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Kowtharapu L, Katari NK, Sandoval CA, Rekulapally VK, Jonnalagadda SB. Green Chromatographic Method for Determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, Preservative, and Antioxidant in an Injectable Formulation: Robustness by Design Expert. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34098-34108. [PMID: 36188248 PMCID: PMC9520538 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient HPLC method for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of lincosamide antibiotic injectable formulations containing Clindamycin phosphate (CMN), benzyl alcohol (BA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as major ingredients. The three components were separated by Phenomenex prodigy C8 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) HPLC column, flow rate 1.1 mL/min, injection volume 30 μL, and column temperature 35 °C, using 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) with acetonitrile (ACN) in the ratio of 80:20 (v/v). The detection wavelength was set as 240 nm. The method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and was confirmed to be specific, precise, accurate, and linear. Method robustness was executed by utilizing quality in the design of the experiment. Accuracy results were found to be 99.3-100.5% for CMN, 99.3-100.8% for BA, and 99.1-100.3% for EDTA. Precision results were obtained as % relative standard deviation (RSD): 0.6% for CMN, 0.4% for BA, and 0.4% for EDTA. Correlation coefficient (r 2) values were obtained as >0.999 for the three components. Analytical solutions are stable for 48 h at benchtop and refrigerator conditions. The greenness of the analytical method was evaluated by the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), analytical eco-scale, and Analytical Greenness (AGREE) tools to confirm that the method is eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela
Prasad Kowtharapu
- Analytical
Development Department, Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department
of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi
Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department
of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi
Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India
- School
of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering &
Science, Westville Campus, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Christian A. Sandoval
- Analytical
Development Department, Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Vijay Kumar Rekulapally
- Analytical
Research and Development, Hikma Pharmaceuticals
USA Inc, Columbus, Ohio 43228, United States
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- School
of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering &
Science, Westville Campus, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban-4000, South Africa
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2
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Du Q, Zhang Y, Yu L, He H. Surface molecularly imprinted polymers fabricated by differential UV-vis spectra and reverse prediction method for the enrichment and determination of sterigmatocystin. Food Chem 2021; 367:130715. [PMID: 34364144 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) with a new functional monomer Triallyl isocyanurate was synthesized successfully to enrich and detect sterigmatocystin (STG) in wheat samples. The differential UV-vis spectra and the reverse prediction method were selected to achieve the optimal synthesis conditions of the MMIPs, which were characterized well. The adsorption experiment showed that MMIPs have high selectivity and sensitivity. A magnetic solid phase extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography (MSPE-HPLC) method based on the MMIPs was successfully established with the optimal extraction condition. The linear range and RSD were 1.8-25 ng·g-1 and 2.6-4.1%, respectively. The recovery of this method was 87.6-96.9% and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.63 ng·g-1. The excellent sensitivity and selectivity of this method were confirmed by experiment of the extraction and detection of STG in wheat extracts. This work extends the use of molecular imprinting in mycotoxins applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzheng Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hua He
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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3
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Du Q, Jing Z, Qi H, Zuo L, Zhou L, He H, Sun Z. Visual Recognition and Detection of Clindamycin by Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14260-14267. [PMID: 34124449 PMCID: PMC8190807 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The work described a new colorimetric sensor for the quantitative detection of clindamycin based on Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs). The obtained Au@Ag NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis). When Au@Ag NPs were added to a clindamycin solution, it can be observed that the color immediately changed from bright yellow to gray-blue and the absorption spectrum also changed, realizing the visual detection of clindamycin. Under optimal conditions, the absorption ratio (A 546/A 400) of the UV-vis spectra increased linearly with the concentration of clindamycin ranging from 6.25 × 10-7 to 7.50 × 10-6 mol/L (R 2 = 0.9945), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.00 × 10-7 mol/L and good recovery of 100.0-102.0% (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2%). The detection process was convenient without complicated instruments. Compared with other analytes, the Au@Ag NPs detection system has good selectivity for clindamycin. In addition, the Au@Ag NPs colorimetric sensor was successfully used to determine clindamycin in human urine samples. This study provides a simple, rapid, intuitive, and low-cost visualization analysis method of clindamycin, which was helpful for the visualization detection of other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzheng Du
- Department
of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ziwei Jing
- Department
of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hang Qi
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
| | - Lihua Zuo
- Department
of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department
of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hua He
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department
of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Analysis of valsartan, clindamycin and mesalamine in human plasma by LC–MS/MS using different extraction methodologies to overcome matrix effect. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ritter L, Possa E, Bergoza L, Agostini F, Silva SM, Tasso L. Application of an LC-ESI-QTOF-MS method for evaluating clindamycin concentrations in plasma and prostate microdialysate of rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4977. [PMID: 32852079 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clindamycin is used for infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobic pathogens and Gram-positive aerobes. Propionibacterium acnes is an important opportunistic microorganism of the human skin and is related to prostatitis. An LC-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-MS method was validated for determining clindamycin concentrations in plasma and prostate microdialysate. Clindamycin separation was carried out on a C18 column at 0.5 mL/min. The mobile phase employed gradient elution of formic acid and methanol. A mass spectrometer was operated in positive electrospray ionization mode to monitor ion 425.1784 and 253.1152 for clindamycin and cimetidine (internal standard), respectively. Linearity was obtained at 0.5-10.0 μg/mL (plasma) and 0.05-1.0 μg/mL (microdialysate) with coefficients of determination ≥0.999. The intra- and inter-day precision (coefficient of variation - CV%) values were ≤13.83% and 12.51% for plasma, respectively, and ≤10.90% and 9.35% for microdialysate, respectively. The accuracy was between 90.82% and 108.25% for plasma, and 96.97% and 106.98% for microdialysate. The present method was fully validated and applied to investigate clindamycin concentrations in both plasma and prostate by microdialysis in Wistar rats (80 mg/kg, intravenous). Because the penetration of antibiotics into the prostate may be restricted, this method allows us to investigate the prostate concentrations of clindamycin for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiani Ritter
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Possa
- College of Pharmacy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Bergoza
- College of Pharmacy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Agostini
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sidnei M Silva
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leandro Tasso
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil.,College of Pharmacy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil.,Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Dorn C, Schießer S, Wulkersdorfer B, Hitzenbichler F, Kees MG, Zeitlinger M. Determination of free clindamycin, flucloxacillin or tedizolid in plasma: Pay attention to physiological conditions when using ultrafiltration. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4820. [PMID: 32115736 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices of anti-infective drugs should be referenced to free drug concentrations. In the present study, clindamycin, flucloxacillin and tedizolid have been determined in human plasma by HPLC-UV. The drugs were separated isocratically within 3-6 min on a C18 column using mixtures of phosphate buffer-acetonitrile of pH 7.1-7.2. Sample treatment for the determination of total drug concentrations in plasma included extraction/back-extraction (clindamycin) or protein precipitation (flucloxacillin, tedizolid). The free drug concentrations were determined after ultrafiltration. An ultrafiltration device with a membrane consisting of regenerated cellulose proved to be suitable for all drugs. Maintaining a physiological pH was crucial for clindamycin, whereas maintaining body temperature was essential for tedizolid. The methods were applied to the analysis of total and free drug concentrations in clinical samples and were sufficiently sensitive for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dorn
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Selina Schießer
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin G Kees
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hadi M, Honarmand E. Application of anodized edge-plane pyrolytic graphite electrode for analysis of clindamycin in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine samples. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Tsai D, Jamal JA, Davis JS, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Interethnic differences in pharmacokinetics of antibacterials. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 54:243-60. [PMID: 25385446 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal antibacterial dosing is imperative for maximising clinical outcome. Many factors can contribute to changes in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials to the extent where dose adjustment may be needed. In acute illness, substantial changes in important pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution and clearance can occur for certain antibacterials. The possibility of interethnic pharmacokinetic differences can further complicate attempts to design an appropriate dosing regimen. Factors of ethnicity, such as genetics, body size and fat distribution, contribute to differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Despite extensive previous work on the altered pharmacokinetics of antibacterials in some patient groups such as the critically ill, knowledge of interethnic pharmacokinetic differences for antibacterials is limited. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to describe any pharmacokinetic differences in antibacterials between different ethnic groups, and discuss their probable mechanisms as well as any clinical implications. METHODS We performed a structured literature review to identify and describe available data of the interethnic differences in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials. RESULTS We found 50 articles that met our inclusion criteria and only six of these compared antibacterial pharmacokinetics between different ethnicities within the same study. Overall, there was limited evidence available. We found that interethnic pharmacokinetic differences are negligible for carbapenems, most β-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, most fluoroquinolones, linezolid and daptomycin, whereas significant difference is likely for ciprofloxacin, macrolides, clindamycin, tinidazole and some cephalosporins. In general, subjects of Asian ethnicity achieve drug exposures up to two to threefold greater than Caucasian counterparts for these antibacterials. This difference is caused by a comparatively lower volume of distribution and/or drug clearance. CONCLUSION Interethnic pharmacokinetic differences of antibacterials are likely; however, the clinical relevance of these differences is unknown and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Tsai
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Ned Hanlon Building, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
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Fernandes-Cunha GM, Gouvea DR, Fulgêncio GDO, Rezende CMF, da Silva GR, Bretas JM, Fialho SL, Lopes NP, Silva-Cunha A. Development of a method to quantify clindamycin in vitreous humor of rabbits' eyes by UPLC-MS/MS: application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study and in vivo ocular biocompatibility evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 102:346-52. [PMID: 25459934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis may result in uveitis in the posterior segment of the eye, leading to severe visual complications. Clindamycin-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) implants could be applied to treat the ocular toxoplasmosis. In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug administrated by PLGA implants and by intravitreal injections in rabbits' eyes were evaluated. The implant released the drug for 6 weeks while the drug administrated by intravitreal injections remained in the vitreous cavity for 2 weeks. Compared to the injected drug, the implants containing clindamycin had higher values of area under the curve (AUC) (39.2 vs 716.7 ng week mL(-1)) and maximum vitreous concentration (Cmax) (8.7 vs 13.83 ng mL(-1)). The implants prolonged the delivery of clindamycin and increased the contact of the drug with the eyes' tissues. Moreover, the in vivo ocular biocompatibility of the clindamycin-loaded PLGA implants was evaluated regarding to the clinical examination of the eyes and the measurement of the intraocular pressure (IOP) during 6 weeks. The implantable devices caused no ocular inflammatory process and induced the increase of the IOP in the fourth week of the study. The IOP augmentation could be related to the maximum concentration of clindamycin released from the implants. In conclusion, the PLGA implants based on clindamycin may be a therapeutic alternative to treat ocular toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M Fernandes-Cunha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Dayana Rubio Gouvea
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Oliveira Fulgêncio
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cíntia M F Rezende
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana M Bretas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Armando Silva-Cunha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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Ruiz-Angel M, García-Alvarez-Coque M, Berthod A, Carda-Broch S. Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chromatography? J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Habib IHI, Rizk MS, El-Aryan TR. Determination of clindamycin in dosage forms and biological samples by adsorption stripping voltammetry with carbon paste electrode. Pharm Chem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-011-0548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Catena E, Perez G, Sadaba B, Azanza JR, Campanero MA. A fast reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of clindamycin in plasma and saliva using a rapid resolution package. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:649-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Guay D. Update on clindamycin in the management of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:2401-44. [PMID: 17927492 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.14.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin and clindamycin are the only members of the relatively small lincosamide antimicrobial class marketed for use in humans. This paper only reviews data regarding clindamycin, with an emphasis on data published over the last decade. Clindamycin exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including Gram-positive aerobes/anaerobes, Gram-negative anaerobes and select protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Babesia spp.) and fungi (Pneumocystis jiroveci). It still enjoys use in the therapy and prophylaxis of a large number of bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections, despite > 40 years of clinical use. However, the spectre of resistance by an increasing number of microorganisms is beginning to cast a shadow over the future use of this valuable agent. With the emergence and spread of infections due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (for which clindamycin is a first-line agent), it is hoped that the issues of resistance can be mitigated and the use of clindamycin extended for at least the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Guay
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Weaver-Densford Hall 7-148, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Yang SH, Lee MG. Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of clindamycin after intravenous and oral administration to rats: Contribution of gastric first-pass effect to low bioavailability. Int J Pharm 2007; 332:17-23. [PMID: 17157458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of clindamycin were evaluated after intravenous (at doses of 50, 100, and 200mg/kg) and oral (at doses of 75, 150, and 300mg/kg) administration of the drug to rats. The first-pass effect of clindamycin was also evaluated after intraportal, intragastric, and intraduodenal administration of the drug at a dose of 150mg/kg to rats. After both intravenous and oral administration of clindamycin, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were dose-independent. Hence, the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) was also independent of oral doses. After oral administration of clindamycin (150mg/kg), 7.68% of oral dose was not absorbed up to 24h and F value was 28.2%. The gastric first-pass effect of clindamycin was 60.7% of oral dose. The first-pass effects of clindamycin in the lung, heart, intestine, and liver were almost negligible, if any, in rats. The low F of clindamycin in rats was mainly due to considerable gastric first-pass effect. Clindamycin was stable in rat gastric juice and various buffer solutions having pHs ranging from 1 to 13. The plasma-to-blood cells partition ratio of clindamycin was 7.59 in rat blood. The plasma protein binding of clindamycin in rats was 67.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si H Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Zhou H, Zheng Z, Wu S, Tai Y, Cao X, Pan Y. Separation and characterization of clindamycin and related impurities in bulk drug by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1116-23. [PMID: 16617002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2005] [Revised: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple high-performance liquid-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-ESI-MSn) method has been developed for the rapid identification of clindamycin and its related minor impurities in bulk drug. The ESI-MSn results obtained allowed us to propose plausible schemes for their fragmentations, which were confirmed further by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS) using collision-induced dissociation (CID) method at high mass resolution. The positive ESI-MS/MS of clindamycin and its derivative compounds showed some diagnostic fragments, such as the neutral losses of H2O, HCl, methanethiol and 2-methylthio-ethenol, and the residue of 3-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidine and 3-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidine, which are specific and useful for the identification of the lincosamide antibiotics and related impurities. According to the fragmentation mechanism of mass spectrometry and HPLC-UV-ESI-MSn data, six impurities of clindamycin have been identified on-line. Additionally, the positive ion mode extracted ion current (EIC) method has been used to separate and identify these lincosamide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou 310031, PR China
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