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Tryon SC, Sakamoto IM, Kaigler KF, Gee G, Turner J, Bartley K, Fadel JR, Wilson MA. ChAT::Cre transgenic rats show sex-dependent altered fear behaviors, ultrasonic vocalizations and cholinergic marker expression. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12837. [PMID: 36636833 PMCID: PMC9994175 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system is a critical regulator of Pavlovian fear learning and extinction. As such, we have begun investigating the cholinergic system's involvement in individual differences in cued fear extinction using a transgenic ChAT::Cre rat model. The current study extends behavioral phenotyping of a transgenic ChAT::Cre rat line by examining both freezing behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a Pavlovian cued fear learning and extinction paradigm. Freezing, 22 kHz USVs, and 50 kHz USVs were compared between male and female transgenic ChAT::Cre+ rats and their wildtype (Cre-) littermates during fear learning, contextual and cue-conditioned fear recall, cued fear extinction, and generalization to a novel tone. During contextual and cued fear recall ChAT::Cre+ rats froze slightly more than their Cre- littermates, and displayed significant sex differences in contextual and cue-conditioned freezing, 22 kHz USVs, and 50 kHz USVs. Females showed more freezing than males in fear recall trials, but fewer 22 kHz distress calls during fear learning and recall. Females also produced more 50 kHz USVs during exposure to the testing chambers prior to tone (or shock) presentation compared with males, but this effect was blunted in ChAT::Cre+ females. Corroborating previous studies, ChAT::Cre+ transgenic rats overexpressed vesicular acetylcholine transporter immunolabeling in basal forebrain, striatum, basolateral amygdala, and hippocampus, but had similar levels of acetylcholinesterase and numbers of ChAT+ neurons as Cre- rats. This study suggests that variance in behavior between ChAT::Cre+ and wildtype rats is sex dependent and advances theories that distinct neural circuits and processes regulate sexually divergent fear responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Tryon
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Iris M. Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kris F. Kaigler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gabriella Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jarrett Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Katherine Bartley
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jim R. Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Marlene A. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
- Columbia VA Health Care SystemColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
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2
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Liu J, Gao S, Wei L, Xiong W, Lu Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Gao H, Li B. Choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter are required for metamorphosis, reproduction, and insecticide susceptibility in Tribolium castaneum. Gene 2022; 842:146794. [PMID: 35952841 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) are essential enzymes for synthesizing and transporting acetylcholine (ACh). But their functions in metamorphosis, reproduction, and the insecticide susceptibility were poorly understood in the insects. To address these issues, we identified the orthologues of chat and vacht in Tribolium castaneum. Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed Chat has the highest expression at the early adult stage, while vacht shows peak expression at the early larval stage. Both of them were highly expressed at the head of late adult. RNA interference (RNAi) of chat and vacht both led to a decrease in ACh content at the late larval stage. It is observed that chat knockdown severely affected larval development and pupal eclosion, but vacht RNAi only disrupted pupal eclosion. Further, parental RNAi of chat or vacht led to 35 % or 30 % reduction in fecundity, respectively, and knockdown of them completely inhibited egg hatchability. Further analysis has confirmed that both the reduction in fecundity and hatchability caused through the maternal specificity in T. castaneum. Moreover, the transcript levels of chat and vacht were elevated after carbofuran or dichlorvos treatment. Reduction of chat or vacht decreased the resistance to carbofuran and dichlorvos. This study provides the evidence for chat and vacht not only involved in development and reproduction of insects but also could as the potential targets of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Luting Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Han Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Borges BT, de Brum Vieira P, Leal AP, Karnopp E, Ogata BAB, Rosa ME, Barreto YC, Oliveira RS, Belo CAD, Vinadé L. Modulation of octopaminergic and cholinergic pathways induced by Caatinga tree Manilkara rufula chemical compounds in Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104651. [PMID: 32828369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The entomotoxic potential of Manilkara rufula crude extract (CEMR) and its aqueous (AFMR) and methanolic (MFMR) fractions were evaluated against Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches. The results point out to a direct modulation of octopaminergic and cholinergic pathways in insect nervous system. CEMR induced an anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) effect in cockroach brain homogenates. CEMR significantly decreased the cockroach heart rate in semi-isolated heart preparations. CEMR also caused a broad disturbance in the insect behavior by reducing the exploratory activity. The decreased antennae and leg grooming activities, by different doses of CEMR, mimicked those of phentolamine activity, a selective octopaminergic receptor antagonist. The lethargy induced by CEMR was accompanied by neuromuscular failure and by a decrease of sensilla spontaneous neural compound action potentials (SNCAP) firing in in vivo and ex vivo cockroach muscle-nerve preparations, respectively. AFMR was more effective in promoting neuromuscular paralysis than its methanolic counterpart, in the same dose. These data validate the entomotoxic activity of M. rufula. The phentolamine-like modulation induced in cockroaches is the result of a potential direct inhibition of octopaminergic receptors, combined to an anti-AChE activity. In addition, the modulation of CEMR on octopaminergic and cholinergic pathways is probably the result of a synergism between AFMR and MFMR chemical compounds. Further phytochemical investigation followed by a bio-guiding protocol will improve the molecular aspects of M. rufula pharmacology and toxicology to insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Trindade Borges
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Allan P Leal
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas e Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Etiely Karnopp
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara A B Ogata
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Rosa
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Yuri Correia Barreto
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel Soares Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Cháriston André Dal Belo
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas e Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Vinadé
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenetic considerations when prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:673-701. [PMID: 32520597 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholinergic dysfunction, demonstrated in the late 1970s and early 1980s, led to the introduction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in 1993 (Tacrine) to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission as the first line of treatment against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The new generation of AChEIs, represented by Donepezil (1996), Galantamine (2001) and Rivastigmine (2002), is the only treatment for AD to date, together with Memantine (2003). AChEIs are not devoid of side-effects and their cost-effectiveness is limited. An option to optimize the correct use of AChEIs is the implementation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) in the clinical practice. AREAS COVERED (i) The cholinergic system in AD, (ii) principles of AD PGx, (iii) PGx of Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, Huperzine and other treatments, and (iv) practical recommendations. EXPERT OPINION The most relevant genes influencing AChEI efficacy and safety are APOE and CYPs. APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders to AChEIs. With the exception of Rivastigmine (UGT2B7, BCHE-K), the other AChEIs are primarily metabolized via CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and UGT enzymes, with involvement of ABC transporters and cholinergic genes (CHAT, ACHE, BCHE, SLC5A7, SLC18A3, CHRNA7) in most ethnic groups. Defective variants may affect the clinical response to AChEIs. PGx geno-phenotyping is highly recommended prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine , Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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Mantanona CP, Alsiö J, Elson JL, Fisher BM, Dalley JW, Bussey T, Pienaar IS. Altered motor, anxiety-related and attentional task performance at baseline associate with multiple gene copies of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and related protein overexpression in ChAT::Cre+ rats. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3095-3116. [PMID: 31506825 PMCID: PMC6875150 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic rodents expressing Cre recombinase cell specifically are used for exploring mechanisms regulating behavior, including those mediated by cholinergic signaling. However, it was recently reported that transgenic mice overexpressing a bacterial artificial chromosome containing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, for synthesizing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, present with multiple vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene copies, resulting in altered cholinergic tone and accompanying behavioral abnormalities. Since ChAT::Cre+ rats, used increasingly for understanding the biological basis of CNS disorders, utilize the mouse ChAT promotor to control Cre recombinase expression, we assessed for similar genotypical and phenotypical differences in such rats compared to wild-type siblings. The rats were assessed for mouse VAChT copy number, VAChT protein expression levels and for sustained attention, response control and anxiety. Rats were also subjected to a contextual fear conditioning paradigm using an unconditional fear-inducing stimulus (electrical foot shocks), with blood samples taken at baseline, the fear acquisition phase and retention testing, for measuring blood plasma markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA)-axis activity. ChAT::Cre+ rats expressed multiple mouse VAChT gene copies, resulting in significantly higher VAChT protein expression, revealed anxiolytic behavior, hyperlocomotion and deficits in tasks requiring sustained attention. The HPA-axis was intact, with unaltered circulatory levels of acute stress-induced corticosterone, leptin and glucose. Our findings, therefore, reveal that in ChAT::Cre+ rats, VAChT overexpression associates with significant alterations of certain cognitive, motor and affective functions. Although highly useful as an experimental tool, it is essential to consider the potential effects of altered cholinergic transmission on baseline behavior in ChAT::Cre rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Mantanona
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johan Alsiö
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanna L Elson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Beth M Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Bussey
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ilse S Pienaar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9PH, UK.
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Afolabi BA, Adedara IA, Souza DO, Rocha JBT. Dietary co-exposure to methylmercury and monosodium glutamate disrupts cellular and behavioral responses in the lobster cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:70-77. [PMID: 30300794 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) both separately and combined with a low dose of methylmercury (MeHg) on behavioral and biochemical parameters in Nauphoeta cinerea (lobster cockroach). Cockroaches were fed with the basal diet alone, basal diet + 2% NaCl, basal diet + 2% MSG; basal diet + 0.125 mg/g MeHg, basal diet + 0.125 mg/g MeHg + 2% NaCl; and basal diet + 0.125 mg/g MeHg + 2% MSG for 21 days. Behavioral parameters such as distance traveled, immobility and turn angle were automatically measured using ANY-maze video tracking software (Stoelting, CO, USA). Biochemical end-points such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total thiol and TBARS were also evaluated. Results show that MeHg + NaCl, increased distance traveled while MeHg + MSG increased time immobile. AChE activity was significantly reduced in cockroaches across all the groups when compared to the control. There was no significant alteration in GST activity and total thiol levels. It could be that both NaCl and MSG potentiates the neurotoxic effect of MeHg in cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing A Afolabi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Brown TC, Bond CE, Hoover DB. Variable expression of GFP in different populations of peripheral cholinergic neurons of ChAT BAC-eGFP transgenic mice. Auton Neurosci 2017; 210:44-54. [PMID: 29288022 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is used widely to identify cholinergic neurons, but this approach has some limitations. To address these problems, investigators developed transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) directed by the promoter for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine synthetic enzyme. Although, it was reported that these mice express GFP in all cholinergic neurons and non-neuronal cholinergic cells, we could not detect GFP in cardiac cholinergic nerves in preliminary experiments. Our goals for this study were to confirm our initial observation and perform a qualitative screen of other representative autonomic structures for the presences of GFP in cholinergic innervation of effector tissues. We evaluated GFP fluorescence of intact, unfixed tissues and the cellular localization of GFP and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), a specific cholinergic marker, in tissue sections and intestinal whole mounts. Our experiments identified two major tissues where cholinergic neurons and/or nerve fibers lacked GFP: 1) most cholinergic neurons of the intrinsic cardiac ganglia and all cholinergic nerve fibers in the heart and 2) most cholinergic nerve fibers innervating airway smooth muscle. Most cholinergic neurons in airway ganglia stained for GFP. Cholinergic systems in the bladder and intestines were fully delineated by GFP staining. GFP labeling of input to ganglia with long preganglionic projections (vagal) was sparse or weak, while that to ganglia with short preganglionic projections (spinal) was strong. Total absence of GFP might be due to splicing out of the GFP gene. Lack of GFP in nerve projections from GFP-positive cell bodies might reflect a transport deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Christopher Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Cherie E Bond
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA 24088, USA
| | - Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Cholinergic circuits in cognitive flexibility. Neuroscience 2017; 345:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Adedara IA, Abolaji AO, Idris UF, Olabiyi BF, Onibiyo EM, Ojuade TD, Farombi EO. Neuroprotective influence of taurine on fluoride-induced biochemical and behavioral deficits in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 261:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Veleanu M, Axen TE, Kristensen MP, Kohlmeier KA. Comparison of bNOS and chat immunohistochemistry in the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) and the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) of the mouse from brain slices prepared for electrophysiology. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 263:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Blusztajn JK, Rinnofner J. Intrinsic Cholinergic Neurons in the Hippocampus: Fact or Artifact? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:6. [PMID: 27014052 PMCID: PMC4785141 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally agreed that hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized and released exclusively from the terminals of the long-axon afferents whose cell bodies reside in the medial septum and diagonal band. The search for intrinsic cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus has a long history; however evidence for the existence of these neurons has been inconsistent, with most investigators failing to detect them using in situ hybridization or immunohistochemical staining of the cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Advances in the use of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice expressing a reporter protein under the control of the genomic elements of the Chat gene (Chat-BAC mice) have facilitated studies of cholinergic neurons. Such mice show robust and faithful expression of the reporter proteins in all known cholinergic cell populations. The availability of the Chat-BAC mice re-ignited interest in hippocampal cholinergic interneurons, because a small number of such reporter-expressing cells is frequently observed in the hippocampus of these mice. However, to date, attempts to confirm that these neurons co-express the endogenous cholinergic marker ChAT, or release ACh, have been unsuccessful. Without such confirmatory evidence it is best to conclude that there are no cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus. Similar considerations apply to other BAC transgenic lines, whose utility as a discovery tool for cell populations heretofore not known to express the genes of interest encoded by the BACs, must be validated by methods that detect expression of the endogenous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasmine Rinnofner
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Vienna, Austria
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Ishibashi M, Gumenchuk I, Kang B, Steger C, Lynn E, Molina NE, Eisenberg LM, Leonard CS. Orexin Receptor Activation Generates Gamma Band Input to Cholinergic and Serotonergic Arousal System Neurons and Drives an Intrinsic Ca(2+)-Dependent Resonance in LDT and PPT Cholinergic Neurons. Front Neurol 2015; 6:120. [PMID: 26082752 PMCID: PMC4451588 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of the waking state is a shift in EEG power to higher frequencies with epochs of synchronized intracortical gamma activity (30-60 Hz) - a process associated with high-level cognitive functions. The ascending arousal system, including cholinergic laterodorsal (LDT) and pedunculopontine (PPT) tegmental neurons and serotonergic dorsal raphe (DR) neurons, promotes this state. Recently, this system has been proposed as a gamma wave generator, in part, because some neurons produce high-threshold, Ca(2+)-dependent oscillations at gamma frequencies. However, it is not known whether arousal-related inputs to these neurons generate such oscillations, or whether such oscillations are ever transmitted to neuronal targets. Since key arousal input arises from hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons, we investigated whether the unusually noisy, depolarizing orexin current could provide significant gamma input to cholinergic and serotonergic neurons, and whether such input could drive Ca(2+)-dependent oscillations. Whole-cell recordings in brain slices were obtained from mice expressing Cre-induced fluorescence in cholinergic LDT and PPT, and serotonergic DR neurons. After first quantifying reporter expression accuracy in cholinergic and serotonergic neurons, we found that the orexin current produced significant high frequency, including gamma, input to both cholinergic and serotonergic neurons. Then, by using a dynamic clamp, we found that adding a noisy orexin conductance to cholinergic neurons induced a Ca(2+)-dependent resonance that peaked in the theta and alpha frequency range (4-14 Hz) and extended up to 100 Hz. We propose that this orexin current noise and the Ca(2+) dependent resonance work synergistically to boost the encoding of high-frequency synaptic inputs into action potentials and to help ensure cholinergic neurons fire during EEG activation. This activity could reinforce thalamocortical states supporting arousal, REM sleep, and intracortical gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ishibashi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Iryna Gumenchuk
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Bryan Kang
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Catherine Steger
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth Lynn
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Nancy E Molina
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Leonard M Eisenberg
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA ; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
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Nagy PM, Aubert I. Overexpression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter enhances dendritic complexity of adult-born hippocampal neurons and improves acquisition of spatial memory during aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1881-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Adedara IA, Rosemberg DB, Souza DO, Kamdem JP, Farombi EO, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Biochemical and behavioral deficits in the lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea model of methylmercury exposure. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is well-known for its neurodevelopmental effects both in animals and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Adedara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- CCNE
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- 97105-900 Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Denis B. Rosemberg
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- CCNE
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- 97105-900 Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Diogo O. Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica
- Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- 90035-003 Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Jean P. Kamdem
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- CCNE
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- 97105-900 Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Ebenezer O. Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories
- Department of Biochemistry
- College of Medicine
- University of Ibadan
- Ibadan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209
- Bronx
- USA
| | - Joao B. T. Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- CCNE
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- 97105-900 Santa Maria
- Brazil
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15
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Wang L, Ennis M, Szabó G, Armstrong WE. Characteristics of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in perinuclear zone of mouse supraoptic nucleus. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:754-67. [PMID: 25376783 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00561.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The perinuclear zone (PNZ) of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) contains some GABAergic and cholinergic neurons thought to innervate the SON proper. In mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in association with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)65 we found an abundance of GAD65-eGFP neurons in the PNZ, whereas in mice expressing GAD67-eGFP, there were few labeled PNZ neurons. In mice expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-eGFP, large, brightly fluorescent and small, dimly fluorescent ChAT-eGFP neurons were present in the PNZ. The small ChAT-eGFP and GAD65-eGFP neurons exhibited a low-threshold depolarizing potential consistent with a low-threshold spike, with little transient outward rectification. Large ChAT-eGFP neurons exhibited strong transient outward rectification and a large hyperpolarizing spike afterpotential, very similar to that of magnocellular vasopressin and oxytocin neurons. Thus the large soma and transient outward rectification of large ChAT-eGFP neurons suggest that these neurons would be difficult to distinguish from magnocellular SON neurons in dissociated preparations by these criteria. Large, but not small, ChAT-eGFP neurons were immunostained with ChAT antibody (AB144p). Reconstructed neurons revealed a few processes encroaching near and passing through the SON from all types but no clear evidence of a terminal axon arbor. Large ChAT-eGFP neurons were usually oriented vertically and had four or five dendrites with multiple branches and an axon with many collaterals and local arborizations. Small ChAT-eGFP neurons had a more restricted dendritic tree compared with parvocellular GAD65 neurons, the latter of which had long thin processes oriented mediolaterally. Thus many of the characteristics found previously in unidentified, small PNZ neurons are also found in identified GABAergic neurons and in a population of smaller ChAT-eGFP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Matthew Ennis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - William E Armstrong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
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Abstract
It is now clear that many neuronal populations release more than one classical neurotransmitter, yet in most cases the functional role of corelease is unknown. Striatal cholinergic interneurons release both glutamate and acetylcholine, and vesicular loading of glutamate has been shown to enhance acetylcholine content. Using a combination of optogenetics and whole-cell recordings in mice, we now provide physiological evidence that optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic interneurons triggers monosynaptic glutamate- and acetylcholine-mediated currents in striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), both of which depend on the expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3). In contrast to corticostriatal glutamatergic inputs onto FSIs, which are mediated primarily by AMPA-type glutamate receptors, glutamate release by cholinergic interneurons activates both AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors, suggesting a unique role for these inputs in the modulation of FSI activity. Importantly, we find that the loss of VGLUT3 not only markedly attenuates glutamatergic and cholinergic inputs on FSIs, but also significantly decreases disynaptic GABAergic input onto medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the major output neurons of the striatum. Our data demonstrate that VGLUT3 is required for normal cholinergic signaling onto FSIs, as well as for acetylcholine-dependent disynaptic inhibition of MSNs. Thus, by supporting fast glutamatergic transmission as well as by modulating the strength of cholinergic signaling, VGLUT3 has the capacity to exert widespread influence on the striatal network.
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Holmstrand EC, Lund D, Cherian AK, Wright J, Martin RF, Ennis EA, Stanwood GD, Sarter M, Blakely RD. Transgenic overexpression of the presynaptic choline transporter elevates acetylcholine levels and augments motor endurance. Neurochem Int 2013; 73:217-28. [PMID: 24274995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) sustains cholinergic signaling via the presynaptic uptake of choline derived from dietary sources or from acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-mediated hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh). Loss of cholinergic signaling capacity is associated with cognitive and motor deficits in humans and in animal models. Whereas genetic elimination of CHT has revealed the critical nature of CHT in maintaining ACh stores and sustaining cholinergic signaling, the consequences of elevating CHT expression have yet to be studied. Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated transgenic methods, we generated mice with integrated additional copies of the mouse Slc5a7 gene. BAC-CHT mice are viable, appear to develop normally, and breed at wild-type (WT) rates. Biochemical studies revealed a 2 to 3-fold elevation in CHT protein levels in the CNS and periphery, paralleled by significant increases in [(3)H]HC-3 binding and synaptosomal choline transport activity. Elevations of ACh in the BAC-CHT mice occurred without compensatory changes in the activity of either choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or AChE. Immunohistochemistry for CHT in BAC-CHT brain sections revealed markedly elevated CHT expression in the cell bodies of cholinergic neurons and in axons projecting to regions known to receive cholinergic innervation. Behaviorally, BAC-CHT mice exhibited diminished fatigue and increased speeds on the treadmill test without evidence of increased strength. Finally, BAC-CHT mice displayed elevated horizontal activity in the open field test, diminished spontaneous alteration in the Y-maze, and reduced time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. Together, these studies provide biochemical, pharmacological and behavioral evidence that CHT protein expression and activity can be elevated beyond that seen in wild-type animals. BAC-CHT mice thus represent a novel tool to examine both the positive and negative impact of constitutively elevated cholinergic signaling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka C Holmstrand
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Lund
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajeesh Koshy Cherian
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jane Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rolicia F Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ennis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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