1
|
Voss MW, Oehler C, Daniels W, Sodoma M, Madero B, Kent J, Jain S, Jung M, Nuckols VR, DuBose LE, Davis KG, O'Deen A, Hamilton C, Baller K, Springer J, Rivera-Dompenciel A, Pipoly M, Muellerleile M, Nagarajan N, Bjarnason T, Harb N, Lin LC, Magnotta V, Hazeltine E, Long JD, Pierce GL. Exercise effects on brain health and learning from minutes to months: The brain EXTEND trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2024; 145:107647. [PMID: 39095013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2024.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite evidence that aerobic exercise benefits the aging brain, in particular the hippocampus and memory, controlled clinical trials have not comprehensively evaluated effects of aerobic exercise training on human memory in older adults. The central goal of this study was to determine chronic effects of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise on the hippocampus and memory in non-demented, inactive adults ages 55-80 years. We determine effects of aerobic exercise training with a 6-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing 150 min/week of home-based, light intensity exercise with progressive moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise. For the first time in a large trial, we examined temporal mechanisms by determining if individual differences in the rapid, immediate effects of moderate intensity exercise on hippocampal-cortical connectivity predict chronic training-related changes over months in connectivity and memory. We examined physiological mechanisms by testing the extent to which chronic training-related changes in cardiorespiratory fitness are a critical factor to memory benefits. The Exercise Effects on Brain Connectivity and Learning from Minutes to Months (Brain-EXTEND) trial is conceptually innovative with advanced measures of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes combined with novel capture of the physiological changes, genetic components, and molecular changes induced by aerobic exercise that change hippocampal-cortical connectivity. Given that hippocampal connectivity deteriorates with Alzheimer's and aerobic exercise may contribute to reduced risk of Alzheimer's, our results could lead to an understanding of the physiological mechanisms and moderators by which aerobic exercise reduces risk of this devastating and costly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Voss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Chris Oehler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Will Daniels
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew Sodoma
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Bryan Madero
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - James Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Shivangi Jain
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Myungjin Jung
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Virginia R Nuckols
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Kristen G Davis
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Abby O'Deen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Chase Hamilton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Kelsey Baller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Jenna Springer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA; Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Adriana Rivera-Dompenciel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marco Pipoly
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael Muellerleile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nagalakshmi Nagarajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thorarinn Bjarnason
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nidal Harb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Li-Chun Lin
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vincent Magnotta
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eliot Hazeltine
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA; Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Long
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, USA; Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holota R, Dečmanová V, Alexovič Matiašová A, Košuth J, Slovinská L, Pačut L, Tomori Z, Daxnerová Z, Ševc J. Cleaved caspase-3 is present in the majority of glial cells in the intact rat spinal cord during postnatal life. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:269-286. [PMID: 37938347 PMCID: PMC10912154 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is an essential process that occurs during the development of the central nervous system. Despite the availability of a wide range of commercially produced antibodies against various apoptotic markers, data regarding apoptosis in intact spinal cord during postnatal development and adulthood are mostly missing. We investigated apoptosis in rat spinal cord at different stages of ontogenesis (postnatal days 8, 29, and 90). For this purpose, we applied immunofluorescent detection of two widely used apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 (cC3) and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (cPARP). Surprisingly, we found significant discrepancy between the number of cC3+ cells and PARP+ cells, with a ratio between 500:1 and 5000:1 in rat spinal cord at all postnatal time points. The majority of cC3+ cells were glial cells and did not exhibit an apoptotic phenotype. In contrast with in vivo results, in vitro analysis of primary cell cultures derived from neonatal rat spinal cord and treated with the apoptotic inductor staurosporine revealed a similar onset of occurrence of both cC3 and cPARP in cells subjected to apoptosis. Gene expression analysis of spinal cord revealed elevated expression of the Birc4 (XIAP), Birc2, and Birc5 (Survivin) genes, which are known potent inhibitors of apoptosis. Our data indicate that cC3 is not an exclusive marker of apoptosis, especially in glial cells, owing its possible presence in inhibited forms and/or its participation in other non-apoptotic roles. Therefore, cPARP appears to be a more appropriate marker to detect apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Holota
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - V Dečmanová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - A Alexovič Matiašová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - J Košuth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - L Slovinská
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Tr. SNP 1, 04011, Košice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 04001, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - L Pačut
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Z Tomori
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Z Daxnerová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - J Ševc
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cui JJ, Wang J, Xu DS, Wu S, Guo YT, Su YX, Liu YH, Wang YQ, Jing XH, Bai WZ. Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B optimally labels neurons 3-7 days after injection into the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2316-2320. [PMID: 35259856 PMCID: PMC9083145 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.337055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tract tracing is used to study neural pathways and evaluate neuronal regeneration following nerve injuries. However, it is not always clear which tracer should be used to yield optimal results. In this study, we examined the use of Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B (AF488-CTB). This was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle of rats, and it was found that motor, sensory, and sympathetic neurons were labeled in the spinal ventral horn, dorsal root ganglia, and sympathetic chain, respectively. Similar results were obtained when we injected AF594-CTB into the tibialis anterior muscle. The morphology and number of neurons were evaluated at different time points following the AF488-CTB injection. It was found that labeled motor and sensory neurons could be observed 12 hours post-injection. The intensity was found to increase over time, and the morphology appeared clear and complete 3-7 days post-injection, with clearly distinguishable motor neuron axons and dendrites. However, 14 days after the injection, the quality of the images decreased and the neurons appeared blurred and incomplete. Nissl and immunohistochemical staining showed that the AF488-CTB-labeled neurons retained normal neurochemical and morphological features, and the surrounding microglia were also found to be unaltered. Overall, these results imply that the cholera toxin subunit B, whether unconjugated or conjugated with Alexa Fluor, is effective for retrograde tracing in muscular tissues and that it would also be suitable for evaluating the regeneration or degeneration of injured nerves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Cui
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ting Guo
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Su
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Han Liu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Jing
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Zhu Bai
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bravo L, Mariscal P, Llorca-Torralba M, López-Cepero JM, Nacher J, Berrocoso E. Altered expression of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 and cleaved caspase-3 in the locus coeruleus of nerve-injured rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:918321. [PMID: 35966012 PMCID: PMC9363707 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.918321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating chronic condition provoked by a lesion in the nervous system and it induces functional alterations to the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), affecting distinct dimensions of pain, like sensorial hypersensitivity, pain-induced depression, and anxiety. However, the neurobiological changes induced by nerve damage in the LC remain unclear. Here, we analyzed excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the LC, as well as the possible damage that noradrenergic neurons suffer after the induction of neuropathic pain through chronic constriction injury (CCI). Neuropathic pain was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and the expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 or 2 (VGLUT1 or VGLUT2), vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) was analyzed by immunofluorescence 7 (CCI7d) or 28 days after the original lesion (CCI28d). While no significant differences in the density of VGLUT1 puncta were evident, CCI7d induced a significant increase in the perisomatic VGLUT2/VGAT ratio relative to Sham-operated and CCI28d animals. By contrast, when the entire region of LC is evaluated, there was a significant reduction in the density of VGLUT2 puncta in CCI28d animals, without changes in VGLUT2/VGAT ratio relative to the CCI7d animals. Additionally, changes in the noradrenergic soma size, and a lower density of mitochondria and lysosomes were evident in CCI28d animals. Interestingly, enhanced expression of the apoptotic marker CC3 was also evident in the CCI28d rats, mainly co-localizing with glial fibrillary acidic protein but not with any neuronal or noradrenergic marker. Overall, short-term pain appears to lead to an increase of markers of excitatory synapses in the perisomatic region of noradrenergic cells in the LC, an effect that is lost after long-term pain, which appears to activate apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bravo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Mariscal
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose María López-Cepero
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Razi O, Parnow A, Rashidi I, Pakravan N, Nedaei SE, Motl RW. Aerobic training improves blood-brain barrier and neuronal apoptosis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:245-253. [PMID: 35655596 PMCID: PMC9124528 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.61671.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is central in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology, and exercise may improve BBB integrity. The current study investigated the prophylactic and/ or therapeutic role of aerobic exercise (EX) training on BBB integrity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty female Lewis rats were randomly divided into four groups. The experimental groups included: no-EAE induction+ no-exercise (no-EAE+ no-EX), no-EAE induction+ exercise (no-EAE+EX), EAE induction+ no-exercise (EAE+ no-EX), and EAE induction+ exercise (EAE+EX). The no-EAE+EX and EAE+EX groups performed six weeks of progressive aerobic exercise training. GFAP, angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1) expression, tight-junction (TJ) proteins of claudin-5 and occludin were measured as components of BBB integrity and the rate of neuronal apoptosis was evaluated in hippocampi. RESULTS A significant increase in GFAP and Ang-1 expression (P<0.001) and conversely a down-regulation in TJ proteins (P<0.05) was found in the brains of the no-EAE+EX group compared with the no-EAE+ no-EX group. The expression of GFAP and Ang-1 proteins significantly increased in the hippocampi of the EAE+ no-EX group (P<0.001), whereas aerobic training (in the EAE+EX group) meaningfully reversed such increases (P<0.001). Besides, down-regulated TJ proteins and increased neuronal apoptosis induced by EAE induction (EAE+ no-EX group) were restored and reduced, respectively, by aerobic training in the CNS of the EAE+EX group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The provision of a six-week treadmill aerobic training buffered the detrimental effects of EAE on BBB integrity and consequently neuronal apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Parnow
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran,Corresponding author: Abdolhossein Parnow. Faculty of Sports Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Tel: +98-83-34283275; Fax: +98-83-34274585; ;
| | - Iraj Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Ershad Nedaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Robert W Motl
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hagemann TL, Powers B, Lin NH, Mohamed AF, Dague KL, Hannah SC, Bachmann G, Mazur C, Rigo F, Olsen AL, Feany MB, Perng MD, Berman RF, Messing A. Antisense therapy in a rat model of Alexander disease reverses GFAP pathology, white matter deficits, and motor impairment. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg4711. [PMID: 34788075 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Hagemann
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Ni-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Katerina L Dague
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Seth C Hannah
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Curt Mazur
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Abby L Olsen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ming-Der Perng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Robert F Berman
- Department of Neurological Surgery and M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Callow DD, Won J, Alfini AJ, Purcell JJ, Weiss LR, Zhan W, Smith JC. Microstructural Plasticity in the Hippocampus of Healthy Older Adults after Acute Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1928-1936. [PMID: 33787529 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hippocampus experiences structural and functional decline with age and is a critical region for memory and many cognitive processes. Exercise is beneficial for the aging brain and shows preferential benefits for hippocampal volume, activation, and memory-related cognitive processes. However, research thus far has primarily focused on the effects of exercise on long-term volumetric changes in the hippocampus using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Critically, microstructural alterations within the hippocampus over short time intervals are associated with neuroplasticity and cognitive changes that do not alter its volume but are still functionally relevant. However, it is not yet known if microstructural neuroplasticity occurs in the hippocampus in response to a single session of exercise. METHODS We used a within-subject design to determine if a 30-min bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise altered bilateral hippocampal diffusion tensor imaging measures in healthy older adults (n = 30) compared with a seated rest control condition. RESULTS Significantly lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity were found after exercise relative to seated rest within the bilateral hippocampus, and this effect was driven by higher radial diffusivity. No significant differences in axial diffusivity were observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a single exercise session can lead to microstructural alterations in the hippocampus of healthy older adults. These differences may be associated with changes in the extracellular space and glial, synaptic, and dendritic processes within the hippocampus. Repeated microstructural alterations resulting from acute bouts of exercise may accumulate and precede larger volumetric and functional improvements in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Alfonso J Alfini
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeremy J Purcell
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | | | - Wang Zhan
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maugeri G, D’Agata V, Magrì B, Roggio F, Castorina A, Ravalli S, Di Rosa M, Musumeci G. Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity via the Adaptation of Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061542. [PMID: 34207393 PMCID: PMC8234474 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifold benefits of regular physical exercise have been largely demonstrated in human and animal models. Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of physical activity, both in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). Regular exercise improves cognition, brain plasticity, neurogenesis and reduces the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, making timeless the principle of “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., a healthy mind in a healthy body). Physical exercise promotes morphological and functional changes in the brain, acting not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, which represent the most numerous glial cells in the brain. The multiple effects of exercise on astrocytes comprise the increased number of new astrocytes, the maintenance of basal levels of catecholamine, the increase in glutamate uptake, the major release of trophic factors and better astrocytic coverage of cerebral blood vessels. The purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of exercise on brain function, emphasize the role of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, and provide an update for a better understanding of the effects of physical exercise in the modulation of astrocyte function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Federico Roggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95100 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2043
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Morgun AV, Osipova ED, Boitsova EB, Shuvaev AN, Malinovskaya NA, Mosiagina AI, Salmina AB. Neurogenic Potential of Implanted Neurospheres Is Regulated by Optogenetic Stimulation of Hippocampal Astrocytes Ex Vivo. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 170:693-698. [PMID: 33893948 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protocol of optogenetic ChR2-mediated activation of astrocytes was used in a model of artificial neurogenic niche, neurospheres implanted into ex vivo organotypic cultures of mouse hippocampus. The electrophysiological characteristics of the hippocampus and expression of molecules involved in the mechanisms of activation of astrocytes and microglia (GFAP, CD38, C3/C3b, Cx43, CD11b, and CD18) were evaluated. Photoactivation of astrocytes led to activation of neurogenesis and changes in the expression of molecules (Cx43 and CD38) that determine bioavailability of NAD+ to ensure proliferative activity of cells in the neurogenic niche. Implantation of neurospheres into organotypic slices of the hippocampus caused an increase in C3/C3b expression and suppression of the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Morgun
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - E D Osipova
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E B Boitsova
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A N Shuvaev
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - N A Malinovskaya
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A I Mosiagina
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A B Salmina
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang T, Maltez MT, Lee HW, Ahmad M, Wang HW, Leenen FHH. Effect of exercise training on the FNDC5/BDNF pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14323. [PMID: 31883222 PMCID: PMC6934876 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased sympathetic activity contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Exercise training lowers sympathetic activity and is beneficial for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and associated cognitive impairment. Increased BDNF expression in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain may contribute to these actions of exercise, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. We postulated that hypertension is associated with decreased hippocampal BDNF, which can be restored by exercise‐mediated upregulation of fibronectin type‐II domain‐containing 5 (FNDC5). Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY) were subjected to 5 weeks of motorized treadmill training. BDNF and FNDC5 expressions were measured in the left ventricle (LV), quadriceps, soleus muscle, and brain areas. Exercise training reduced blood pressure (BP) in both strains. BDNF and FNDC5 protein in the LV were increased in SHR, but exercise increased only BDNF protein in both strains. BDNF mRNA, but not protein, was increased in the quadriceps of SHR, and BDNF mRNA and protein were decreased by exercise in both groups. FNDC5 protein was higher in SHR in both the quadriceps and soleus muscle, whereas exercise increased FNDC5 protein only in the quadriceps in both strains. BDNF mRNA was lower in the dentate gyrus (DG) of SHR, which was normalized by exercise. BDNF mRNA expression in the DG negatively correlated with BP. No differences in FNDC5 expression were observed in the brain, suggesting that enhanced BDNF signaling may contribute to the cardiovascular and neurological benefits of exercise training, and these processes involve peripheral, but not central, FNDC5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa T Maltez
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heow Won Lee
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Monir Ahmad
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frans H H Leenen
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romeo-Guitart D, Marcos-DeJuana C, Marmolejo-Martínez-Artesero S, Navarro X, Casas C. Novel neuroprotective therapy with NeuroHeal by autophagy induction for damaged neonatal motoneurons. Theranostics 2020; 10:5154-5168. [PMID: 32308774 PMCID: PMC7163445 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Protective mechanisms allow healthy neurons to cope with diverse stresses. Excessive damage as well as aging can lead to defective functioning of these mechanisms. We recently designed NeuroHeal using artificial intelligence with the goal of bolstering endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms. Understanding the key nodes involved in neuroprotection will allow us to identify even more effective strategies for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: We used a model of peripheral nerve axotomy in rat pups, that induces retrograde apoptotic death of motoneurons. Nourishing mothers received treatment with vehicle, NeuroHeal or NeuroHeal plus nicotinamide, an inhibitor of sirtuins, and analysis of the pups were performed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunoblotting. In vitro, the post-translational status of proteins of interest was detailed using organotypic spinal cord cultures and genetic modifications in cell lines to unravel the neuroprotective mechanisms involved. Results: We found that the concomitant activation of the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway converge to increase the presence of deacetylated and phosphorylated FOXO3a, a transcription factor, in the nucleus. This favors the activation of autophagy, a pro-survival process, and prevents pro-apoptotic PARP1/2 cleavage. Major conclusion: NeuroHeal is a neuroprotective agent for neonatal motoneurons that fine-tunes autophagy on by converging SIRT1/AKT/FOXO3a axis. NeuroHeal is a combo of repurposed drugs that allow its readiness for prospective pediatric use.
Collapse
|
12
|
Stevenson ME, Lensmire NA, Swain RA. Astrocytes and radial glia-like cells, but not neurons, display a nonapoptotic increase in caspase-3 expression following exercise. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01110. [PMID: 30240148 PMCID: PMC6192401 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise induces plasticity in the hippocampus, which includes increases in neurogenesis, the proliferation of new neurons, and angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels. Following exercise, astrocytes also undergo morphological changes that parallel the events occurring in the neurovascular system. Interestingly, there have also been reports of apoptosis in the hippocampus following aerobic exercise. This experiment aimed to identify which population of hippocampal cells undergoes apoptosis after an acute bout of exercise. METHODS Cleaved caspase-3, a terminal protein in the apoptotic cascade, was initially used to identify apoptotic cells in the hippocampus after rats completed an acute bout of exercise. Next, the proportion of immature neurons, adult neurons, astrocytes, or radial glia-like cells expressing cleaved caspase-3 was quantified. TUNEL staining was completed as a second measure of apoptosis. RESULTS Following exercise, cleaved caspase-3 expression was increased in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus. Cleaved caspase-3 was not highly expressed in neuronal populations, and expression was not increased in these cells postexercise. Instead, cleaved caspase-3 was predominantly expressed in astrocytes. Following exercise, there was an increased number of cleaved caspase-3 positive astrocytes in DG and CA1, and cleaved caspase-3 positive radial glia-like cells located in the subgranular zone. To determine whether cleaved caspase-3 expression in these glial cells was associated with apoptosis, a TUNEL assay was completed. TUNEL staining was negligible in all groups and did not mirror the pattern of caspase-3 labeling. CONCLUSIONS Cleaved caspase-3 expression was detected largely in non-neuronal cell populations, and the pattern of cleaved caspase-3 expression did not match that of TUNEL. This suggests that after exercise, cleaved caspase-3 expression may serve a nonapoptotic role in these hippocampal astrocytes and radial glia-like cells. It will be important to identify the function of exercise-induced cleaved caspase-3 expression in the future experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole A. Lensmire
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Rodney A. Swain
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsin
| |
Collapse
|