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Verdes JM, Larrañaga C, Varela B, Iribarnegaray V, Yozzi V, Feijóo G, Yamasaki K. Histopathological Analysis of Brains from Dogs Infected with Canine Distemper Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2808:177-195. [PMID: 38743371 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
We describe the use of conventional histology and immunohistochemistry against canine distemper virus (CDV) to examine the brains of domestic dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of CDV infection. Histologically, to identify the main typical lesions, we used conventional H&E stain; to evaluate the progressive demyelination, we used Luxol Fast Blue stain; and to identify the presence of viral particles in these affected regions, we used immunohistochemistry against CDV. We confirm that the histopathological analysis of brains of distemper-infected dogs is a powerful tool to evaluate the typical brain lesions and could be used as an interesting natural model to continue studying the pathogenesis of canine distemper in different species and/or other morbillivirus infections, like measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Verdes
- Department of Pathobiology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Camila Larrañaga
- Department of Pathobiology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Belén Varela
- Department of Pathobiology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Victoria Yozzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gimena Feijóo
- Veterinary Clinics & Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kanji Yamasaki
- Department of Pathobiology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Feijóo G, Yamasaki K, Delucchi L, Verdes JM. Central nervous system lesions caused by canine distemper virus in 4 vaccinated dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:640-647. [PMID: 33870768 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211009210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the cerebellum and cerebrum of 4 vaccinated dogs, 3-60-mo-old, that displayed clinical signs of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection, and died 7-40 d after developing neurologic signs. The main histologic lesions were demyelination, gliosis, meningitis, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, and inclusion bodies. These lesions were similar in all 4 cases regardless of the time since vaccination, except that meningoencephalitis and gliosis were subacute in 3 dogs and chronic in 1 dog. However, these differences did not appear to be related to their vaccination status. Immunohistologically, a CDV-positive immunoreaction was seen mainly in astrocytes, neurons and their axons, lymphocytes around and in the blood vessels of the pia mater and choroid plexus, ependymal cells of each ventricle, and the cells of the choroid plexus. The histologic and immunohistologic changes were similar in the cerebellum and cerebrum. The genetic characterization of the virus strains in 2 of these naturally occurring canine distemper cases confirmed that they were South American wild-type strains (Kiki and Uy251) belonging to the EU1/SA1 lineage. These strains are not included in the commercial CDV vaccines available in Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Feijóo
- Departments of Pathobiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Veterinary Clinics & Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kanji Yamasaki
- Departments of Pathobiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Delucchi
- Veterinary Clinics & Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Manuel Verdes
- Departments of Pathobiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Spitzbarth I, Moore SA, Stein VM, Levine JM, Kühl B, Gerhauser I, Baumgärtner W. Current Insights Into the Pathology of Canine Intervertebral Disc Extrusion-Induced Spinal Cord Injury. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:595796. [PMID: 33195632 PMCID: PMC7653192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.595796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) in dogs is commonly attributed to intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Over the last years substantial progress was made in the elucidation of factors contributing to the pathogenesis of this common canine disease. A detailed understanding of the underlying histopathological and molecular alterations in the lesioned spinal cord represents a prerequisite to translate knowledge on the time course of secondary injury processes into the clinical setting. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the underlying pathology of canine IVDE-related SCI. Pathological alterations in the spinal cord of dogs affected by IVDE-related SCI include early and persisting axonal damage and glial responses, dominated by phagocytic microglia/macrophages. These processes are paralleled by a pro-inflammatory microenvironment with dysregulation of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases within the spinal cord. These data mirror findings from a clinical and therapeutic perspective and can be used to identify biomarkers that are able to more precisely predict the clinical outcome. The pathogenesis of progressive myelomalacia, a devastating complication of SCI in dogs, is not understood in detail so far; however, a fulminant and exaggerating secondary injury response with massive reactive oxygen species formation seems to be involved in this unique neuropathological entity. There are substantial gaps in the knowledge of pathological changes in IVDE with respect to more advanced and chronic lesions and the potential involvement of demyelination. Moreover, the role of microglia/macrophage polarization in IVDE-related SCI still remains to be investigated. A close collaboration of clinical neurologists and veterinary pathologists will help to facilitate an integrative approach to a more detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of canine IVDE and thus to identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Spitzbarth
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Bianca Kühl
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Eikelberg D, Lehmbecker A, Brogden G, Tongtako W, Hahn K, Habierski A, Hennermann JB, Naim HY, Felmy F, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Axonopathy and Reduction of Membrane Resistance: Key Features in a New Murine Model of Human G M1-Gangliosidosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041004. [PMID: 32252429 PMCID: PMC7230899 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GM1-gangliosidosis is caused by a reduced activity of β-galactosidase (Glb1), resulting in intralysosomal accumulations of GM1. The aim of this study was to reveal the pathogenic mechanisms of GM1-gangliosidosis in a new Glb1 knockout mouse model. Glb1−/− mice were analyzed clinically, histologically, immunohistochemically, electrophysiologically and biochemically. Morphological lesions in the central nervous system were already observed in two-month-old mice, whereas functional deficits, including ataxia and tremor, did not start before 3.5-months of age. This was most likely due to a reduced membrane resistance as a compensatory mechanism. Swollen neurons exhibited intralysosomal storage of lipids extending into axons and amyloid precursor protein positive spheroids. Additionally, axons showed a higher kinesin and lower dynein immunoreactivity compared to wildtype controls. Glb1−/− mice also demonstrated loss of phosphorylated neurofilament positive axons and a mild increase in non-phosphorylated neurofilament positive axons. Moreover, marked astrogliosis and microgliosis were found, but no demyelination. In addition to the main storage material GM1, GA1, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine were elevated in the brain. In summary, the current Glb1−/− mice exhibit a so far undescribed axonopathy and a reduced membrane resistance to compensate the functional effects of structural changes. They can be used for detailed examinations of axon–glial interactions and therapy trials of lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Eikelberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Graham Brogden
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (H.Y.N.)
| | - Witchaya Tongtako
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
- c/o Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Sonkla University, 5 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Andre Habierski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Julia B. Hennermann
- Villa Metabolica, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 2, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (H.Y.N.)
| | - Felix Felmy
- Department for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
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Neurotrophic effects of G M1 ganglioside, NGF, and FGF2 on canine dorsal root ganglia neurons in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5380. [PMID: 32214122 PMCID: PMC7096396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs share many chronic morbidities with humans and thus represent a powerful model for translational research. In comparison to rodents, the canine ganglioside metabolism more closely resembles the human one. Gangliosides are components of the cell plasma membrane playing a role in neuronal development, intercellular communication and cellular differentiation. The present in vitro study aimed to characterize structural and functional changes induced by GM1 ganglioside (GM1) in canine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and interactions of GM1 with nerve growth factor (NGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) using immunofluorescence for several cellular proteins including neurofilaments, synaptophysin, and cleaved caspase 3, transmission electron microscopy, and electrophysiology. GM1 supplementation resulted in increased neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. This was also observed in DRG neurons challenged with hypoxia mimicking neurodegenerative conditions due to disruptions of energy homeostasis. Immunofluorescence indicated an impact of GM1 on neurofilament phosphorylation, axonal transport, and synaptogenesis. An increased number of multivesicular bodies in GM1 treated neurons suggested metabolic changes. Electrophysiological changes induced by GM1 indicated an increased neuronal excitability. Summarized, GM1 has neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects on canine DRG neurons and induces functional changes. However, further studies are needed to clarify the therapeutic value of gangliosides in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Becker K, Cana A, Baumgärtner W, Spitzbarth I. p75 Neurotrophin Receptor: A Double-Edged Sword in Pathology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:786-801. [PMID: 29940812 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818781930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR is a major neurotrophin receptor involved in manifold and pleiotropic functions in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). Although known for decades, its entire functions are far from being fully elucidated. Depending on the complex interactions with other receptors and on the cellular context, p75NTR is capable of performing contradictory tasks such as mediating cell death as well as cell survival. In parallel, as a prototype marker for certain differentiation stages of Schwann cells and related CNS aldynoglial cells, p75NTR has recently gained increasing notice as a marker for cells with proposed regenerative potential in CNS diseases, such as demyelinating disease and traumatic CNS injury. Besides its pivotal role as a marker for transplantation candidate cells, recent studies in canine neuroinflammatory CNS conditions also highlight a spontaneous endogenous occurrence of p75NTR-positive glia, which potentially play a role in Schwann cell-mediated CNS remyelination. The aim of the present communication is to review the pleiotropic functions of p75NTR in the CNS with a special emphasis on its role as an immunohistochemical marker in neuropathology. Following a brief illustration of the expression of p75NTR in neurogenesis and in developed neuronal populations, the implications of p75NTR expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are addressed. A special focus is put on the role of p75NTR as a cell marker for specific differentiation stages of Schwann cells and a regeneration-promoting CNS population, collectively referred to as aldynoglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armend Cana
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Seehusen F, Al-Azreg SA, Raddatz BB, Haist V, Puff C, Spitzbarth I, Ulrich R, Baumgärtner W. Accumulation of Extracellular Matrix in Advanced Lesions of Canine Distemper Demyelinating Encephalitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159752. [PMID: 27441688 PMCID: PMC4956304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In demyelinating diseases, changes in the quality and quantity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) may contribute to demyelination and failure of myelin repair and axonal sprouting, especially in chronic lesions. To characterize changes in the ECM in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalitis (DL), histochemical and immunohistochemical investigations of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cerebella using azan, picrosirius red and Gomori`s silver stain as well as antibodies directed against aggrecan, type I and IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin and phosphacan showed alterations of the ECM in CDV-infected dogs. A significantly increased amount of aggrecan was detected in early and late white matter lesions. In addition, the positive signal for collagens I and IV as well as fibronectin was significantly increased in late lesions. Conversely, the expression of phosphacan was significantly decreased in early and more pronounced in late lesions compared to controls. Furthermore, a set of genes involved in ECM was extracted from a publically available microarray data set and was analyzed for differential gene expression. Gene expression of ECM molecules, their biosynthesis pathways, and pro-fibrotic factors was mildly up-regulated whereas expression of matrix remodeling enzymes was up-regulated to a relatively higher extent. Summarized, the observed findings indicate that changes in the quality and content of ECM molecules represent important, mainly post-transcriptional features in advanced canine distemper lesions. Considering the insufficiency of morphological regeneration in chronic distemper lesions, the accumulated ECM seems to play a crucial role upon regenerative processes and may explain the relatively small regenerative potential in late stages of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Seham A. Al-Azreg
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B. Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Haist
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Spitzbarth I, Lempp C, Kegler K, Ulrich R, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Seehusen F. Immunohistochemical and transcriptome analyses indicate complex breakdown of axonal transport mechanisms in canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00472. [PMID: 27247850 PMCID: PMC4864272 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CDV-DL (Canine distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis) represents a spontaneously occurring animal model for demyelinating disorders. Axonopathy represents a key pathomechanism in this disease; however, its underlying pathogenesis has not been addressed in detail so far. This study aimed at the characterization of axonal cytoskeletal, transport, and potential regenerative changes with a parallel focus upon Schwann cell remyelination. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of canine cerebellar tissue as well as a comparative analysis of genes from an independent microarray study were performed. RESULTS Increased axonal immunoreactivity for nonphosphorylated neurofilament was followed by loss of cytoskeletal and motor proteins. Interestingly, a subset of genes encoding for neurofilament subunits and motor proteins was up-regulated in the chronic stage compared to dogs with subacute CDV-DL. However, immunohistochemically, hints for axonal regeneration were restricted to up-regulated axonal positivity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, while growth-associated protein 43, erythropoietin and its receptor were not or even down-regulated. Periaxin-positive structures, indicative of Schwann cell remyelination, were only detected within few advanced lesions. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrate a complex sequence of axonal cytoskeletal breakdown mechanisms. Moreover, though sparse, this is the first report of Schwann cell remyelination in CDV-DL. Facilitation of these very limited endogenous regenerative responses represents an important topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Charlotte Lempp
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
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