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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Perazzolo S, Shireman LM, Koehn J, McConnachie LA, Kraft JC, Shen DD, Ho RJY. Three HIV Drugs, Atazanavir, Ritonavir, and Tenofovir, Coformulated in Drug-Combination Nanoparticles Exhibit Long-Acting and Lymphocyte-Targeting Properties in Nonhuman Primates. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3153-3162. [PMID: 30121315 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-combination nanoparticles (DcNPs) administered subcutaneously represent a potential long-acting lymphatic-targeting treatment for HIV infection. The DcNP containing lopinavir (LPV)-ritonavir (RTV)-tenofovir (TFV), Targeted-Long-Acting-Antiretroviral-Therapy product candidate 101 (TLC-ART 101), has shown to provide long-acting lymphocyte-targeting performance in nonhuman primates. To extend the TLC-ART platform, we replaced TLC-ART 101 LPV with second-generation protease inhibitor, atazanavir (ATV). Pharmacokinetics of the ATV-RTV-TFV DcNP was assessed in macaques, in comparison to the equivalent free drug formulation and to the TLC-ART 101. After single subcutaneous administration of the DcNP formulation, ATV, RTV, and TFV concentrations were sustained in plasma for up to 14 days, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 8 to 14 days, compared with 1 to 2 days in those macaques treated with free drug combination. By 1 week, lymph node mononuclear cells showed significant levels for all 3 drugs from DcNPs, whereas the free controls were undetectable. Compared with TLC-ART 101, the ATV-RTV-TFV DcNP exhibited similar lymphocyte-targeted long-acting features for all 3 drugs and similar pharmacokinetics for RTV and TFV, whereas some pharmacokinetic differences were observed for ATV versus LPV. The present study demonstrated the flexibility of the TLC-ART's DcNP platform to include different antiretroviral combinations that produce targeted long-acting effects on both plasma and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perazzolo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Laura M Shireman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Josefin Koehn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lisa A McConnachie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - John C Kraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Danny D Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Rodney J Y Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
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Validation of simultaneous quantitative method of HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir and ritonavir in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:482693. [PMID: 24587725 PMCID: PMC3920818 DOI: 10.1155/2014/482693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV protease inhibitors are used in the treatment of patients suffering from AIDS and they act at the final stage of viral replication by interfering with the HIV protease enzyme. The paper describes a selective, sensitive, and robust method for simultaneous determination of three protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir and ritonavir in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample pretreatment consisted of solid phase extraction of analytes and their deuterated analogs as internal standards from 50 μL human plasma. Chromatographic separation of analytes was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column under gradient conditions using 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.0, and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. RESULTS The method was established over a concentration range of 5.0-6000 ng/mL for atazanavir, 5.0-5000 ng/mL for darunavir and 1.0-500 ng/mL for ritonavir. Accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery, and stability of the analytes were evaluated as per US FDA guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of sample preparation, short analysis time, and high selectivity permit simultaneous estimation of these inhibitors. The validated method can be useful in determining plasma concentration of these protease inhibitors for therapeutic drug monitoring and in high throughput clinical studies.
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Cheng C, Vedananda S, Wu L, Harbeson S, Braman V, Tung R. Revealing the metabolic sites of atazanavir in human by parallel administrations of D-atazanavir analogs. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1019-1031. [PMID: 24078243 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atazanavir (Reyataz(®)) is an important member of the HIV protease inhibitor class. Because of the complexity of its chemical structure, metabolite identification and structural elucidation face serious challenges. So far, only seven non-conjugated metabolites in human plasma have been reported, and their structural elucidation is not complete, especially for the major metabolites produced by oxidations. To probe the exact sites of metabolism and to elucidate the relationship among in vivo metabolites of atazanavir, we designed and performed two sets of experiments. The first set of experiments was to determine atazanavir metabolites in human plasma by LC-MS, from which more than a dozen metabolites were discovered, including seven new ones that have not been reported. The second set involved deuterium labeling on potential metabolic sites to generate D-atazanavir analogs. D-atazanavir analogs were dosed to human in parallel with atazanavir. Metabolites of D-atazanavir were identified by the same LC-MS method, and the results were compared with those of atazanavir. A metabolite structure can be readily elucidated by comparing the results of the analogs and the pathway by which the metabolite is formed can be proposed with confidence. Experimental results demonstrated that oxidation is the most common metabolic pathway of atazanavir, resulting in the formation of six metabolites of monooxidation (M1, M2, M7, M8, M13, and M14) and four of dioxidation (M15, M16, M17, and M18). The second metabolic pathway is hydrolysis, and the third is N-dealkylation. Metabolites produced by hydrolysis include M3, M4, and M19. Metabolites formed by N-dealkylation are M5, M6a, and M6b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Cheng
- Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 500, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
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Cheng C, Gallegos R, Bridson G, Wu L, Harbeson S, Zelle R, Tung R. Identification and structural elucidation of in vitro metabolites of atazanavir by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:640-650. [PMID: 23722954 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atazanavir (marketed as Reyataz®) is an important member of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor class. LC-UV-MS(n) experiments were designed to identify metabolites of atazanavir after incubations in human hepatocytes. Five major (M1-M5) and seven minor (M7-M12) metabolites were identified. The most abundant metabolite, M1, was formed by a mono-oxidation on the t-butyl group at the non-prime side. The second most abundant metabolite, M2, was also a mono-oxidation product, which has not yet been definitively identified. Metabolites, M3 and M4, were structural isomers, which were apparently formed by oxidative carbamate hydrolysis. The structure of M5 comprises the non-prime side of atazanavir which contains a pyridinyl-benzyl group. Metabolite M6a was formed by the cleavage of the pyridinyl-benzyl side chain, as evidenced by the formation of the corresponding metabolic product, the pyridinyl-benzoic acid (M6b). Mono-oxidation also occurred on the pyridinyl-benzyl group to produce the low abundance metabolite M8. Oxidation of the terminal methyl groups produced M9 and M10, respectively, which have low chemical stability. Trace-level metabolites of di-oxidations, M11 and M12, were also detected, but the complexity of the molecule precluded identification of the second oxidation site. To our knowledge, metabolites M6b and M8 have not been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Cheng
- Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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Behera A, Sethy K, Sankar DG, Moitra SK, Si SC. STATISTICAL CORRELATION AND SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ATAZANAVIR SULFATE AND RITONAVIR IN FIXED DOSAGE FORM BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.621774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Behera
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bharatpur, Ghatikia , Bhubaneswar , Orissa , India
| | - Kamini Sethy
- b Department of Quality Assurance Techniques , Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane , Pune , India
| | - Dannana G. Sankar
- c Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Division, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University , Visakhapatnam , India
| | - Swapan K. Moitra
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bharatpur, Ghatikia , Bhubaneswar , Orissa , India
| | - Sudam C. Si
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bharatpur, Ghatikia , Bhubaneswar , Orissa , India
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Yadav M, Trivedi V, Upadhyay V, Shah G, Baxi GA, Goswami S, Shrivastav PS. Comparison of extraction procedures for assessment of matrix effect for selective and reliable determination of atazanavir in human plasma by LC–ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 885-886:138-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chitturi SR, Somannavar YS, Peruri BG, Nallapati S, Sharma HK, Budidet SR, Handa VK, Vurimindi HB. Gradient RP-HPLC method for the determination of potential impurities in atazanavir sulfate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:31-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Müller AC, Kanfer I. An efficient HPLC method for the quantitative determination of atazanavir in human plasma suitable for bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies in healthy human subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chattopadhyay N, Zastre J, Wong HL, Wu XY, Bendayan R. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Enhance the Delivery of the HIV Protease Inhibitor, Atazanavir, by a Human Brain Endothelial Cell Line. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2262-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate antiretroviral exposure during pregnancy is critical to prevent the vertical transmission of HIV and for maternal health. Pregnancy can alter drug kinetics. We assessed the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 mg a day) during pregnancy. METHODS An intensive steady-state 24-h pharmacokinetic profile of atazanavir was performed in the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were obtained at delivery. We measured atazanavir by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Seventeen women completed the study. Antepartum, the atazanavir geometric mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) was 28 510 ng.h/l, the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) was 2 591 ng/ml and the 24-h postdose concentration (Ctrough) was 486 ng/ml. The same postpartum parameters were 30 465 ng.h/l, 2 878 ng/ml and 514 ng/ml, respectively. The antepartum to postpartum ratio for AUC0-24 was 0.94 and for Ctrough was 0.96, indicating equivalence, whereas Cmax values were slightly although not significantly lower. The ratio of cord blood/maternal atazanavir concentration in 14 paired samples was 0.13. CONCLUSION Atazanavir exposure during the third trimester of pregnancy is similar to that observed in the non-pregnant period. Over the whole dosing interval, therapeutic drug concentrations well above the wild-type HIV 90% inhibitory concentration are maintained. Atazanavir crosses the placenta, potentially providing further protection for the newborn. As pregnancy does not appear to alter atazanavir exposure, no dose adjustment is required in pregnant women. Results suggest that atazanavir is a reasonable component of HAART during pregnancy.
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Seshachalam U, Rao DVLN, Haribabu B, Chandrasekhar KB. Determination of Atazanavir in the Presence of its Degradation Products by a Stability-Indicating LC Method. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Loregian A, Pagni S, Ballarin E, Sinigalia E, Parisi SG, Palù G. Simple determination of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:500-5. [PMID: 16765009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor atazanavir in human plasma samples was developed and validated. The method involved a rapid and simple solid-phase extraction of atazanavir using Oasis HLB 1cc cartridges, an isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography on an XTerra RP18 (150mmx4.6mm, 3.5microm) column, and ultraviolet detection at 203nm. The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer (pH 6, 52.5mM) and acetonitrile (43:57, v/v). Up to 48 samples could be measured in one day since the run-time of one sample was 30min. The assay was linear from 0.04 to 10microg/ml with a lower limit of quantification of 0.04microg/ml. The mean absolute recovery of ATV was 98.1%. The method was precise, with both intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation < or =3.0%, and accurate (deviations ranged from -3.0% to 4.5% and from -3.6% to 4.7% for intra-day and inter-day analysis, respectively). There was no interference from 35 tested potentially co-administrated drugs. This method provides a simple, sensitive, precise and reproducible assay for the therapeutic drug monitoring of atazanavir in clinical routine of laboratories with standard equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Loregian
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, Padua 35121, Italy
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Sparidans RW, Dost F, Crommentuyn KML, Huitema ADR, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Liquid chromatographic assay for the non-peptidic protease inhibitor tipranavir in plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:671-3. [PMID: 16799929 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tipranavir is the most recently introduced protease inhibitor for the suppression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A selective reversed-phase liquid chromatographic assay, previously developed for atazanavir, has been extended and validated for tipranavir in plasma. Compounds were isolated from a 500 microL plasma sample using liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane. After evaporation and reconstitution of the extract the sample was analysed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and ultra violet detection at 280 nm. In the evaluated concentration range (0.2-50 microg/mL tipranavir), intra-day precisions were <or=8% and inter-day precisions were <or=10%. Accuracies between 95 and 108% were found. The clinical applicability of the assay was demonstrated in an HIV-infected patient who ingested 500 mg tipranavir bid in combination with 100 mg ritonavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Biomedical Analysis, Division of Drug Toxicology, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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