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Zou ZZ, Han MJ. Investigation of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of a peptide aldehyde SJA6017 with identifying its hemiacetal, gem-diol, and enol ether. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5022. [PMID: 38659190 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of SJA6017, a peptide aldehyde inhibitor of calpain (Calpain Inhibitor VI), has encountered challenges in preclinical drug studies. The complex reverse-phase HPLC chromatographic behavior exhibits two peaks, each containing multiple species. An liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) study proposed an explanation for this phenomenon, caused by the amide aldehyde structure of SJA6017. Four chemical species corresponding to the two HPLC peaks have been identified as SJA6017 and its methyl hemiacetal, methyl enol ether, and gem-diol. In many instances of preclinical studies, methanol is favored as a substitute for DMSO. The hemiacetal is formed when the amide-activated peptide aldehyde reacts with methanol, which can then be further dehydrated in the mass spectrometer ion source under high temperature to form the methyl enol ether. The hemiacetal and gem-diol can also be decomposed to SJA6017 in the ion source. Additionally, the amide-activated peptide aldehyde can easily hydrate to the gem-diol of SJA6017 during sample incubation or sample preparation. The hemiacetal and gem-diol of SJA6017 are stable enough to have different retention times in the liquid chromatography, which explains why SJA6017 appears as two peaks, each containing multiple species. An LC-MS/MS tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer quantitative analysis method is proposed, enabling the analysis of these types of samples. This work serves as both an illustrative example and a cautionary note for mass analysis, sample incubations, and sample preparations involving compounds of peptide aldehyde, including similar aldehyde-containing metabolites, especially when methanol is present. This study provides the information needed to understand peptide aldehyde behavior at various steps of preclinical in vitro studies in the presence of methanol. It has assisted in the development of the SJA6017 bioanalysis method and will also aid in the development of bioanalysis methods for similar peptide aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zack Zou
- Department of DMPK, Bioanalysis & Tox, Sundia Meditech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Jie Han
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, China
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Modulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response mitigates the behavioral effects of early-life stress. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:293-319. [PMID: 36843201 PMCID: PMC10060333 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life stress (ELS) affects brain development and increases the risk of mental disorders associated with the dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The mechanisms of ELS action are not well understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are cellular processes involved in brain maturation through the regulation of pro-survival or proapoptotic processes. We hypothesized that ER stress and the UPR in the mPFC are involved in the neurobiology of ELS. METHODS We performed a maternal separation (MS) procedure from postnatal days 1 to 14 in rats. Before each MS, pups were injected with an inhibitor of ER stress, salubrinal or a vehicle. The mRNA and protein expression of UPR and apoptotic markers were evaluated in the mPFC using RT-qPCR and Western blot methods, respectively. We also estimated the numbers of neurons and glial cells using stereological methods. Additionally, we assessed behavioral phenotypes related to fear, anhedonia and response to psychostimulants. RESULTS MS slightly enhanced the activation of the UPR in juveniles and modulated the expression of apoptotic markers in juveniles and preadolescents but not in adults. Additionally, MS did not affect the numbers of neurons and glial cells at any age. Both salubrinal and vehicle blunted the expression of UPR markers in juvenile and preadolescent MS rats, often in a treatment-specific manner. Moreover, salubrinal and vehicle generally alleviated the behavioral effects of MS in preadolescent and adult rats. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of ER stress and UPR processes may potentially underlie susceptibility or resilience to ELS.
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Li J, Zhu P, Li Y, Xiao K, Tang J, Liang X, Luo Y, Wang J, Deng Y, Jiang L, Xiao Q, Guo Y, Tang Y, Huang C. The liver X receptors agonist GW3965 attenuates depressive-like behaviors and suppresses microglial activation and neuroinflammation in hippocampal subregions in a mouse depression model. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2852-2867. [PMID: 35758275 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have recently been reported to be novel and potential targets for the reversal of depressive-like behaviors, but the mechanism remains unclear. Hippocampal neuroinflammation and impairment of the normal structure and function of microglia are closely associated with depression. To investigate the effects of LXRs agonist (GW3965) on neuroinflammation and microglia in the hippocampal formation of mice with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depression, depressive-like behaviors were evaluated by behavioral tests, hippocampal LXRs gene expression were evaluated by qRT-PCR, the protein expression levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappa B, and cluster of differentiation 206 were estimated by western blotting, modern stereological methods were used to precisely quantify the total number of microglia in each hippocampal subregion, and immunofluorescence was used to detect the density of activated microglia and the morphology of microglia. We found that GW3965 alleviated the depressive-like behavior induced by CUS, reversed the decrease in hippocampal LXRα and LXRβ induced by CUS, increased the protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and decreased the protein expression of antiinflammatory factors induced by CUS. Moreover, CUS intervention significantly increased the number of microglia in the CA1 region, CA2/3 region, and dentate gyrus and the density of activated microglia in the CA2/3 region and dentate gyrus and significantly decreased the endpoints of microglial branches and process length of microglia in the dentate gyrus, while 4 weeks of injections with GW3965 reversed these changes. These findings suggest that regulating the number, activated state, and morphology of microglia in hippocampal subregions might be an important basis for the antidepressant effects of LXRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peilin Zhu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Deng
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Radioactive Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yijing Guo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Rabow Z, Laubach K, Kong X, Shen T, Mohibi S, Zhang J, Fiehn O, Chen X. p73α1, an Isoform of the p73 Tumor Suppressor, Modulates Lipid Metabolism and Cancer Cell Growth via Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1. Cells 2022; 11:2516. [PMID: 36010592 PMCID: PMC9406568 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. p73, a p53 family member, regulates cellular processes and is expressed as multiple isoforms. However, the role of p73 in regulating lipid metabolism is not well-characterized. Previously, we found that loss of p73 exon 12 (E12) leads to an isoform switch from p73α to p73α1, the latter of which has strong tumor suppressive activity. In this study, comprehensive untargeted metabolomics was performed to determine whether p73α1 alters lipid metabolism in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. RNA-seq and molecular biology approaches were combined to identify lipid metabolism genes altered upon loss of E12 and identify a direct target of p73α1. We found that loss of E12 leads to decreased levels of phosphatidylcholines, and this was due to decreased expression of genes involved in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Additionally, we found that E12-knockout cells had increased levels of phosphatidylcholines containing saturated fatty acids (FAs) and decreased levels of phosphatidylcholines containing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). We then found that p73α1 inhibits cancer cell viability through direct transcriptional suppression of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD1), which converts saturated FAs to MUFAs. Finally, we showed that p73α1-mediated suppression of SCD1 leads to increased ratios of saturated FAs to MUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Rabow
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyra Laubach
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiangmudong Kong
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shakur Mohibi
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Rabow Z, Morningstar T, Showalter M, Heil H, Thongphanh K, Fan S, Chan J, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Berman R, Zagzag D, Nudler E, Fiehn O, Lechpammer M. Exposure to DMSO during infancy alters neurochemistry, social interactions, and brain morphology in long-evans rats. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02146. [PMID: 33838015 PMCID: PMC8119844 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a widely used solvent to dissolve hydrophobic substances for clinical uses and experimental in vivo purposes. While usually regarded safe, our prior studies suggest changes to behavior following DMSO exposure. We therefore evaluated the effects of a five-day, short-term exposure to DMSO on postnatal infant rats (P6-10). METHODS DMSO was intraperitoneally injected for five days at 0.2, 2.0, and 4.0 ml/kg body mass. One cohort of animals was sacrificed 24 hr after DMSO exposure to analyze the neurometabolic changes in four brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum) by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. A second cohort of animals was used to analyze chronic alterations to behavior and pathological changes to glia and neuronal cells later in life (P21-P40). RESULTS 164 metabolites, including key regulatory molecules (retinoic acid, orotic acid, adrenic acid, and hypotaurine), were found significantly altered by DMSO exposure in at least one of the brain regions at P11 (p < .05). Behavioral tests showed significant hypoactive behavior and decreased social habits to the 2.0 and 4.0 ml DMSO/kg groups (p < .01). Significant increases in number of microglia and astrocytes at P40 were observed in the 4.0 ml DMSO/kg group (at p < .015.) CONCLUSIONS: Despite short-term exposure at low, putatively nontoxic concentrations, DMSO led to changes in behavior and social preferences, chronic alterations in glial cells, and changes in essential regulatory brain metabolites. The chronic neurological effects of DMSO exposure reported here raise concerns about its neurotoxicity and consequent safety in human medical applications and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Rabow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Taryn Morningstar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Megan Showalter
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hailey Heil
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Krista Thongphanh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sili Fan
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Robert Berman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David Zagzag
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuropathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evgeny Nudler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mirna Lechpammer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Pathology, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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