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Hoseininezhad-Namin MS, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A. Favipiravir, remdesivir, and lopinavir: metabolites, degradation products and their analytical methods. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:127-144. [PMID: 38445647 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2326415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. Several studies have suggested that antiviral drugs such as favipiravir (FAV), remdesivir (RDV), and lopinavir (LPV) may potentially prevent the spread of the virus in the host cells and person-to-person transmission. Simultaneously with the widespread use of these drugs, their stability and action mechanism studies have also attracted the attention of many researchers. This review focuses on the action mechanism, metabolites and degradation products of these antiviral drugs (FAV, RDV and LPV) and demonstrates various methods for their quantification and discrimination in the different biological samples. Herein, the instrumental methods for analysis of the main form of drugs or their metabolite and degradation products are classified into two types: optical and chromatography methods which the last one in combination with various detectors provides a powerful method for routine and stability analyses. Some representative studies are reported in this review and the details of them are carefully explained. It is hoped that this review will be a good guideline study and provide a better understanding of these drugs from the aspects investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saleh Hoseininezhad-Namin
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hojamberdiev M, Czech B, Wasilewska A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Yubuta K, Wagata H, Daminova SS, Kadirova ZC, Vargas R. Detoxifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs from model and real wastewaters by industrial waste-derived multiphase photocatalysts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128300. [PMID: 35077970 PMCID: PMC8767938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiviral drugs has surged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in higher concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in wastewater. The degradation efficiency of antiviral drugs in wastewater treatment plants has been reported to be too low due to their hydrophilic nature, and an additional procedure is usually necessary to degrade them completely. Photocatalysis is regarded as one of the most effective processes to degrade antiviral drugs. The present study aims at synthesizing multiphase photocatalysts by a simple calcination of industrial waste from ammonium molybdate production (WU photocatalysts) and its combination with WO3 (WW photocatalysts). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm that the presence of multiple crystalline phases in the synthesized photocatalysts. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra reveal that the synthesized multiphase photocatalysts absorb visible light up to 620 nm. Effects of calcination temperature of industrial waste (550-950 °C) and WO3 content (0-100%) on photocatalytic activity of multiphase photocatalysts (WU and WW) for efficient removal of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs (lopinavir and ritonavir) in model and real wastewaters are studied. The highest k1 value is observed for the photocatalytic removal of ritonavir from model wastewater using WW4 (35.64 ×10-2 min-1). The multiphase photocatalysts exhibit 95% efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of ritonavir within 15 of visible light irradiation. In contrast, 60 min of visible light irradiation is necessary to achieve 95% efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of lopinavir. The ecotoxicity test using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos shows no toxicity for photocatalytically treated ritonavir-containing wastewater, and the contrary trend is observed for photocatalytically treated lopinavir-containing wastewater. The synthesized multiphase photocatalysts can be tested and applied for efficient degradation of other SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs in wastewater in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirabbos Hojamberdiev
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Kunio Yubuta
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hajime Wagata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shahlo S Daminova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Uzbekistan-Japan Innovation Center of Youth, University Str. 2B, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
| | - Zukhra C Kadirova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Uzbekistan-Japan Innovation Center of Youth, University Str. 2B, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
| | - Ronald Vargas
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) / Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, Km 8,2, B7130IWA Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Velozo CT, Cabral LM, Pinto EC, de Sousa VP. Lopinavir/Ritonavir: A Review of Analytical Methodologies for the Drug Substances, Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1846-1862. [PMID: 34024199 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1920364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lopinavir/ritonavir is a potent coformulation of protease inhibitors used against HIV infection. Lopinavir is the main responsible for viral load suppression, whereas ritonavir is a pharmacokinetic enhancer. Both of them have recently gained relevance as candidate drugs against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, significant beneficial effects were not observed in randomized clinical trials. This review summarizes the main physical-chemical, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of ritonavir and lopinavir, along with the analytical methodologies applied for biological matrices, pharmaceutical formulations, and stability studies. The work also aimed to provide a comprehensive impurity profile for the combined formulation. Several analytical methods in four different pharmacopeias and 37 articles in literature were evaluated and summarized. Chromatographic methods for these drugs frequently use C8 or C18 stationary phases with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (with ultraviolet detection) or acetate buffer (with tandem mass spectrometry detection) as the mobile phase. Official compendia methods show disadvantages as extended total run time and complex mobile phases. HPLC tandem-mass spectrometry provided high sensitivity in methodologies applied for human plasma and serum samples, supporting the therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV patients. Ritonavir and lopinavir major degradation products arise in alkaline and acidic environments, respectively. Other non-chromatographic methods were also summarized. Establishing the impurity profile for the combined formulation is challenging due to a large number of impurities reported. Easier and faster analytical methods for impurity assessment are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Trajano Velozo
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Pinto
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Pereira de Sousa
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Raghava Reddy AV, Garaga S, Takshinamoorthy C, Naidu A. Synthesis and Characterization of Impurities in the Production Process of Lopinavir. Sci Pharm 2014; 83:49-63. [PMID: 26839801 PMCID: PMC4727799 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1407-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lopinavir is an antiretroviral drug used for the inhibition of HIV protease. Four related substances of lopinavir were observed during the manufacturing process of lopinavir in the laboratory and they were identified. The present work describes the origin, synthesis, characterization, and control of these related substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambati V Raghava Reddy
- Chemical Research and Development Department, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd, Survey No: 71&72, Indrakaran Village, Sangareddy Mandal, Medak district, Hyderabad-502329, Telangana State, India; Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Srinivas Garaga
- Chemical Research and Development Department, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd, Survey No: 71&72, Indrakaran Village, Sangareddy Mandal, Medak district, Hyderabad-502329, Telangana State, India; Department of Engineering Chemistry, A. U. College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chandiran Takshinamoorthy
- Chemical Research and Development Department, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd, Survey No: 71&72, Indrakaran Village, Sangareddy Mandal, Medak district, Hyderabad-502329, Telangana State, India
| | - Andra Naidu
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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Trevorrow P. Launch Editorial. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:1-3. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chitturi SR, Bharathi C, Reddy AR, Reddy KC, Sharma HK, Handa VK, Dandala R, Bindu VH. Impurity profile study of lopinavir and validation of HPLC method for the determination of related substances in lopinavir drug substance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1430-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yekkala R, Adams E, Van Schepdael A, Hoogmartens J. Quality Control of Protease Inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2012-21. [PMID: 17828738 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are potent competitive inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) widely used in the treatment of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prescribed in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. So far ten PIs were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of HIV infection. In this mini review, quality control methods of each PI are discussed on the basis of analytical techniques published in the literature. Special attention is given to summarize the LC methods described for the analysis of the selected PIs in both drug substances and products with the available literature till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Yekkala
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, O&N 2, Postbox 923, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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