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Xiong X, Xiao W, Zhou S, Cui R, Xu HHK, Qu S. Enhanced proliferation and angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells via negatively-charged alginate and chondroitin sulfate microsphere hydrogels. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:025012. [PMID: 33412523 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abd994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sodium alginate-based hydrogel was the one of the most used polymers for cell delivery. However, the adsorption of extracellular matrix and proteins was inhibited due to the formation of a hydrated surface layer of these hydrogels. In this study, a novel cell delivery system, negatively-charged alginate and chondroitin sulfate microsphere hydrogel (nCACSMH), was fabricated with excellent permeability and biocompatibility in the action of a high voltage direct-current electric field. Negative charge was introduced to the surface of nCACSMH to obtain the expanded network and enhanced permeability. Additionally, the increasing content of chondroitin sulfate in nCACSMH could give rise to the charge density and its asymmetric structure, thus the uneven, plicate and expanded surface of nCACSMH which was favorable to cell proliferation was developed. Moreover, chondroitin sulfate was released with the degradation of nCACSMH, which played a crucial role in maintaining the normal physiological functions of cells. Thus the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was further accelerated and the angiogenesis related genes expression in endothelial cells was continuously and dramatically up-regulated. After 4 d, the proliferation and viability of HUVECs were significantly improved, the cells were distributed evenly in nCACSMH. The novel nCACSMH has the potential to be used as cell delivery, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures for cell therapy, 3D bioprinting, high-throughput screening for drugs, and disease model for regeneration and constructing of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiong
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China. Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America. These authors contributed to this work equally
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Tohidnezhad M, Zander J, Slowik A, Kubo Y, Dursun G, Willenberg W, Zendedel A, Kweider N, Stoffel M, Pufe T. Impact of Uniaxial Stretching on Both Gliding and Traction Areas of Tendon Explants in a Novel Bioreactor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082925. [PMID: 32331279 PMCID: PMC7215532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of mechanical stress on cells and their extracellular matrix, especially in gliding sections of tendon, are still poorly understood. This study sought to compare the effects of uniaxial stretching on both gliding and traction areas in the same tendon. Flexor digitorum longus muscle tendons explanted from rats were subjected to stretching in a bioreactor for 6, 24, or 48 h, respectively, at 1 Hz and an amplitude of 2.5%. After stimulation, marker expression was quantified by histological and immunohistochemical staining in both gliding and traction areas. We observed a heightened intensity of scleraxis after 6 and 24 h of stimulation in both tendon types, though it had declined again 48 h after stimulation. We observed induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 protein expression in both tendon types. The bioreactor produced an increase in the mechanical structural strength of the tendon during the first half of the loading time and a decrease during the latter half. Uniaxial stretching of flexor tendon in our set-up can serve as an overloading model. A combination of mechanical and histological data allows us to improve the conditions for cultivating tendon tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersedeh Tohidnezhad
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-80-89550; Fax: +49-241-80-82431
| | - Johanna Zander
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Yusuke Kubo
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Gözde Dursun
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (G.D.); (W.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Willenberg
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (G.D.); (W.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nisreen Kweider
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Marcus Stoffel
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (G.D.); (W.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.Z.); (Y.K.); (N.K.); (T.P.)
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Grzanna MW, Au RY, Au AY, Rashmir AM, Frondoza CG. Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables, Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate Combination Inhibits Proinflammatory COX-2 Expression and Prostaglandin E2 Production in Tendon-Derived Cells. J Med Food 2020; 23:139-146. [PMID: 31486703 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy, a common disorder in man and horses, is characterized by pain, dysfunction, and tendon degeneration. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Tendon cells produce proinflammatory molecules that induce pain and tissue deterioration. Currently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are palliative but have been associated with adverse side effects prompting the search for safe, alternative compounds. This study determined whether tendon-derived cells' expression of proinflammatory cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) could be attenuated by the combination of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), glucosamine (GLU), and chondroitin sulfate (CS). ASU, GLU, and CS have been used in the management of osteoarthritis-associated joint inflammation. Tenocytes in monolayer and microcarrier spinner cultures were incubated with media alone, or with the combination of ASU (8.3 μg/mL), GLU (11 μg/mL), and CS (20 μg/mL). Cultures were next incubated with media alone, or stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 10 ng/mL) for 1 h to measure COX-2 gene expression, or for 24 h to measure PGE2 production, respectively. Tenocyte phenotype was analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting. Tendon-derived cells proliferated and produced extracellular matrix component type I collagen in monolayer and microcarrier spinner cultures. IL-1β-induced COX-2 gene expression and PGE2 production were significantly reduced by the combination of (ASU+GLU+CS). The suppression of IL-1β-induced inflammatory response suggests that (ASU+GLU+CS) may help attenuate deleterious inflammation in tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Y Au
- Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela Y Au
- Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann M Rashmir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Carmelita G Frondoza
- Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, Maryland, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Hydrogel Fiber Cultivation Method for Forming Bacterial Cellulose Microspheres. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9010036. [PMID: 30393309 PMCID: PMC6187605 DOI: 10.3390/mi9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Forming microspheres or microbeads from nanofibrous materials has recently attracted research interest for their applications in various fields, because these structures greatly impact cellular behaviors and functions. However, conventional methods of preparing microspheres or microbeads have limitations, such as limited variety of material. Here, we propose a new fabrication process for forming a nanofibrous microsphere composed of bacterial cellulose (BC), which is synthesized through fermentation by specific bacteria. The process uses a hydrogel fiber containing spherical cavities. The bacteria encapsulated into the cavities produce BC, resulting in the formation of BC microspheres. Because of its simplicity, robustness, and cost-effectiveness, this process is promising for applications, such as in biochemical engineering and cell delivery systems.
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Chen J, Yuan Z, Liu Y, Zheng R, Dai Y, Tao R, Xia H, Liu H, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhou G. Improvement of In Vitro Three-Dimensional Cartilage Regeneration by a Novel Hydrostatic Pressure Bioreactor. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:982-991. [PMID: 28297584 PMCID: PMC5442788 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro three‐dimensional (3D) cartilage regeneration is a promising strategy for repair of cartilage defects. However, inferior mechanical strength and tissue homogeneity greatly restricted its clinical translation. Simulation of mechanical stress through a bioreactor is an important approach for improving in vitro cartilage regeneration. The current study developed a hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor based on a novel pressure‐transmitting mode achieved by slight deformation of a flexible membrane in a completely sealed stainless steel device. The newly developed bioreactor efficiently avoided the potential risks of previously reported pressure‐transmitting modes and simultaneously addressed a series of important issues, such as pressure scopes, culture chamber sizes, sealability, contamination control, and CO2 balance. The whole bioreactor system realized stable long‐term (8 weeks) culture under high HP (5–10 MPa) without the problems of medium leakage and contamination. Furthermore, the results of in vitro 3D tissue culture based on a cartilage regeneration model revealed that HP provided by the newly developed bioreactor efficiently promoted in vitro 3D cartilage formation by improving its mechanical strength, thickness, and homogeneity. Detailed analysis in cell proliferation, cartilage matrix production, and cross‐linking level of collagen macromolecules, as well as density and alignment of collagen fibers, further revealed the possible mechanisms that HP regulated in vitro cartilage regeneration. The current study provided a highly efficient and stable bioreactor system for improving in vitro 3D cartilage regeneration and thus will help to accelerate its clinical translation. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:982–991
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyuan Yuan
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Wei Fang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huitang Xia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Wei Fang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Wei Fang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Higashi K, Miki N. Toad's egg-like cultivation process for forming microcarriers from nanofibrous hydrogel. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:5900-3. [PMID: 26737634 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new method for generating microcarries from bacterial cellulose (BC). BC, which is produced by specific bacteria, is a hydrogel composed of a three dimensional network structure formed by cellulose nanofibers. BC as an ECM-like nanofibrous material exhibits an excellent environment for cellular adhesion. Moreover, BC has a high biocompatibility and mechanical strength. From these properties, BC is expected to be applied for microcarriers, which is used for cultivating anchorage-dependent cells. Then, we developed a microfabrication process to create BC microcarriers by using gelatin microspheres as sacrificial architectures. In addition, the monodispersity of the formed BC microcarreirs was investigated.
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Engineering Tendon: Scaffolds, Bioreactors, and Models of Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:3919030. [PMID: 26839559 PMCID: PMC4709784 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3919030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons bridge muscle and bone, translating forces to the skeleton and increasing the safety and efficiency of locomotion. When tendons fail or degenerate, there are no effective pharmacological interventions. The lack of available options to treat damaged tendons has created a need to better understand and improve the repair process, particularly when suitable autologous donor tissue is unavailable for transplantation. Cells within tendon dynamically react to loading conditions and undergo phenotypic changes in response to mechanobiological stimuli. Tenocytes respond to ultrastructural topography and mechanical deformation via a complex set of behaviors involving force-sensitive membrane receptor activity, changes in cytoskeletal contractility, and transcriptional regulation. Effective ex vivo model systems are needed to emulate the native environment of a tissue and to translate cell-matrix forces with high fidelity. While early bioreactor designs have greatly expanded our knowledge of mechanotransduction, traditional scaffolds do not fully model the topography, composition, and mechanical properties of native tendon. Decellularized tendon is an ideal scaffold for cultivating replacement tissue and modeling tendon regeneration. Decellularized tendon scaffolds (DTS) possess high clinical relevance, faithfully translate forces to the cellular scale, and have bulk material properties that match natural tissue. This review summarizes progress in tendon tissue engineering, with a focus on DTS and bioreactor systems.
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Cell-laden Polymeric Microspheres for Biomedical Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:653-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sun L, Xiong Z, Zhou W, Liu R, Yan X, Li J, An W, Yuan G, Ma G, Su Z. Novel konjac glucomannan microcarriers for anchorage-dependent animal cell culture. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yuan S, Xiong G, He F, Jiang W, Liang B, Pehkonen S, Choong C. PCL microspheres tailored with carboxylated poly(glycidyl methacrylate)–REDV conjugates as conducive microcarriers for endothelial cell expansion. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8670-8683. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01836f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PCL microspheres were functionalized with carboxylated PGMA-REDV conjugates by a combination of surface-initiated ATRP and click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yuan
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China 610065
| | - Gordon Xiong
- Division of Materials Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Fei He
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China 610065
| | - Wei Jiang
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China 610065
| | - Bin Liang
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China 610065
| | - Simo Pehkonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- University of Eastern Finland
- 70211 Kuopio
- Finland
| | - Cleo Choong
- Division of Materials Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
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Kedong S, Wenfang L, Yanxia Z, Hong W, Ze Y, Mayasari L, Tianqing L. Dynamic Fabrication of Tissue-Engineered Bone Substitutes Based on Derived Cancellous Bone Scaffold in a Spinner Flask Bioreactor System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1331-1343. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Levato R, Visser J, Planell JA, Engel E, Malda J, Mateos-Timoneda MA. Biofabrication of tissue constructs by 3D bioprinting of cell-laden microcarriers. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035020. [PMID: 25048797 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting allows the fabrication of living constructs with custom-made architectures by spatially controlled deposition of multiple bioinks. This is important for the generation of tissue, such as osteochondral tissue, which displays a zonal composition in the cartilage domain supported by the underlying subchondral bone. Challenges in fabricating functional grafts of clinically relevant size include the incorporation of cues to guide specific cell differentiation and the generation of sufficient cells, which is hard to obtain with conventional cell culture techniques. A novel strategy to address these demands is to combine bioprinting with microcarrier technology. This technology allows for the extensive expansion of cells, while they form multi-cellular aggregates, and their phenotype can be controlled. In this work, living constructs were fabricated via bioprinting of cell-laden microcarriers. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-laden polylactic acid microcarriers, obtained via static culture or spinner flask expansion, were encapsulated in gelatin methacrylamide-gellan gum bioinks, and the printability of the composite material was studied. This bioprinting approach allowed for the fabrication of constructs with high cell concentration and viability. Microcarrier encapsulation improved the compressive modulus of the hydrogel constructs, facilitated cell adhesion, and supported osteogenic differentiation and bone matrix deposition by MSCs. Bilayered osteochondral models were fabricated using microcarrier-laden bioink for the bone compartment. These findings underscore the potential of this new microcarrier-based biofabrication approach for bone and osteochondral constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Levato
- Biomaterials for regenerative therapies group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain. CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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