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Zheng W, Zhou X, Yin J, Liu H, Yin W, Zhang W, Zhu X, Sun Z. Metabolic syndrome-related cognitive impairment with white matter hyperintensities and functional network analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2557-2567. [PMID: 37724054 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationship between white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and cognitive impairment related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the underlying neural network mechanisms. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 50 participants with MetS and WMHs (MetS-WMHs), 45 with MetS without WMHs, and 50 control participants. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and a detailed cognitive evaluation. A graph theory analysis based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted to calculate functional network properties. A mediation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between WMHs and MetS-related cognitive impairment. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the participants in the MetS-WMHs group displayed lower global efficiency, local efficiency, and nodal efficiency, mainly located in the regions of the salience network. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between functional network efficiency and cognitive performance. Mediation analysis indicated that WMHs served as a mediating variable between MetS and cognitive decline, affecting attention/executive function, language, and global cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS WMHs mediated the association between MetS and cognitive function, with a decline in the efficiency of functional brain networks being a probable neural mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiabin Yin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Neurology, Anhui Public Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Wenwen Yin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongwu Sun
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Rashid B, Glasser MF, Nichols T, Van Essen D, Juttukonda MR, Schwab NA, Greve DN, Yacoub E, Lovely A, Terpstra M, Harms MP, Bookheimer SY, Ances BM, Salat DH, Arnold SE. Cardiovascular and metabolic health is associated with functional brain connectivity in middle-aged and older adults: Results from the Human Connectome Project-Aging study. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120192. [PMID: 37247763 PMCID: PMC10330931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cardiovascular and metabolic indicators, such as cholesterol and blood pressure have been associated with altered neural and cognitive health as well as increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in later life. In this cross-sectional study, we examined how an aggregate index of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factor measures was associated with correlation-based estimates of resting-state functional connectivity (FC) across a broad adult age-span (36-90+ years) from 930 volunteers in the Human Connectome Project Aging (HCP-A). Increased (i.e., worse) aggregate cardiometabolic scores were associated with reduced FC globally, with especially strong effects in insular, medial frontal, medial parietal, and superior temporal regions. Additionally, at the network-level, FC between core brain networks, such as default-mode and cingulo-opercular, as well as dorsal attention networks, showed strong effects of cardiometabolic risk. These findings highlight the lifespan impact of cardiovascular and metabolic health on whole-brain functional integrity and how these conditions may disrupt higher-order network integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaly Rashid
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - David Van Essen
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Meher R Juttukonda
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nadine A Schwab
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas N Greve
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Allison Lovely
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Michael P Harms
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Beau M Ances
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David H Salat
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Jiang R, Calhoun VD, Noble S, Sui J, Liang Q, Qi S, Scheinost D. A functional connectome signature of blood pressure in >30 000 participants from the UK biobank. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1427-1440. [PMID: 35875865 PMCID: PMC10262183 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a prevalent modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and contributes to cognitive decline in late life. Despite the fact that functional changes may precede irreversible structural damage and emerge in an ongoing manner, studies have been predominantly informed by brain structure and group-level inferences. Here, we aim to delineate neurobiological correlates of BP at an individual level using machine learning and functional connectivity. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on whole-brain functional connectivity from the UK Biobank, we built a machine learning model to identify neural representations for individuals' past (∼8.9 years before scanning, N = 35 882), current (N = 31 367), and future (∼2.4 years follow-up, N = 3 138) BP levels within a repeated cross-validation framework. We examined the impact of multiple potential covariates, as well as assessed these models' generalizability across various contexts.The predictive models achieved significant correlations between predicted and actual systolic/diastolic BP and pulse pressure while controlling for multiple confounders. Predictions for participants not on antihypertensive medication were more accurate than for currently medicated patients. Moreover, the models demonstrated robust generalizability across contexts in terms of ethnicities, imaging centres, medication status, participant visits, gender, age, and body mass index. The identified connectivity patterns primarily involved the cerebellum, prefrontal, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, supramarginal gyrus, and precuneus, which are key regions of the central autonomic network, and involved in cognition processing and susceptible to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Results also showed more involvement of default mode and frontoparietal networks in predicting future BP levels and in medicated participants. CONCLUSION This study, based on the largest neuroimaging sample currently available and using machine learning, identifies brain signatures underlying BP, providing evidence for meaningful BP-associated neural representations in connectivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Jiang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University and Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Stephanie Noble
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jing Sui
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University and Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Qinghao Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shile Qi
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University and Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Brain functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging of obesity and weight loss interventions. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1466-1479. [PMID: 36918706 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has tripled over the past 40 years to become a major public health issue, as it is linked with increased mortality and elevated risk for various physical and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests that obesity negatively affects brain function and structure, especially within fronto-mesolimbic circuitry. Obese individuals show abnormal neural responses to food cues, taste and smell, resting-state activity and functional connectivity, and cognitive tasks including decision-making, inhibitory-control, learning/memory, and attention. In addition, obesity is associated with altered cortical morphometry, a lowered gray/white matter volume, and impaired white matter integrity. Various interventions and treatments including bariatric surgery, the most effective treatment for obesity in clinical practice, as well as dietary, exercise, pharmacological, and neuromodulation interventions such as transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation and neurofeedback have been employed and achieved promising outcomes. These interventions and treatments appear to normalize hyper- and hypoactivations of brain regions involved with reward processing, food-intake control, and cognitive function, and also promote recovery of brain structural abnormalities. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the recent neuroimaging advances on the underlying neural mechanisms of both obesity and interventions, in the hope of guiding development of novel and effective treatments.
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Zhou J, Guo X, Liu X, Luo Y, Chang X, He H, Duan M, Li S, Li Q, Tan Y, Yao G, Yao D, Luo C. Intrinsic Therapeutic Link between Recuperative Cerebellar Con-Nectivity and Psychiatry Symptom in Schizophrenia Patients with Comorbidity of Metabolic Syndrome. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010144. [PMID: 36676092 PMCID: PMC9863013 DOI: 10.3390/life13010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Components of metabolic syndrome might be predictors of the therapeutic outcome of psychiatric symptom in schizophrenia, whereas clinical results are inconsistent and an intrinsic therapeutic link between weaker psychiatric symptoms and emergent metabolic syndrome remains unclear. This study aims to reveal the relationship and illustrate potential mechanism by exploring the alteration of cerebellar functional connectivity (FC) in schizophrenia patients with comorbidity metabolic syndrome. Thirty-six schizophrenia patients with comorbidity of metabolic syndrome (SCZ-MetS), 45 schizophrenia patients without metabolic syndrome (SCZ-nMetS) and 39 healthy controls (HC) were recruited in this study. We constructed FC map of cerebello-cortical circuit and used moderation effect analysis to reveal complicated relationship among FC, psychiatric symptom and metabolic disturbance. Components of metabolic syndrome were significantly correlated with positive symptom score and negative symptom score. Importantly, the dysconnectivity between cognitive module of cerebellum and left middle frontal gyrus in SCZ-nMetS was recuperative increased in SCZ-MetS, and was significantly correlated with general symptom score. Finally, we observed significant moderation effect of body mass index on this correlation. The present findings further supported the potential relationship between emergence of metabolic syndrome and weaker psychiatric symptom, and provided neuroimaging evidence. The mechanism of intrinsic therapeutic link involved functional change of cerebello-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Yuling Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Xin Chang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Hui He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Mingjun Duan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Shicai Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Ying Tan
- The Key Laboratory for Computer Systems of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China
- Research Unit of Neuroinformation (2019RU035), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (G.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Gang Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (G.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
- Research Unit of Neuroinformation (2019RU035), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- Research Unit of Neuroinformation (2019RU035), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (G.Y.); (C.L.)
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Yang Y, Zhu Q, Wang L, Gao D, Wang Z, Geng Z. Effects of hypertension and aging on brain function in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5493-5500. [PMID: 36408643 PMCID: PMC10152091 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the dynamic evolution of brain function under the comorbidities of hypertension and aging. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were longitudinally acquired at 10, 24, and 52 weeks in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto rats. We computed the mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mALFF), mean regional homogeneity (mReHo), and functional connectivity (FC). There was no interaction between hypertension and aging on brain function. The main effect of aging reflects primarily the cumulative increase of brain activity, especially the increase of mALFF in amygdala and mReHo in cingulate cortex, accompanied by the decrease of brain activity. The main effect of hypertension reflects primarily decreased brain activity in default modal network, accompanied by increased brain activity. The main effect of aging shows reduced brain FC as early as 24 weeks, and the main effect of hypertension shows higher brain FC in SHRs. The novel discovery is that 1 brain FC network increased linearly with age in SHRs, in addition to the linearly decreasing FC. Hypertension and aging independently contribute to spatiotemporal alterations in brain function in SHRs following ongoing progression and compensation. This study provides new insight into the dynamic characteristics of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Hebei Medical University Medical Imaging Specialty, Graduate School, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
- The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Department of Imaging, , Qinhuangdao 066000 , China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
| | - Lixin Wang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
| | - Duo Gao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
| | - Zhanqiu Wang
- The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Department of Imaging, , Qinhuangdao 066000 , China
| | - Zuojun Geng
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
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7
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Altered Calcium Permeability of AMPA Receptor Drives NMDA Receptor Inhibition in the Hippocampus of Murine Obesity Models. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4902-4925. [PMID: 35657456 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that higher consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs) during the juvenile/adolescent period induces altered hippocampal function and morphology; however, the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains elusive. Using high-resolution structural imaging combined with molecular and functional interrogation, a murine model of obesity treated with HFDs for 12 weeks after weaning mice was shown to change in the glutamate-mediated intracellular calcium signaling and activity, including further selective reduction of gray matter volume in the hippocampus associated with memory recall disturbance. Dysregulation of intracellular calcium concentrations was restored by a non-competitive α-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) antagonist, followed by normalization of hippocampal volume and memory recall ability, indicating that AMPARs may serve as an attractive therapeutic target for obesity-associated cognitive decline.
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Wirth M, Gaubert M, Köbe T, Garnier-Crussard A, Lange C, Gonneaud J, de Flores R, Landeau B, de la Sayette V, Chételat G. Vascular Health Is Associated With Functional Connectivity Decline in Higher-Order Networks of Older Adults. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:847824. [PMID: 35558154 PMCID: PMC9088922 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.847824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor vascular health may impede brain functioning in older adults, thus possibly increasing the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The emerging link between vascular risk factors (VRF) and longitudinal decline in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) within functional brain networks needs replication and further research in independent cohorts. Method We examined 95 non-demented older adults using the IMAP+ cohort (Caen, France). VRF were assessed at baseline through systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body-mass-index, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Brain pathological burden was measured using white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes, derived from FLAIR images, and cortical β-Amyloid (Aβ) deposition, derived from florbetapir-PET imaging. RSFC was estimated from functional MRI scans within canonical brain networks at baseline and up to 3 years of follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the independent predictive value of VRF on longitudinal changes in network-specific and global RSFC as well as a potential association between these RSFC changes and cognitive decline. Results We replicate that RSFC increased over time in global RSFC and in the default-mode, salience/ventral-attention and fronto-parietal networks. In contrast, higher diastolic blood pressure levels were independently associated with a decrease of RSFC over time in the default-mode, salience/ventral-attention, and fronto-parietal networks. Moreover, higher HbA1c levels were independently associated with a reduction of the observed RSFC increase over time in the salience/ventral-attention network. Both of these associations were independent of brain pathology related to Aβ load and WMH volumes. The VRF-related changes in RSFC over time were not significantly associated with longitudinal changes in cognitive performance. Conclusion Our longitudinal findings corroborate that VRF promote RSFC alterations over time within higher-order brain networks, irrespective of pathological brain burden. Altered RSFC in large-scale cognitive networks may eventually increase the vulnerability to aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranka Wirth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Miranka Wirth,
| | - Malo Gaubert
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Theresa Köbe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Antoine Garnier-Crussard
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Lyon, Lyon Institute for Aging, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM 1048, CNRS 5292, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lyon, France
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders,” Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Catharina Lange
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders,” Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Robin de Flores
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders,” Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Brigitte Landeau
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders,” Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Vincent de la Sayette
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders,” Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Normandy University, Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Gaël Chételat
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders,” Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Normandy University, Caen, France
- Gaël Chételat,
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Foret JT, Caillaud M, Gourley DD, Dekhtyar M, Tanaka H, Haley AP. Influence of endogenous estrogen on a network model of female brain integrity. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100053. [PMID: 36908891 PMCID: PMC9997143 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports document sex differences in midlife brain integrity and metabolic health, such that more relationships are detectable between metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and markers of brain health in females than in males. Midlife is characterized by a rapid decrease in endogenous estrogen levels for women which is thought to increase risk for cardiometabolic disease and neurocognitive decline. Our study used network models, designed to explore the interconnectedness and organization of relationships among many variables at once, to compare the influence of endogenous estrogen and chronological age on a network of brain and metabolic health in order to investigate the utility of estrogen as a biomarker for brain vulnerability. Data were analyzed from 82 females (ages 40-62). Networks consisted of known biomarkers of risk for late-life cognitive decline: the five components of MetS; Brain-predicted age difference calculated on gray and white matter volume; white matter hyperintensities; Default Mode Network functional connectivity; cerebral concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate, glutamate and myo-inositol; and serum concentrations of estradiol. A second network replaced estradiol with chronological age. Expected influence (EI) of estradiol on the network was -1.190, relative to chronological age at -0.524, indicating that estradiol had a stronger expected influence over the network than age. A negative expected influence indicates that higher levels of estradiol would be expected to decrease the number of relationships in the model, which is thought to indicate lower risk. Overall, levels of estradiol appear more influential than chronological age at midlife for relationships between brain integrity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle T Foret
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marie Caillaud
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Drew D Gourley
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maria Dekhtyar
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Biomedical Imaging Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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10
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Syan SK, McIntyre-Wood C, Minuzzi L, Hall G, McCabe RE, MacKillop J. Dysregulated resting state functional connectivity and obesity: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:270-292. [PMID: 34425125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been variously linked to differences in brain functional connectivity in regions associated with reward, emotional regulation and cognition, potentially revealing neural mechanisms contributing to its development and maintenance. This systematic review summarizes and critically appraises the existing literature on differences in resting state functional connectivity (Rs-FC) between overweight and individuals with obesity in relation healthy-BMI controls. Twenty-nine studies were identified and the results consistently support the hypothesis that obesity is associated with differences in Rs-FC. Specifically, obesity/overweight was consistently associated with (i) DMN hypoconnectivity and salience network hyperconnectivity; (ii) increased Rs-FC between the hypothalamus and reward, limbic and salience networks, and decreased Rs-FC between the hypothalamus and cognitive regions; (iii) increased power within regions associated with inhibition/emotional reasoning; (iv) decreased nodal efficiency, degree centrality, and global efficiency. Collectively, the results suggest obesity is associated with disrupted connectivity of brain networks responsible for cognition, reward, self-referential processing and emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K Syan
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Carly McIntyre-Wood
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Randi E McCabe
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Rashid B, Poole VN, Fortenbaugh FC, Esterman M, Milberg WP, McGlinchey RE, Salat DH, Leritz EC. Association between metabolic syndrome and resting-state functional brain connectivity. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 104:1-9. [PMID: 33951557 PMCID: PMC8225583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine whether metabolic syndrome (MetS), the clustering of 3 or more cardiovascular risk factors, disrupts the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of the large-scale cortical brain networks. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from seventy-eight middle-aged and older adults living with and without MetS (27 MetS; 51 non-MetS). FC maps were derived from the time series of intrinsic activity in the large-scale brain networks by correlating the spatially averaged time series with all brain voxels using a whole-brain seed-based FC approach. Participants with MetS showed hyperconnectivity across the core brain regions with evidence of loss of modularity when compared with non-MetS individuals. Furthermore, patterns of higher between-network MetS-related effects were observed across most of the seed regions in both right and left hemispheres. These findings indicate that MetS is associated with altered intrinsic communication across core neural networks and disrupted between-network connections across the brain due to the co-occurring vascular risk factors in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaly Rashid
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Victoria N Poole
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca C Fortenbaugh
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Esterman
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William P Milberg
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina E McGlinchey
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David H Salat
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Leritz
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Soldan A, Pettigrew C, Zhu Y, Wang MC, Bilgel M, Hou X, Lu H, Miller MI, Albert M. Association of Lifestyle Activities with Functional Brain Connectivity and Relationship to Cognitive Decline among Older Adults. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5637-5651. [PMID: 34184058 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship of engagement in different lifestyle activities to connectivity in large-scale functional brain networks, and whether network connectivity modifies cognitive decline, independent of brain amyloid levels. Participants (N = 153, mean age = 69 years, including N = 126 with amyloid imaging) were cognitively normal when they completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, a lifestyle activity questionnaire, and cognitive testing. They were followed with annual cognitive tests up to 5 years (mean = 3.3 years). Linear regressions showed positive relationships between cognitive activity engagement and connectivity within the dorsal attention network, and between physical activity levels and connectivity within the default-mode, limbic, and frontoparietal control networks, and global within-network connectivity. Additionally, higher cognitive and physical activity levels were independently associated with higher network modularity, a measure of functional network specialization. These associations were largely independent of APOE4 genotype, amyloid burden, global brain atrophy, vascular risk, and level of cognitive reserve. Moreover, higher connectivity in the dorsal attention, default-mode, and limbic networks, and greater global connectivity and modularity were associated with reduced cognitive decline, independent of APOE4 genotype and amyloid burden. These findings suggest that changes in functional brain connectivity may be one mechanism by which lifestyle activity engagement reduces cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xirui Hou
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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13
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Foret JT, Dekhtyar M, Birdsill AC, Tanaka H, Haley AP. Metabolic syndrome components moderate the association between executive function and functional connectivity in the default mode network. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 15:2139-2148. [PMID: 33179757 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Middle aged individuals with Metabolic Syndrome are at high risk for cognitive decline. Dyssynchrony in the resting state Default Mode Network is one early indicator of brain vulnerability. We set out to explore the relationship between default mode resting state functional connectivity and cognitive performance in both memory and executive domains at midlife in the presence of Metabolic Syndrome components. Seed-based Correlation Analyses were performed between the seed voxel in the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex on 200 participants (ages 40-61). Executive domain scores were significantly predicted by the interaction between number of Metabolic Syndrome components and resting state connectivity in the Default Mode Network (p = .004) such that connectivity was negatively related to executive function at higher numbers of Metabolic Syndrome components. Results were not significant for memory. Our findings indicate that clusters of cardiovascular disease risk factors alter functional relationships in the brain and highlights the need to continue exploring how compensatory techniques might operate to support cognitive performance at midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle T Foret
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Maria Dekhtyar
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Alex C Birdsill
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton, Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Biomedical Imaging Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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14
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Carnevale L, Maffei A, Landolfi A, Grillea G, Carnevale D, Lembo G. Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Highlights Altered Connections and Functional Networks in Patients With Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:1480-1490. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease. To predict the onset of these diseases, it is necessary to develop tools to detect the early effects of vascular risk factors on the brain. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging can investigate how the brain modulates its resting activity and analyze how hypertension impacts cerebral function. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore brain functional-hemodynamic coupling across different regions and their connectivity in patients with hypertension, as compared to subjects with normotension. In addition, we leveraged multimodal imaging to identify the signature of hypertension injury on the brain. Our study included 37 subjects (18 normotensives and 19 hypertensives), characterized by microstructural integrity by diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive profile, who were subjected to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis. We mapped brain functional connectivity networks and evaluated the connectivity differences among regions, identifying the altered connections in patients with hypertension compared with subjects with normotension in the (1) dorsal attention network and sensorimotor network; (2) dorsal attention network and visual network; (3) dorsal attention network and frontoparietal network. Then we tested how diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy of superior longitudinal fasciculus correlates with the connections between dorsal attention network and default mode network and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores with a widespread network of functional connections. Finally, based on our correlation analysis, we applied a feature selection to highlight those most relevant to describing brain injury in patients with hypertension. Our multimodal imaging data showed that hypertensive brains present a network of functional connectivity alterations that correlate with cognitive dysfunction and microstructural integrity.
Registration—
URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02310217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Carnevale
- From the Department of AngioCardioNeurology and Translational Medicine (L.C., A.M., A.L., D.C., G.L.), I.R.C.C.S. INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Angelo Maffei
- From the Department of AngioCardioNeurology and Translational Medicine (L.C., A.M., A.L., D.C., G.L.), I.R.C.C.S. INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Landolfi
- From the Department of AngioCardioNeurology and Translational Medicine (L.C., A.M., A.L., D.C., G.L.), I.R.C.C.S. INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grillea
- Department of Radiology (G.G.), I.R.C.C.S. INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- From the Department of AngioCardioNeurology and Translational Medicine (L.C., A.M., A.L., D.C., G.L.), I.R.C.C.S. INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy (D.C., G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- From the Department of AngioCardioNeurology and Translational Medicine (L.C., A.M., A.L., D.C., G.L.), I.R.C.C.S. INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy (D.C., G.L.)
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15
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Rashid B, Dev SI, Esterman M, Schwarz NF, Ferland T, Fortenbaugh FC, Milberg WP, McGlinchey RE, Salat DH, Leritz EC. Aberrant patterns of default-mode network functional connectivity associated with metabolic syndrome: A resting-state study. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01333. [PMID: 31568716 PMCID: PMC6908882 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of three or more cardiovascular risk factors (RF), including hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol, or hyperglycemia. MetS and its component RFs are more prevalent in older age, and can be accompanied by alterations in brain structure. Studies have shown altered functional connectivity (FC) in samples with individual RFs as well as in clinical populations that are at higher risk to develop MetS. These studies have indicated that the default mode network (DMN) may be particularly vulnerable, yet little is known about the overall impact of MetS on FC in this network. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the integrity of FC to the DMN in participants with MetS relative to non-MetS individuals. Using a seed-based connectivity analysis approach, resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data were analyzed, and the FC measures among the DMN seed (isthmus of the cingulate) and rest of the brain voxels were estimated. RESULTS Participants with MetS demonstrated reduced positive connectivity between the DMN seed and left superior frontal regions, and reduced negative connectivity between the DMN seed and left superior parietal, left postcentral, right precentral, right superior temporal and right superior parietal regions, after accounting for age- and sex-effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MetS is associated with alterations in FC between the DMN and other regions of the brain. Furthermore, these results indicate that the overall burden of vascular RFs associated with MetS may, in part, contribute to the pathophysiology underlying aberrant FC in the DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaly Rashid
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheena I Dev
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Michael Esterman
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolette F Schwarz
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Tori Ferland
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca C Fortenbaugh
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William P Milberg
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Regina E McGlinchey
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David H Salat
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth C Leritz
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center (NeRVe), Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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