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Koszela J, Rintala-Dempsey A, Salzano G, Pimenta V, Kamarainen O, Gabrielsen M, Parui AL, Shaw GS, Walden H. A substrate-interacting region of Parkin directs ubiquitination of the mitochondrial GTPase Miro1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597144. [PMID: 38895334 PMCID: PMC11185606 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin have been linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease. Besides many other cellular roles, Parkin is involved in clearance of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy - a process of particular importance in dopaminergic neurons. Upon mitochondrial damage, Parkin accumulates at the outer mitochondrial membrane and is activated, leading to ubiquitination of many mitochondrial substrates and recruitment of mitophagy effectors. While the activation mechanisms of autoinhibited Parkin have been extensively studied, it remains unknown how Parkin recognises its substrates for ubiquitination, and no substrate interaction site in Parkin has been reported. Here, we identify a conserved region in the flexible linker between the Ubl and RING0 domains of Parkin, which is indispensable for Parkin interaction with the mitochondrial GTPase Miro1. Our results explain the preferential targeting and ubiquitination of Miro1 by Parkin and provide a biochemical explanation for the presence of Parkin at the mitochondrial membrane prior to activation induced by mitochondrial damage. Our findings are important for understanding mitochondrial homeostasis and may inspire new therapeutic avenues for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Koszela
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne Rintala-Dempsey
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Viveka Pimenta
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Outi Kamarainen
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Integrated Protein Analysis, Shared Research Facilities, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aasna L Parui
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gary S Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Walden
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Andrews SV, Kukkle PL, Menon R, Geetha TS, Goyal V, Kandadai RM, Kumar H, Borgohain R, Mukherjee A, Wadia PM, Yadav R, Desai S, Kumar N, Joshi D, Murugan S, Biswas A, Pal PK, Oliver M, Nair S, Kayalvizhi A, Samson PL, Deshmukh M, Bassi A, Sandeep C, Mandloi N, Davis OB, Roberts MA, Leto DE, Henry AG, Di Paolo G, Muthane U, Das SK, Peterson AS, Sandmann T, Gupta R, Ramprasad VL. The Genetic Drivers of Juvenile, Young, and Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease in India. Mov Disord 2024; 39:339-349. [PMID: 38014556 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the genetic drivers of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rare variants in more than 20 genes are considered causal for PD, and the latest PD genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 90 independent risk loci. However, there remains a gap in our understanding of PD genetics outside of the European populations in which the vast majority of these studies were focused. OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify genetic risk factors for PD in a South Asian population. METHODS A total of 674 PD subjects predominantly with age of onset (AoO) ≤50 years (encompassing juvenile, young, or early-onset PD) were recruited from 10 specialty movement disorder centers across India over a 2-year period; 1376 control subjects were selected from the reference population GenomeAsia, Phase 2. We performed various case-only and case-control genetic analyses for PD diagnosis and AoO. RESULTS A genome-wide significant signal for PD diagnosis was identified in the SNCA region, strongly colocalizing with SNCA region signal from European PD GWAS. PD cases with pathogenic mutations in PD genes exhibited, on average, lower PD polygenic risk scores than PD cases lacking any PD gene mutations. Gene burden studies of rare, predicted deleterious variants identified BSN, encoding the presynaptic protein Bassoon that has been previously associated with neurodegenerative disease. CONCLUSIONS This study constitutes the largest genetic investigation of PD in a South Asian population to date. Future work should seek to expand sample numbers in this population to enable improved statistical power to detect PD genes in this understudied group. © 2023 Denali Therapeutics and The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan V Andrews
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Prashanth L Kukkle
- Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Vinay Goyal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
- Medanta Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Rukmini Mridula Kandadai
- Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
- Citi Neuro Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rupam Borgohain
- Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
- Citi Neuro Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Adreesh Mukherjee
- Bangur Institute of Neurosciences and Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ravi Yadav
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Soaham Desai
- Department of Neurology, Shree Krishna Hospital and Pramukhaswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Anand, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar (Hyderabad Metropolitan Region), Bibinagar, India
| | - Deepika Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Atanu Biswas
- Bangur Institute of Neurosciences and Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, India
| | - Pramod K Pal
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver B Davis
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Dara E Leto
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Uday Muthane
- Parkinson and Ageing Research Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Shymal K Das
- Bangur Institute of Neurosciences and Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, India
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3
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Do MD, Tran TN, Luong AB, Le LHG, Van Le T, Le KT, Van Vo NT, Le TNN, Vu HA, Mai TP. Clinical and genetic analysis of Vietnamese patients diagnosed with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2950. [PMID: 36879366 PMCID: PMC10097096 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, no comprehensive study has described genetic alterations in Vietnamese patients diagnosed with PD. This study aimed to identify genetic causes and their association with clinical phenotypes in a Vietnamese PD cohort. METHODS A total of 83 patients with early-onset PD (disease onset before the age of 50) were recruited for genetic analysis using a combination of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and next-generation sequencing for a panel of 20 PD-associated genes. RESULTS It was found that 37 out of 83 patients carried genetic alterations, with 24 pathogenic/likely pathogenic/risk variants and 25 variants of uncertain significance. The pathogenic/likely pathogenic/risk variants were mostly detected in LRRK2, PRKN, and GBA, while the variants of uncertain significance were identified in 12 different genes that were studied. The most common genetic alteration was LRRK2 c.4883G>C (p.Arg1628Pro), and patients with PD carrying this variant were found to have a distinct phenotype. Participants carrying pathogenic/likely pathogenic/risk variants had a significantly higher rate of a family history of PD. CONCLUSION These results provide a further understanding of genetic alterations associated with PD in a South-East Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Duc Do
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tai Ngoc Tran
- Movement Disorder Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - An Bac Luong
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Linh Hoang Gia Le
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Van Le
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khuong Thai Le
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niem Thanh Van Vo
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuc-Nhi Nguyen Le
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Anh Vu
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thao Phuong Mai
- Department of Physiology-Pathophysiology-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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4
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Kovanda A, Rački V, Bergant G, Georgiev D, Flisar D, Papić E, Brankovic M, Jankovic M, Svetel M, Teran N, Maver A, Kostic VS, Novakovic I, Pirtošek Z, Rakuša M, Vuletić V, Peterlin B. A multicenter study of genetic testing for Parkinson’s disease in the clinical setting. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:149. [PMCID: PMC9636217 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) guidelines lack clear criteria for genetic evaluation. We assessed the yield and rationale of genetic testing for PD in a routine clinical setting on a multicenter cohort of 149 early-onset and familial patients by exome sequencing and semi-quantitative multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification of evidence-based PD-associated gene panel. We show that genetic testing for PD should be considered for both early-onset and familial patients alike, and a clinical yield of about 10% in the Caucasian population can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kovanda
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentino Rački
- grid.22939.330000 0001 2236 1630Department of Neurology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gaber Bergant
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dejan Georgiev
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Artificial Intelligence Lab, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Flisar
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eliša Papić
- grid.22939.330000 0001 2236 1630Department of Neurology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marija Brankovic
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Neurology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Marina Svetel
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Neurology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Teran
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Maver
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir S. Kostic
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Neurology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Novakovic
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Human Genetics and Neurology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zvezdan Pirtošek
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Rakuša
- grid.412415.70000 0001 0685 1285Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vladimira Vuletić
- grid.22939.330000 0001 2236 1630Department of Neurology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Mehanna R, Smilowska K, Fleisher J, Post B, Hatano T, Pimentel Piemonte ME, Kumar KR, McConvey V, Zhang B, Tan E, Savica R. Age Cutoff for Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease: Recommendations from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Early Onset Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:869-878. [PMID: 36247919 PMCID: PMC9547138 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD)/young-onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD) is defined as Parkinson's disease (PD) with an age at onset (AAO) after age 21 years but before the usual AAO for PD. Consensus is lacking, and the reported maximal age for EOPD/YOPD has varied from 40 to 60 years, leading to a lack of uniformity in published studies and difficulty in harmonization of data. EOPD and YOPD have both been used in the literature, somewhat interchangeably. Objective To define the nomenclature and AAO cutoff for EOPD/YOPD. Methods An extensive review of the literature and task force meetings were conducted. Conclusions were reached by consensus. Results First, the literature has seen a shift from the use of YOPD toward EOPD. This seems motivated by an attempt to avoid age-related stigmatization of patients. Second, in defining EOPD, 56% of the countries use 50 or 51 years as the cutoff age. Third, the majority of international genetic studies in PD use an age cutoff of younger than 50 years to define EOPD. Fourth, many studies suggest that changes in the estrogen level can affect the predisposition to develop PD, making the average age at menopause of 50 years an important factor to consider when defining EOPD. Fifth, considering the differential impact of the AAO of PD on professional and social life, using 50 years as the upper cutoff for the definition of EOPD seems reasonable. Conclusions This task force recommends the use of EOPD rather than YOPD. It defines EOPD as PD with AAO after 21 years but before 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mehanna
- UTMove, Departement of NeurologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Katarzyna Smilowska
- Department of NeurologySilesian Center of NeurologyKatowicePoland
- Department of Neurology5th Regional HospitalSosnowiecPoland
| | - Jori Fleisher
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Bart Post
- Department of NeurologyRadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Maria Elisa Pimentel Piemonte
- Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy, and Occupational TherapyDepartment, Medical School, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Kishore Raj Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical GenomicsGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalHangzhouChina
| | - Eng‐King Tan
- Department of NeurologyNational Neuroscience InstituteSingaporeSingapore
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6
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A genetic analysis of Chinese patients with early-onset Parkinson' s disease. Neurosci Lett 2022; 790:136880. [PMID: 36150414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD). The genetic spectrum of patients with EOPD varies widely among different ethnicities, with extensive investigations having been performed in Caucasian populations; however, research in Chinese populations remains limited. In this study, we performed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay and whole-exome sequencing in 15 unrelated Chinese EOPD patients with age of onset before 40 years. Among them, a patient carried compound heterozygous exon duplications in Parkin (exon 3 duplication and exon 4 duplication) (6.67%) and two patients carried the homozygous pathogenic variant (p.D331Y) in PLA2G6 (13.33%). Three novel variants in EIF4G1 (p.P1043S, p.R1505Q, and p.P266A) were identified and classified as uncertain significance. Additionally, a risk variant in GBA (p.L483P) was detected in one patient (6.67%). PLA2G6 (13.33%) was the most common causative gene among our EOPD patients. Furthermore, detailed clinical features were presented. Our results broaden the genetic spectrum and clinical phenotypic spectrum of EOPD patients.
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7
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Yu J, Chen L, Cai G, Wang Y, Chen X, Hong W, Ye Q. Evaluating white matter alterations in Parkinson's disease-related parkin S/N167 mutation carriers using tract-based spatial statistics. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:4272-4285. [PMID: 35919057 PMCID: PMC9338378 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). parkin S/N167 mutations may increase the risk of PD and affect white matter fibers in the brain. This cross-sectional study explored the effects of gene polymorphisms on white matter fiber damage in PD. Methods In all, 54 cases were enrolled in the study, including PD patients carrying parkin gene S/N167 mutations (G/A), PD patients without gene S/N167 mutations (G/G), and healthy controls (HC). The whole-brain white matter fiber skeleton was analyzed using the tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests were used for data analyses. Results Two classification methods were used; one was based on disease classification, with 26 patients in the PD group (n=12 G/G, n=14 G/A) and 28 in the HC group (n=15 G/G, n=13 G/A), and the other was based on genetic classification, with 27 patients in the G/G group and 27 in the G/A group. In the G/A group, there was a wide range of significant changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) values (P<0.05). There was also a significant decrease in FA in the PD-G/A group compared with the PD-G/G and HC-G/A groups (P<0.05). Conclusions There were more extensive brain white matter fiber damage and changes in PD patients; the G/A polymorphism may cause more extensive brain white matter damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoen Cai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weimin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Simpson C, Vinikoor-Imler L, Nassan FL, Shirvan J, Lally C, Dam T, Maserejian N. Prevalence of ten LRRK2 variants in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 98:103-113. [PMID: 35654702 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), but their prevalence varies geographically, reflecting the locations of founder events and dispersion of founders' descendants. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify studies providing prevalence estimates for any of ten variants in LRRK2 (G2019S, R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, I2020T, N1437H, Y1699C, S1761R, G2385R, R1628P) among individuals with PD globally. We calculated crude country-specific variant prevalence estimates and, when possible, adjusted estimates for ethno-racial composition. For clinic-based studies, probands were used over other familial cases, whereas for population-based studies, all PD cases were used. RESULTS The analysis included 161 articles from 52 countries yielding 581 prevalence estimates across the ten variants. G2019S was the most common variant, exceeding 1.0% in 26 of 51 countries with estimates. The other variants were far less common. G2385R and R1628P were observed almost exclusively in East Asian countries, where they were found in ∼5-10% of cases. All prevalence estimates adjusted for ethno-racial composition were lower than their unadjusted counterparts, although data permitting this adjustment was only available for six countries. CONCLUSIONS Except for G2019S, the LRRK2 variants covered in this review were uncommon in most countries studied. However, there were countries with higher prevalence for some variants, reflecting the uneven geographic distribution of LRRK2 variants. The fact that ethno-racial group‒adjusted estimates were lower than crude estimates suggests that estimates derived largely from clinic-based studies may overstate the true prevalence of some LRRK2 variants in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cathy Lally
- Epidemiology Research and Methods LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Li W, Fu Y, Halliday GM, Sue CM. PARK Genes Link Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alpha-Synuclein Pathology in Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:612476. [PMID: 34295884 PMCID: PMC8291125 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.612476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and spread of Lewy pathology (α-synuclein aggregates) in the brain but the pathogenesis remains elusive. PD presents substantial clinical and genetic variability. Although its complex etiology and pathogenesis has hampered the breakthrough in targeting disease modification, recent genetic tools advanced our approaches. As such, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a major pathogenic hub for both familial and sporadic PD. In this review, we summarize the effect of mutations in 11 PARK genes (SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7, VPS35, CHCHD2, and VPS13C) on mitochondrial function as well as their relevance in the formation of Lewy pathology. Overall, these genes play key roles in mitochondrial homeostatic control (biogenesis and mitophagy) and functions (e.g., energy production and oxidative stress), which may crosstalk with the autophagy pathway, induce proinflammatory immune responses, and increase oxidative stress that facilitate the aggregation of α-synuclein. Thus, rectifying mitochondrial dysregulation represents a promising therapeutic approach for neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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10
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Jiang Y, Yu M, Chen J, Zhou H, Sun W, Sun Y, Li F, Wei L, Pinkhardt EH, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Wang Z. Parkin is the most common causative gene in a cohort of mainland Chinese patients with sporadic early-onset Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01765. [PMID: 32677319 PMCID: PMC7507393 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic mutations associated with early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) vary widely among different ethnicities. We detected the genes associated with EOPD in a Chinese cohort using next-generation sequencing (NGS) combined with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and analyzed the phenotypic characteristics of the mutation carriers. METHODS Cohort of 23 sporadic EOPD patients (onset age ≤ 45 years) were recruited. Genetic causes were identified by a targeted NGS panel containing 136 known extrapyramidal disease-causative genes. Multiplications or deletions of PD-causing genes were detected using the MLPA method. Demographic and clinical data were obtained, analyzed, and compared between patients with and those without Parkin gene variants. RESULTS We identified 14 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (12 in Parkin, 1 in LRRK2, and 1 in VPS13C) in 10 patients (43.5%) and 8 rare variants of uncertain significance in 9 patients (39.1%). Parkin (34.8%) was the most common causative gene among our patients cohort, and exon deletion (62.5%) was the main type of variant. Patients with Parkin mutations had a younger age of onset, longer delay in diagnosis, slower disease progression, higher frequency of hyperreflexia, fatigue, and less hyposmia compared to patients without Parkin mutations. CONCLUSION Our results revealed a higher prevalence of Parkin mutations in Chinese sporadic EOPD patients, and notably, exon deletion was the most common type of mutation. EOPD patients with Parkin mutations showed unique clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchuang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luhua Wei
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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