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Ward AM, Shokati T, Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Nguyen V, Kozell L, Abbas AI, Jones D, Christians U. Identification and Characterization of Cannabichromene's Major Metabolite Following Incubation with Human Liver Microsomes. Metabolites 2024; 14:329. [PMID: 38921465 PMCID: PMC11206029 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabichromene (CBC) is a minor cannabinoid within the array of over 120 cannabinoids identified in the Cannabis sativa plant. While CBC does not comprise a significant portion of whole plant material, it is available to the public in a purified and highly concentrated form. As minor cannabinoids become more popular due to their potential therapeutic properties, it becomes crucial to elucidate their metabolism in humans. Therefore, the goal of this was study to identify the major CBC phase I-oxidized metabolite generated in vitro following incubation with human liver microsomes. The novel metabolite structure was identified as 2'-hydroxycannabicitran using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following the identification, in silico molecular modeling experiments were conducted and predicted 2'-hydroxycannabicitran to fit in the orthosteric site of both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. When tested in vitro utilizing a competitive binding assay, the metabolite did not show significant binding to either the CB1 or CB2 receptors. Further work necessitates the determination of potential activity of CBC and the here-identified phase I metabolite in other non-cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.M.W.); (V.N.)
| | - Touraj Shokati
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jost Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.M.W.); (V.N.)
| | - Laura Kozell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (L.K.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Atheir I. Abbas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (L.K.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
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Pharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3336516. [PMID: 36397993 PMCID: PMC9666035 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3336516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a cannabinoid from the plant Cannabis sativa that lacks psychotomimetic effects. Its precursor is the acidic form, cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), which is, in turn, a biosynthetic precursor of the compounds cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). CBGA decarboxylation leads to the formation of neutral cannabinoid CBG, through a chemical reaction catalyzed by heat. On the basis of the growing interest in CBG and with the aim of highlighting scientific information on this phytocannabinoid, we focused the content of this article on its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and on its principal pharmacological effects. CBG is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP2J2 to produce hydroxyl and di-oxygenated products. CBG is considered a partial agonist at the CB1 receptor (R) and CB2R, as well as a regulator of endocannabinoid signaling. Potential pharmacological targets for CBG include transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, cannabinoid, 5-HT1A, and alpha-2 receptors. Pre-clinical findings show that CBG reduces intraocular pressure, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral activities, and has anti-anxiety, neuroprotective, dermatological, and appetite-stimulating effects. Several findings suggest that research on CBG deserves to be deepened, as it could be used, alone or in association, for novel therapeutic approaches for several disorders.
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Appendino G, Giana A, Gibbons S, Maffei M, Gnavi G, Grassi G, Sterner O. A Polar Cannabinoid from Cannabis Sativa Var. Carma. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerial parts of Cannabis sativa var. Carma afforded a novel polar cannabinoid whose structure was established as rac-6′,7′-dihydro,6′,7′-dihydroxycannabigerol (carmagerol, 1) on the basis of spectroscopic data and semisynthesis from cannabigerol (2a). The dihydroxylation of the ω-double bond was detrimental to the anti-bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Anna Giana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Massimo Maffei
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale e Centro di Eccellenza CEBIOVEM, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gnavi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale e Centro di Eccellenza CEBIOVEM, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Grassi
- CRA-CIN Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali, Sede Distaccata di Rovigo, Via Amendola 82, 45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Olov Sterner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Kemper RA, Nabb DL, Gannon SA, Snow TA, Api AM. COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF GERANYL NITRILE AND CITRONELLYL NITRILE IN MOUSE, RAT, AND HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1019-29. [PMID: 16540590 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.005496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Geranyl nitrile (GN) and citronellyl nitrile (CN) are fragrance components used in consumer and personal care products. Differences in the clastogenicity of these two terpenes are postulated to result from differential biotransformation, presumably involving the conjugated nitrile moiety. The metabolic clearance and biotransformation of GN and CN were compared in primary hepatocytes from mice, rats, and humans. For determination of intrinsic clearance, GN and CN were incubated with hepatocytes in sealed vials, and the headspace was sampled periodically by solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For metabolite identification, GN and CN were incubated with hepatocytes from each species for 60 min, and reaction mixtures were extracted and analyzed by mass spectroscopy. Both GN and CN were rapidly metabolized in hepatocytes from all species (T1/2, 0.7-11.6 min). Within a species, intrinsic clearance was similar for both compounds and increased in the order human < rat << mouse. Major common pathways for biotransformation of GN and CN involved 1) epoxidation of the 6-alkenyl moiety followed by conjugation with glutathione, 2) hydroxylation of the terminal methyl group(s) followed by direct conjugation with glucuronic acid in rodents or further oxidation to the corresponding acid in human cells, and 3) hydroxylation of the allylic C5 position. No evidence for either phase I or phase II metabolism of the conjugated nitrile moiety was obtained. Thus, the presumed metabolic basis for differences in genotoxicity remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Kemper
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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Abstract
The metabolism of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), delta-8-THC, delta-11-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG) and the equatorial-isomer of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) was studied in microsomal preparations obtained from rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, gerbils and a cat. Identification of metabolites was by GC/MS and quantification by gas chromatography. Major metabolites were monohydroxylated compounds but the pattern of hydroxylation varied considerably between the species, no doubt reflecting the variable nature of the cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidases. Although the primary carbon allylic to the endocyclic double bond of tricyclic cannabinoids was usually the major site of attack, the 4' (side-chain, omega-1 position) and the terpene ring were usually favoured by the cat and hamster respectively. The guinea pig generally produced more metabolites hydroxylated in the side-chain (all positions) than did the other species. The results from HHC were very similar to those from THC, namely hydroxylation at C-11 in most species, and the production of high concentrations of 8 alpha-hydroxy-HHC in the mouse and 8 beta-hydroxy-HHC in the hamster. As this molecule lacks the double bond of the THCs and, hence, the allylic nature of C-11 and C-8, the results suggest that it is the orientation of the molecule to the active site of the cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase rather than the reactivity of the C-H bond that governs the position of hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Harvey
- University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
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