) as an eluate flowing at 0.3 mL/min. The eluent was detected at 240 nm. The method was linear over (0.1-10 μg/mL) for each of FVP, REM, and DEX. The validation of the UPLC method was assessed in accordance with FDA guidelines. The method can detect as low as down to 0.1 μg/mL for all. The recoveries of the drugs in spiked human plasma ranged from 97.67 to 102.98 percent. Method accuracy and precision were assessed and the drugs showed good stability. The method was proven to be green to the environment after greenness checking by greenness profile and Eco-Scale tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aml A. Emam
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Eglal A. Abdelaleem
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Esraa H. Abdelmomen
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt,Corresponding author at: Faculty of pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Refaat H. Abdelmoety
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rehab M. Abdelfatah
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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17
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Gouda AS, Marzouk HM, Rezk MR, Salem AM, Morsi MI, Nouman EG, Abdallah YM, Hassan AY, Abdel-Megied AM. A validated LC-MS/MS method for determination of antiviral prodrug molnupiravir in human plasma and its application for a pharmacokinetic modeling study in healthy Egyptian volunteers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1206:123363. [PMID: 35810537 PMCID: PMC9254459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fully validated, simple, rapid and reproducible liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to determine NHC (N-hydroxycytidine), the active metabolite of Molnupiravir (MOL) in human plasma; one of the limited treatment options for SARS-CoV-2 in plasma of healthy volunteers. The internal standard (IS) used was ribavirin. The extraction of analyte and IS from plasma was performed using acetonitrile as a solvent for protein precipitation. Agilent Zorbax Eclipse plus C18, 4.6 × 150 mm, (5 µm) was used for chromatographic separation using a mixture of methanol0.2 % acetic acid (5:95, v/v) as a mobile phase that was pumped at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) employing positive ESI interface using API4500 triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer system, with the transitions set at m/z 260.10 → 128.10 and 245.10 → 113.20 for NHC and IS respectively. Method validation was performed in accordance with United States FDA bioanalytical guidance. The concentration range of 20.0-10000.0 ng/mL was used to establish linearity via weighted linear regression approach (1/x2). Moreover, the analyzed pharmacokinetic data from twelve Egyptian healthy volunteers were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for NHC. The developed model was used to perform simulations and evaluate the current MOL dosing recommendations through calculating the maximum concentration (Cmax) "the safety metric" and area under the curve (AUC0-12 h) "the efficacy metric" for 1000 virtual subjects. Geometric mean ratios (GMR) with their associated 90% confidence intervals (CI) compared to literature values were computed. Geometric means of simulation-based Cmax and AUC0-12 were 3827 ng/mL (GMR = 1.05; 90% CI = 0.96-1.15) and 9320 ng.h/mL (GMR = 1.04; 90% CI = 0.97-1.11), respectively indicating that current MOL dosage can achieve the therapeutic targets and dose adjustment may not be required for the Egyptian population. The developed model could be used in the future to refine MOL dosage once further therapeutic targets are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S Gouda
- Zi-diligence Biocenter, Bioequivalence Research, El-Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda M Marzouk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mamdouh R Rezk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore MD 21201, USA; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mosaad I Morsi
- Zi-diligence Biocenter, Bioequivalence Research, El-Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman G Nouman
- Zi-diligence Biocenter, Bioequivalence Research, El-Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youmna M Abdallah
- Zi-diligence Biocenter, Bioequivalence Research, El-Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y Hassan
- Zi-diligence Biocenter, Bioequivalence Research, El-Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Megied
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh City, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Notre Dame of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
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18
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Ibrahim AE, Sharaf YA, El Deeb S, Sayed RA. Analytical Performance and Greenness Evaluation of Five Multi-Level Design Models Utilized for Impurity Profiling of Favipiravir, a Promising COVID-19 Antiviral Drug. Molecules 2022; 27:3658. [PMID: 35744781 PMCID: PMC9229086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, the discovery of carcinogenic nitrosamine process related impurities (PRIs) in a group of widely used drugs led to the recall and complete withdrawal of several medications that were consumed for a long time, unaware of the presence of these genotoxic PRIs. Since then, PRIs that arise during the manufacturing process of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), together with their degradation impurities, have gained the attention of analytical chemistry researchers. In 2020, favipiravir (FVR) was found to have an effective antiviral activity against the SARS-COVID-19 virus. Therefore, it was included in the COVID-19 treatment protocols and was consequently globally manufactured at large-scales during the pandemic. There is information indigence about FVR impurity profiling, and until now, no method has been reported for the simultaneous determination of FVR together with its PRIs. In this study, five advanced multi-level design models were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of FVR and two PRIs, namely; (6-chloro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide) and (3,6-dichloro-pyrazine-2-carbonitrile). The five developed models were classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS), and artificial neural networks (ANN). Five concentration levels of each compound, chosen according to the linearity range of the target analytes, were used to construct a five-level, three-factor chemometric design, giving rise to twenty-five mixtures. The models resolved the strong spectral overlap in the UV-spectra of the FVR and its PRIs. The PCR and PLS models exhibited the best performances, while PLS proved the highest sensitivity relative to the other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman;
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port Fuad 42526, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Ahmed Sharaf
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (Y.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman;
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rania Adel Sayed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (Y.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
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19
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Abd Allah FI, Abdelhmaid A, Himida M, Alkashlan A, El-Attar AAMM. Fully Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantifying Favipiravir in Human Plasma Boosted Lean Six Sigma: An Application for a Bioequivalence Study. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5381. [PMID: 35393721 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This research developed and validated a highly sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS approach using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for quantifying favipiravir (FAV). Moreover, we introduced a study evaluating bioequivalence using two drugs, favibrivix and avigan- containing favipiravir. Lean Six Sigma verified the capacity and performance of the process. Protein precipitation extraction was utilized to extract FAV from the collected human matrices. We used an ACQUITY UPLCr BEH HILIC column and valproic acid as an internal standard (IS). Furthermore, we conducted the procedure using an isocratic elution comprising acetonitrile and 0.005% ammonia in water (75:25, v/v), a flow rate of 0.25ml/min, a temperature-controlled at 10 0 C, and an injection volume of 1.0μl. Our UPLC-MS/MS process has a broad range (50-10,000) ng/ml with a determination coefficient (r2 ) of 0.9980. We validated the method in line with the FDA. The findings revealed that the test, favibrivix 200mg/tablet, and the reference, avigan® 200mg/tablet, were statistically bioequivalent regarding healthy Egyptian participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathy Ibrahim Abd Allah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,International Center for Bioavailability, Pharmaceutical, and Clinical Research
| | - Ahmed Abdelhmaid
- International Center for Bioavailability, Pharmaceutical, and Clinical Research
| | - Mahmed Himida
- International Center for Bioavailability, Pharmaceutical, and Clinical Research
| | - Akram Alkashlan
- International Center for Bioavailability, Pharmaceutical, and Clinical Research
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20
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Vemuri DK, Gundla R, Konduru N, Mallavarapu R, Katari NK. Favipiravir (SARS-CoV-2) degradation impurities: Identification and route of degradation mechanism in the finished solid dosage form using LC/LC-MS method. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5363. [PMID: 35292997 PMCID: PMC9073977 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir finished dosage was approved for emergency use in many countries to treat SARS-CoV-2 patients. A specific, accurate, linear, robust, simple and stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of degradation impurities present in the Favipiravir film coated tablets. All impurities were separation achieved from the stationary phase (Inert sustain AQ-C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle) and mobile phase. The mobile phase - A contains KH2 PO4 buffer (pH 2.5±0.05) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 98:2 v/v and mobile phase - B contains water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50 v/v respectively. The chromatographic conditions were optimized such as flow rate 0.7 ml/min, UV detection at 210 nm, injection volume 20 μl and the column temperature 33°C. The proposed method was validated as per the current ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The recovery study and linearity ranges were established from LOQ to 150% optimal concentrations. The method validation results were found between 98.6 to 106.2% for recovery and r2 = 0.9995 to 0.9999 for linearity of all identified impurities. The method precision results were achieved below 5% of RSD. Performed the forced degradation studies in chemical and physical stress conditions. The compound was sensitive to chemical stress conditions. During the study, the analyte was degraded, converted into unknown degradation impurities, and found its molecular mass by the LC-MS technique and established degradation pathways supported by reaction of mechanism. The developed method was found to be suitable for routine analysis of R&D and QC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kumar Vemuri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Telangana, INDIA
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Telangana, INDIA
| | - Naresh Konduru
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Telangana, INDIA.,Analytical Research and Development, YunNan Longjin Careyou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming city, Yunnan province, CHINA
| | - Ravindra Mallavarapu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Telangana, INDIA
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Telangana, INDIA.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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21
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Abdallah IA, Hammad SF, Bedair A, Abdelaziz MA, Danielson ND, Elshafeey AH, Mansour FR. A Gadolinium-Based Magnetic Ionic Liquid for Supramolecular Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by HPLC/UV for Determination of Favipiravir in Human Plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5365. [PMID: 35274347 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir is a potential antiviral medication that has been recently licensed for COVID-19 treatment. In this work, a gadolinium based magnetic ionic liquid was prepared and used as an extractant in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of favipiravir in human plasma. The high enriching ability of DLLME allowed determination of favipiravir in real samples using HPLC/UV with sufficient sensitivity. The effects of several variables on extraction efficiency were investigated, including type of extractant, amount of extractant, type of disperser and disperser volume. The maximum enrichment was attained using 50mg of the Gd-MIL and 150μL of tetrahydrofuran. The Gd-based MIL could form a supramolecular assembly in the presence of tetrahydrofuran, which enhanced the extraction efficiency of favipiravir. The developed method was validated according to FDA bioanalytical method validation guidelines. The coefficient of determination was found to be 0.9999, for a linear concentration range of 25 to 1.0 × 105 ng/mL. The percent recovery (accuracy) varied from 99.83 to 104.2 %, with % RSD values (precision) ranging from 4.07 to 11.84 %. Total extraction time was about 12 min and the HPLC analysis time was 5 min. The method was found simple, selective and sensitive for determination of favipiravir in real human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | - Neil D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | - Ahmed H Elshafeey
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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22
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Wang S, Wang C, Xin Y, Li Q, Liu W. Core-shell nanocomposite of flower-like molybdenum disulfide nanospheres and molecularly imprinted polymers for electrochemical detection of anti COVID-19 drug favipiravir in biological samples. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:125. [PMID: 35229221 PMCID: PMC8885316 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor is reported for the detection of the antiviral drug favipiravir based on the core-shell nanocomposite of flower-like molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanospheres and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The MoS2@MIP core-shell nanocomposite was prepared via the electrodeposition of a MIP layer on the MoS2 modified electrode, using o-phenylenediamine as the monomer and favipiravir as the template. The selective binding of target favipiravir at the MoS2@MIP core-shell nanocomposite produced a redox signal in a concentration dependent manner, which was used for the quantitative analysis. The preparation process of the MoS2@MIP core-shell nanocomposite was optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linear response range of 0.01 ~ 100 nM (1.57*10-6 ~ 1.57*10-2 μg mL-1) and a low detection limit of 0.002 nM (3.14*10-7 μg mL-1). Application of the sensor was demonstrated by detecting favipiravir in a minimum amount of 10 μL biological samples (urine and plasma). Satisfied results in the recovery tests indicated a high potential of favipiravir monitoring in infectious COVID-19 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Determination of favipiravir in human plasma using homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction followed by HPLC/UV. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:205-216. [PMID: 35001648 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Favipiravir is an antiviral drug that was recently approved for the management of COVID-19 infection. Aim: This work aimed to develop a new method, using sugaring-out induced homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction followed by HPLC/UV for the determination of favipiravir in human plasma. Materials & methods: The optimum extraction conditions were attained using 500 μl of tetrahydrofuran as an extractant and 1400 mg of fructose as a phase-separating agent. Results: The developed method was validated according to the US FDA bioanalytical guidelines and was found linear in the range of 25-80,000 ng/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. Conclusion: These results showed that the developed method was simple, easy, valid and adequately sensitive for determination of favipiravir in plasma for bioequivalence studies.
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24
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Noureldeen DAM, Boushra JM, Lashien AS, Hakiem AFA, Attia TZ. Novel environment friendly TLC-densitometric method for the determination of anti-coronavirus drugs "Remdesivir and Favipiravir": Green assessment with application to pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. Microchem J 2021; 174:107101. [PMID: 34955554 PMCID: PMC8683213 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A great demand for discovering new therapeutic solutions has been considered all over the world for managing the rapidly progressing COVID-19 pandemic. Remdesivir (REM) and Favipiravir (FAV) are introduced as promising newly developed antiviral agents against the corona virus as evidenced by the clinical findings. Hence, the optimization of an analytical method for their simultaneous determination acquires potential importance in quality control labs and further confirmatory investigations. Herein, a green, sensitive, and selective densitometric method has been proposed and validated for determination of REM and FAV in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human plasma on normal phase TLC plates. A solvent mixture of ethyl acetate–methanol-ammonia (8:2:0.2 by volume) has been chosen as developing mobile phase system. Well resolved spots have been detected at 235 nm with retardation factors (Rf) of 0.18 and 0.98 for REM and FAV, respectively. A validation study has been carried out in the light of ICH guidelines. Remdesivir and FAV have shown excellent sensitivities with quantitation limits down to 0.12 and 0.07 μg/band, respectively. The developed method has been successfully applied to tablet formulations and spiked plasma with excellent recoveries ranged from 97.21 to 101.31%. The greenness of the method has been evaluated using the standards of greenness profile and Eco-Scale. It has passed the four greenness profile quadrants and achieved 80 score in Eco-Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena A M Noureldeen
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - John M Boushra
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Adel S Lashien
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Abdel Hakiem
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Tamer Z Attia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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