1
|
Desmurget C, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Borth N, Douet J. Molecular biomarkers identification and applications in CHO bioprocessing. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:11-24. [PMID: 38852681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are valuable tools in clinical research where they allow to predict susceptibility to diseases, or response to specific treatments. Likewise, biomarkers can be extremely useful in the biomanufacturing of therapeutic proteins. Indeed, constraints such as short timelines and the need to find hyper-productive cells could benefit from a data-driven approach during cell line and process development. Many companies still rely on large screening capacities to develop productive cell lines, but as they reach a limit of production, there is a need to go from empirical to rationale procedures. Similarly, during bioprocessing runs, substrate consumption and metabolism wastes are commonly monitored. None of them possess the ability to predict the culture behavior in the bioreactor. Big data driven approaches are being adapted to the study of industrial mammalian cell lines, enabled by the publication of Chinese hamster and CHO genome assemblies which allowed the use of next-generation sequencing with these cells, as well as continuous proteome and metabolome annotation. However, if these different -omics technologies contributed to the characterization of CHO cells, there is a significant effort remaining to apply this knowledge to biomanufacturing methods. The correlation of a complex phenotype such as high productivity or rapid growth to the presence or expression level of a specific biomarker could save time and effort in the screening of manufacturing cell lines or culture conditions. In this review we will first discuss the different biological molecules that can be identified and quantified in cells, their detection techniques, and associated challenges. We will then review how these markers are used during the different steps of cell line and bioprocess development, and the inherent limitations of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Desmurget
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julien Douet
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Fu Y, Zheng W, Chang F, Shen Y, Niu J, Wang Y, Ma X. Enhancing the Antibody Production Efficiency of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells through Improvement of Disulfide Bond Folding Ability and Apoptosis Resistance. Cells 2024; 13:1481. [PMID: 39273052 PMCID: PMC11394227 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex structure of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells may result in the accumulation of unfolded proteins, triggering endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and an unfolded protein response (UPR). If the protein folding ability cannot maintain ER homeostasis, the cell will shut down protein translation and ultimately induce apoptosis. We co-overexpressed HsQSOX1b and survivin proteins in the antibody-producing cell line CHO-PAb to obtain a new cell line, CHO-PAb-QS. Compared with CHO-PAb cells, the survival time of CHO-PAb-QS cells in batch culture was extended by 2 days, and the antibody accumulation and productivity were increased by 52% and 45%, respectively. The proportion of (HC-LC)2 was approximately doubled in the CHO-PAb-QS cells, which adapted to the accelerated disulfide bond folding capacity by upregulating the UPR's strength and increasing the ER content. The results of the apoptosis assays indicated that the CHO-PAb-QS cell line exhibited more excellent resistance to apoptosis induced by ER stress. Finally, CHO-PAb-QS cells exhibited mild oxidative stress but did not significantly alter the redox status. This study demonstrated that strategies based on HsQSOX1b and survivin co-overexpression could facilitate protein disulfide bond folding and anti-apoptosis ability, enhancing antibody production efficiency in CHO cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yunhui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenyun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yangmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzalez-Rivera JC, Galvan A, Ryder T, Milman M, Agarwal K, Kandari L, Khetan A. A high-titer scalable Chinese hamster ovary transient expression platform for production of biotherapeutics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 39101569 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells offers a route to accelerate biologics development by delivering material weeks to months earlier than what is possible with conventional cell line development. However, low productivity, inconsistent product quality profiles, and scalability challenges have prevented its broader adoption. In this study, we develop a scalable CHO-based TGE system achieving 1.9 g/L of monoclonal antibody in an unmodified host. We integrated continuous flow-electroporation and alternate tangential flow (ATF) perfusion to enable an end-to-end closed system from N-1 perfusion to fed-batch 50-L bioreactor production. Optimization of both the ATF operation for three-in-one application-cell growth, buffer exchange, and cell mass concentration-and the flow-electroporation process, led to a platform for producing biotherapeutics using transiently transfected cells. We demonstrate scalability up to 50-L bioreactor, maintaining a titer over 1 g/L. We also show comparable quality between both transiently and stably produced material, and consistency across batches. The results confirm that purity, charge variants and N-glycan profiles are similar. Our study demonstrates the potential of CHO-based TGE platforms to accelerate biologics process development timelines and contributes evidence supporting its feasibility for manufacturing early clinical material, aiming to strengthen endorsement for TGE's wider implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Galvan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Todd Ryder
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Monica Milman
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kitty Agarwal
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kandari
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Majumdar S, Desai R, Hans A, Dandekar P, Jain R. From Efficiency to Yield: Exploring Recent Advances in CHO Cell Line Development for Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6. [PMID: 38363529 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has prompted the development of stable high-producing cell lines while simultaneously decreasing the time required for screening. Existing platforms have proven inefficient, resulting in inconsistencies in yields, growth characteristics, and quality features in the final mAb products. Selecting a suitable expression host, designing an effective gene expression system, developing a streamlined cell line generation approach, optimizing culture conditions, and defining scaling-up and purification strategies are all critical steps in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies, in mammalian cells. As a result, an active area of study is dedicated to expression and optimizing recombinant protein production. This review explores recent breakthroughs and approaches targeted at accelerating cell line development to attain efficiency and consistency in the synthesis of therapeutic proteins, specifically monoclonal antibodies. The primary goal is to bridge the gap between rising demand and consistent, high-quality mAb production, thereby benefiting the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Majumdar
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ranjeet Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Aakarsh Hans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bachhav B, de Rossi J, Llanos CD, Segatori L. Cell factory engineering: Challenges and opportunities for synthetic biology applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2441-2459. [PMID: 36859509 PMCID: PMC10440303 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of high-quality recombinant proteins is critical to maintaining a continuous supply of biopharmaceuticals, such as therapeutic antibodies. Engineering mammalian cell factories presents a number of limitations typically associated with the proteotoxic stress induced upon aberrant accumulation of off-pathway protein folding intermediates, which eventually culminate in the induction of apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss advances in cell engineering and their applications at different hierarchical levels of control of the expression of recombinant proteins, from transcription and translational to posttranslational modifications and subcellular trafficking. We also highlight challenges and unique opportunities to apply modern synthetic biology tools to the design of programmable cell factories for improved biomanufacturing of therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Bachhav
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Jacopo de Rossi
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Carlos D. Llanos
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Laura Segatori
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li ZM, Fan ZL, Wang XY, Wang TY. Factors Affecting the Expression of Recombinant Protein and Improvement Strategies in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:880155. [PMID: 35860329 PMCID: PMC9289362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.880155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) are important parts of biopharmaceuticals. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) have become the main cell hosts for the production of most RTPs approved for marketing because of their high-density suspension growth characteristics, and similar human post-translational modification patterns et al. In recent years, many studies have been performed on CHO cell expression systems, and the yields and quality of recombinant protein expression have been greatly improved. However, the expression levels of some proteins are still low or even difficult-to express in CHO cells. It is urgent further to increase the yields and to express successfully the “difficult-to express” protein in CHO cells. The process of recombinant protein expression of is a complex, involving multiple steps such as transcription, translation, folding processing and secretion. In addition, the inherent characteristics of molecular will also affect the production of protein. Here, we reviewed the factors affecting the expression of recombinant protein and improvement strategies in CHO cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Mei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Fan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tian-Yun Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chakrabarti L, Chaerkady R, Wang J, Weng SHS, Wang C, Qian C, Cazares L, Hess S, Amaya P, Zhu J, Hatton D. Mitochondrial membrane potential-enriched CHO host: a novel and powerful tool for improving biomanufacturing capability. MAbs 2022; 14:2020081. [PMID: 35030984 PMCID: PMC8765075 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of increasing protein productivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we sought to generate new CHO hosts with favorable biomanufacturing phenotypes and improved functionality. Here, we present an innovative approach of enriching the CHO host cells with a high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Stable transfectant pools and clonal cell lines expressing difficult-to-express bispecific molecules generated from the MMP-enriched host outperformed the parental host by displaying (1) improved fed-batch productivity; (2) enhanced long-term cell viability of pools; (3) more favorable lactate metabolism; and (4) improved cell cloning efficiency during monoclonal cell line generation. Proteomic analysis together with Western blot validation were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which high MMP influenced production performance. The MMP-enriched host exhibited multifaceted protection against mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our findings indicate that the MMP-enriched host achieved an overall “fitter” phenotype that contributes to the significant improvement in biomanufacturing capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chakrabarti
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Junmin Wang
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Chunlei Wang
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Cazares
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter Amaya
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Teixeira AP, Stücheli P, Ausländer S, Ausländer D, Schönenberger P, Hürlemann S, Fussenegger M. CelloSelect - A synthetic cellobiose metabolic pathway for selection of stable transgenic CHO cell lines. Metab Eng 2022; 70:23-30. [PMID: 35007751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current protocols for generating stable transgenic cell lines mostly rely on antibiotic selection or the use of specialized cell lines lacking an essential part of their metabolic machinery, but these approaches require working with either toxic chemicals or knockout cell lines, which can reduce productivity. Since most mammalian cells cannot utilize cellobiose, a disaccharide consisting of two β-1,4-linked glucose molecules, we designed an antibiotic-free selection system, CelloSelect, which consists of a selection cassette encoding Neurospora crassa cellodextrin transporter CDT1 and β-glucosidase GH1-1. When cultivated in glucose-free culture medium containing cellobiose, CelloSelect-transfected cells proliferate by metabolizing cellobiose as a primary energy source, and are protected from glucose starvation. We show that the combination of CelloSelect with a PiggyBac transposase-based integration strategy provides a platform for the swift and efficient generation of stable transgenic cell lines. Growth rate analysis of metabolically engineered cells in cellobiose medium confirmed the expansion of cells stably expressing high levels of a cargo fluorescent marker protein. We further validated this strategy by applying the CelloSelect system for stable integration of sequences encoding two biopharmaceutical proteins, erythropoietin and the monoclonal antibody rituximab, and confirmed that the proteins are efficiently produced in either cellobiose- or glucose-containing medium in suspension-adapted CHO cells cultured in chemically defined media. We believe coupling heterologous metabolic pathways additively to the endogenous metabolism of mammalian cells has the potential to complement or to replace current cell-line selection systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Teixeira
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Stücheli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ausländer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Ausländer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schönenberger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Hürlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Patil AA, Bhor SA, Rhee WJ. Cell death in culture: Molecular mechanisms, detections, and inhibition strategies. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Henry MN, MacDonald MA, Orellana CA, Gray PP, Gillard M, Baker K, Nielsen LK, Marcellin E, Mahler S, Martínez VS. Attenuating apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells for improved biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1187-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Henry
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Michael A. MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Camila A. Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Peter P. Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Patheon Biologics—A Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Lars K. Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Verónica S. Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schweickert PG, Cheng Z. Application of Genetic Engineering in Biotherapeutics Development. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Pairawan MS, Bolhassani A, Rahimpour A. Enhanced transient expression of an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody in CHO cells through utilization of miRNA sponge technology. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:335-342. [PMID: 31516510 PMCID: PMC6714117 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.263626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the dominant mammalian host system for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Improving the viable cell density during culture of recombinant CHO cells can greatly affect the production yield. MicroRNAs (miRs) -15a and 16-1 are known as negative regulators of multiple genes involved in cell cycle progression and apoptotic inhibition. miR sponges, which act as decoy targets, are transcripts which contain complementary binding sites to the seed region of related miRs. Stably expressed miR sponges are known as efficient tools for miR loss of function studies. In this study, stable CHO cell pools and clones expressing miRs-15a and 16-1 specific decoy transcript downstream of an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene was developed. Analysis of cell growth during 12 days of batch culture indicated improved maximum viable cell density of CHO cells and clones expressing the decoy transcript. In addition, transient expression of a recombinant anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody was significantly improved in a decoy harboring CHO cell clone, representing a 3.37-fold increase in yield after 4 days of culture. Our results indicated that miR sponge technology can be successfully applied for the improvement of cell viability and transient monoclonal antibody expression in CHO host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Sadat Pairawan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Azam Rahimpour
- Medical Nano-Technology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grilo AL, Mantalaris A. Apoptosis: A mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:459-475. [PMID: 30797096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed and controlled cell death that accounts for the majority of cellular death in bioprocesses. Cell death affects culture longevity and product quality; it is instigated by several stresses experienced by the cells within a bioreactor. Understanding the factors that cause apoptosis as well as developing strategies that can protect cells is crucial for robust bioprocess development. This review aims to a) address apoptosis from a bioprocess perspective; b) describe the significant apoptotic mechanisms linking them to the most relevant stresses encountered in bioreactors; c) discuss the design of operating conditions in order to avoid cell death; d) focus on industrially relevant cell lines; and e) present anti-apoptosis strategies including cell engineering and model-based optimization of bioprocesses. In addition, the importance of apoptosis in quality-by-design bioprocess development from clone screening to production scale are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Grilo
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang X, Han L, Zong H, Ding K, Yuan Y, Bai J, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Zhu J. Enhanced production of anti-PD1 antibody in CHO cells through transient co-transfection with anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-x L and Mcl-1. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:633-640. [PMID: 29368032 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has a negative impact on the cell survival state during cell cultivation. To optimize mammalian cell culture for production of biopharmaceuticals, one of the important approaches is to extend cell life through over-expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Here, we reported a cost-effective process to enhance cell survival and production of an antibody through transient co-transfection with anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-x L or Mcl-1 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with polyethylenimine (PEI). Under the optimal conditions, it showed reduced levels of apoptosis and improved cell viability after co-transfected with Bcl-x L or Mcl-1. The overall production yield of the antibody anti-PD1 increased approximately 82% in CHO cells co-transfected with Bcl-x L , and 34% in CHO cells co-transfected with Mcl-1. This work provides an effective way to increase viability of host cells through delaying apoptosis onset, thus, raise production yield of biopharmaceuticals without the process of generating stable cell lines and subsequent screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Han
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Zong
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexian Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc. 7320 Executive Way, Frederick, MD, 21704, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sinderewicz E, Grycmacher K, Boruszewska D, Kowalczyk-Zięba I, Staszkiewicz J, Ślężak T, Woclawek-Potocka I. Expression of factors involved in apoptosis and cell survival is correlated with enzymes synthesizing lysophosphatidic acid and its receptors in granulosa cells originating from different types of bovine ovarian follicles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:72. [PMID: 28874163 PMCID: PMC5586021 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulates reproductive processes in the cow. Ovarian granulosa cells play a pivotal role in follicle growth and development. Nevertheless, the role of LPA in the local regulation of granulosa cell function in different follicle categories in the bovine ovary has not been investigated. METHODS Ovarian follicles were divided into healthy, transitional and atretic categories. The expression levels of AX, PLA2, LPARs and factors involved in apoptosis and cell survival processes in granulosa cells in different types of follicles were measured by real-time PCR. The correlations between the expression levels of AX, PLA2, LPARs and the examined factors were measured. The immunolocalization of AX, PLA2 and LPARs in different ovarian follicles was examined by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analyses were conducted in GraphPad using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test or a correlation analysis followed by Pearson's test. RESULTS The expression levels of AX, PLA2 and LPARs, with the major role of LPAR2 and PLA2, were found in the granulosa cells originating from different follicle types. The expression levels of the factors involved in cell apoptosis (TNFα and its receptors, FAS, FASL, CASP3, CASP8, β-glycan, and DRAK2) were significantly higher in the granulosa cells of the atretic follicles compared to the healthy follicles. A number of correlations between LPARs, AX, PLA2 and factors associated with apoptosis were observed in the atretic but not in the healthy follicles. A greater expression of the factors involved in differentiation and proliferation in the granulosa cells (DICE1 and SOX2) was found in the healthy follicles in comparison with the atretic. A number of correlations between LPARs, AX, PLA2 and the factors associated with cell survival were observed in the healthy but not in the atretic follicles. CONCLUSIONS Granulosa cells are the target of LPA action and the source of LPA synthesis in the bovine ovarian follicle. We suggest that the participation of LPA in apoptosis in the atretic follicles mainly occurs through the regulation of TNF-α-dependent and caspase-induced pathways. In the transitional follicles, LPA might influence the inhibins to shift the balance between the number of healthy and atretic follicles. In the healthy follicle type, LPA, acting via LPAR1, might regulate MCL1 and estradiol-stimulating ERβ mRNA expression, leading to the stimulation of anti-apoptotic processes in the granulosa cells and their differentiation and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Sinderewicz
- 0000 0001 1091 0698grid.433017.2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grycmacher
- 0000 0001 1091 0698grid.433017.2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Boruszewska
- 0000 0001 1091 0698grid.433017.2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ilona Kowalczyk-Zięba
- 0000 0001 1091 0698grid.433017.2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Staszkiewicz
- 0000 0001 1091 0698grid.433017.2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ślężak
- 0000 0001 1091 0698grid.433017.2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Izabela Woclawek-Potocka
- 0000 0001 1091 0698grid.433017.2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pieper LA, Strotbek M, Wenger T, Olayioye MA, Hausser A. ATF6β-based fine-tuning of the unfolded protein response enhances therapeutic antibody productivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1310-1318. [PMID: 28165157 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of protein folding and secretion are key issues in improving the productivity and robustness of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) producer cells. High recombinant protein secretion in CHO producer clones triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an intracellular response to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We previously reported that the human microRNA (miRNA) miR-1287 enhances productivity in IgG-expressing CHO cells (CHO-IgG). Here, through next-generation sequencing (NGS), we identified the activating transcription factor 6 beta (ATF6β), a repressor of the pro-survival and UPR promoting factor ATF6α, as a direct target gene of miR-1287 in CHO-IgG cells. We show that the transient depletion of ATF6β resulted in enhanced specific productivity comparable to that of miR-1287-expressing CHO-IgG cells. Strikingly, stable ATF6β knockdown in CHO-IgG cells significantly improved antibody titer and viable cell density under fed-batch conditions. This was associated with the elevated expression of the UPR genes glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), homocysteine inducible ER protein with ubiquitin like domain 1 (Herpud1) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). We hence demonstrate that ATF6β-based cell line engineering is a promising strategy to improve the productivity of CHO producer cells by activating an optimally balanced UPR program. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1310-1318. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Pieper
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michaela Strotbek
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Till Wenger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lalonde ME, Durocher Y. Therapeutic glycoprotein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
18
|
Meyer HJ, Reilly D, Martin SE, Wong AW. Identification of a novel miRNA that increases transient protein expression in combination with valproic acid. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1139-1145. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothea Reilly
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Scott E. Martin
- Department of Discovery Oncology; Genentech; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pieper LA, Strotbek M, Wenger T, Gamer M, Olayioye MA, Hausser A. Secretory pathway optimization of CHO producer cells by co-engineering of the mitosRNA-1978 target genes CerS2 and Tbc1D20. Metab Eng 2017; 40:69-79. [PMID: 28088541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used host for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Although transcription and translation engineering strategies have been employed to generate high-producer cell clones, the secretory pathway still remains a bottleneck in cellular productivity. In this study we show that ectopic expression of a human mitochondrial genome-encoded small RNA (mitosRNA-1978) in an IgG expressing CHO cell line strongly improved specific productivity by functioning in a microRNA-like fashion. By next generation sequencing we identified two endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized proteins, Ceramide Synthase 2 (CerS2) and the Rab1 GAP Tbc domain family member 20 (Tbc1D20), as target genes of mitosRNA-1978. Combined transient siRNA-mediated knockdown of CerS2 and Tbc1D20 resulted in increased specific productivity of CHO-IgG cells, thus recapitulating the mitosRNA-1978 phenotype. In support of a function in vesicular trafficking at the level of the ER, we provide evidence for altered cellular ceramide composition upon CerS2 knockdown and increased activity of Rab1 in CHO-IgG cells depleted of Tbc1D20. Importantly, in a fed-batch process, the combined stable knockdown of CerS2 and Tbc1D20 in CHO-IgG cells resulted in dramatically increased antibody production which was accompanied by enhanced cell growth. Thus, by identifying mitosRNA-1978 target genes in combination with an informed shRNA-mediated co-engineering approach we successfully optimized the secretory capacity of CHO producer cells used for the manufacturing of therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Pieper
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michaela Strotbek
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Till Wenger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Improving the time integral of viable cell concentration by overcoming cell death, namely apoptosis, is one of the widely used strategies for efficient production of therapeutic proteins. By establishing stable cell lines that overexpress anti-apoptotic genes or down-regulate pro-apoptotic genes, the final product yields can be enhanced as cells become more resistance to environmental stresses. From the selection of high-expressing clones to verification of anti-apoptotic activity, the method to construct a stable anti-apoptotic cell line is discussed in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Golabgir A, Gutierrez JM, Hefzi H, Li S, Palsson BO, Herwig C, Lewis NE. Quantitative feature extraction from the Chinese hamster ovary bioprocess bibliome using a novel meta-analysis workflow. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:621-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
Tastanova A, Schulz A, Folcher M, Tolstrup A, Puklowski A, Kaufmann H, Fussenegger M. Overexpression of YY1 increases the protein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2016; 219:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
23
|
The art of CHO cell engineering: A comprehensive retrospect and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1878-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
24
|
Overexpression of Serpinb1 in Chinese hamster ovary cells increases recombinant IgG productivity. J Biotechnol 2015; 193:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Bcl-2 family in inter-organelle modulation of calcium signaling; roles in bioenergetics and cell survival. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:1-15. [PMID: 24078116 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins, known for their apoptosis functioning at the mitochondria, have been shown to localize to other cellular compartments to mediate calcium (Ca2+) signals. Since the proper supply of Ca2+ in cells serves as an important mechanism for cellular survival and bioenergetics, we propose an integrating role for Bcl-2 family proteins in modulating Ca2+ signaling. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main Ca2+ storage for the cell and Bcl-2 family proteins competitively regulate its Ca2+ concentration. Bcl-2 family proteins also regulate the flux of Ca2+ from the ER by physically interacting with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) to mediate their opening. Type 1 IP3Rs reside at the bulk ER to coordinate cytosolic Ca2+ signals, while type 3 IP3Rs reside at mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) to facilitate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In healthy cells, mitochondrial Ca2+ drives pyruvate into the citric acid (TCA) cycle to facilitate ATP production, while a continuous accumulation of Ca2+ can trigger the release of cytochrome c, thus initiating apoptosis. Since multiple organelles and Bcl-2 family proteins are involved in Ca2+ signaling, we aim to clarify the role that Bcl-2 family proteins play in facilitating Ca2+ signaling and how mitochondrial Ca2+ is relevant in both bioenergetics and apoptosis. We also explore how these insights could be useful in controlling bioenergetics in apoptosis-resistant cell lines.
Collapse
|
26
|
Fischer S, Buck T, Wagner A, Ehrhart C, Giancaterino J, Mang S, Schad M, Mathias S, Aschrafi A, Handrick R, Otte K. A functional high-content miRNA screen identifies miR-30 family to boost recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1279-92. [PMID: 25061012 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The steady improvement of mammalian cell factories for the production of biopharmaceuticals is a key challenge for the biotechnology community. Recently, small regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified as novel targets for optimizing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) production cells as they do not add any translational burden to the cell while being capable of regulating entire physiological pathways. The aim of the present study was to elucidate miRNA function in a recombinant CHO-SEAP cell line by means of a genome-wide high-content miRNA screen. This screen revealed that out of the 1, 139 miRNAs examined, 21% of the miRNAs enhanced cell-specific SEAP productivity mainly resulting in elevated volumetric yields, while cell proliferation was accelerated by 5% of the miRNAs. Conversely, cell death was diminished by 13% (apoptosis) or 4% (necrosis) of all transfected miRNAs. Besides these large number of identified target miRNAs, the outcome of our studies suggest that the entire miR-30 family substantially improves bioprocess performance of CHO cells. Stable miR-30 over expressing cells outperformed parental cells by increasing SEAP productivity or maximum cell density of approximately twofold. Our results highlight the application of miRNAs as powerful tools for CHO cell engineering, identified the miR-30 family as a critical component of cell proliferation, and support the notion that miRNAs are powerful determinants of cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fischer
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klanert G, Jadhav V, Chanoumidou K, Grillari J, Borth N, Hackl M. Endogenous microRNA clusters outperform chimeric sequence clusters in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:538-44. [PMID: 24323929 PMCID: PMC4282078 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides) which regulate gene expression by silencing mRNA translation. MiRNAs are transcribed as long primary transcripts, which are enzymatically processed by Drosha/Dgcr8, in the nucleus, and by Dicer in the cytoplasm, into mature miRNAs. The importance of miRNAs for coordinated gene expression is commonly accepted. Consequentially, there is a growing interest in the application of miRNAs to improve phenotypes of mammalian cell factories such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Few studies have reported the targeted over-expression of miRNAs in CHO cells using vector-based systems. These approaches were hampered by limited sequence availability, and required the design of "chimeric" miRNA genes, consisting of the mature CHO miRNA sequence encompassed by murine flanking and loop sequences. Here we show that the substitution of chimeric sequences with CHO-specific sequences for expression of miRNA clusters yields significantly higher expression levels of the mature miRNA in the case of miR-221/222 and miR-15b/16. Our data suggest that the Drosha/Dgcr8-mediated excision from primary transcripts is reduced for chimeric miRNA sequences compared to the endogenous sequence. Overall, this study provides important guidelines for the targeted over-expression of clustered miRNAs in CHO cells. See accompanying commentary by Baik and Lee DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300503.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Klanert
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Vaibhav Jadhav
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Nicole Borth
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Matthias Hackl
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nishimiya D. Proteins improving recombinant antibody production in mammalian cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1031-42. [PMID: 24327213 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have been successfully used for the industrial manufacture of antibodies due to their ability to synthesize antibodies correctly. Nascent polypeptides must be subjected to protein folding and assembly in the ER and the Golgi to be secreted as mature proteins. If these reactions do not proceed appropriately, unfolded or misfolded proteins are degraded by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. The accumulation of unfolded proteins or intracellular antibody crystals accompanied by this failure triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which can considerably attenuate the levels of translation, folding, assembly, and secretion, resulting in reduction of antibody productivity. Accumulating studies by omics-based analysis of recombinant mammalian cells suggest that not only protein secretion processes including protein folding and assembly but also translation are likely to be the rate-limiting factors for increasing antibody production. Here, this review describes the mechanism of antibody folding and assembly and recent advantages which could improve recombinant antibody production in mammalian cells by utilizing proteins such as ER chaperones or UPR-related proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nishimiya
- New Modality Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Segura MM, Mangion M, Gaillet B, Garnier A. New developments in lentiviral vector design, production and purification. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:987-1011. [PMID: 23590247 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.779249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lentiviruses are a very potent class of viral vectors for which there is presently a rapidly growing interest for a number of gene therapy. However, their construction, production and purification need to be performed according to state-of-the-art techniques in order to obtain sufficient quantities of high purity material of any usefulness and safety. AREAS COVERED The recent advances in the field of recombinant lentivirus vector design, production and purification will be reviewed with an eye toward its utilization for gene therapy. Such a review should be helpful for the potential user of this technology. EXPERT OPINION The principal hurdles toward the use of recombinant lentivirus as a gene therapy vector are the low titer at which it is produced as well as the difficulty to purify it at an acceptable level without degrading it. The recent advances in the bioproduction of this vector suggest these issues are about to be resolved, making the retrovirus gene therapy a mature technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mercedes Segura
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès (08193), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Cain K, Peters S, Hailu H, Sweeney B, Stephens P, Heads J, Sarkar K, Ventom A, Page C, Dickson A. A CHO cell line engineered to express XBP1 and ERO1-Lα has increased levels of transient protein expression. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:697-706. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Cain
- Protein Expression and Purification Group; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - Shirley Peters
- Protein Expression and Purification Group; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - Hanna Hailu
- Protein Expression and Purification Group; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - Bernie Sweeney
- Protein Expression and Purification Group; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - Paul Stephens
- Protein Expression and Purification Group; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - James Heads
- Protein Biophysics; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - Kaushik Sarkar
- Protein Biophysics; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - Andy Ventom
- Protein Biophysics; UCB, Slough; Berkshire SL1 4EN England
| | - Catherine Page
- Faculty of Life Sciences; The Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT England
| | - Alan Dickson
- Faculty of Life Sciences; The Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT England
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Datta P, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. An 'omics approach towards CHO cell engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1255-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Druz A, Son YJ, Betenbaugh M, Shiloach J. Stable inhibition of mmu-miR-466h-5p improves apoptosis resistance and protein production in CHO cells. Metab Eng 2013; 16:87-94. [PMID: 23376592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MiRNAs have been shown to be involved in regulation of multiple cellular processes including apoptosis. Since a single miRNA can affect the expression of several genes, the utilization of miRNAs for apoptosis engineering in mammalian cells can be more efficient than the conventional approach of manipulating a single gene. Mmu-miR-466h-5p was previously shown to have a pro-apoptotic role in CHO cells by reducing the expression of several anti-apoptotic genes and its transient inhibition delayed both the activation of Caspase-3/7 and the loss of cell viability. The present study evaluates the effect of stable inhibition of mmu-miR-466h-5p in CHO cells on their ability to resist apoptosis onset and their production properties. The expression of mmu-miR-466h-5p in the engineered anti-miR-466h CHO cell line was significantly lower than in the negative control and the parental CHO cells. These engineered cells reached higher maximum viable cell density and extended viability compared with negative control and parental CHO cells in batch cell cultures which resulted in the 53.8% and 41.6% increase of integral viable cells. The extended viability of anti-miR-466h CHO cells was the result of delayed Caspase-3/7 activation by more than 35h, and the increased levels of its anti-apoptotic gene targets (smo, stat5a, dad1, birc6, and bcl2l2) to between 2.1- and 12.5-fold compared with the negative control CHO in apoptotic conditions. The expression of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) increased 43% and the cell-specific productivity increased 11% in the stable pools of anti-miR-466h CHO compared with the stable pools of negative control CHO cells. The above results demonstrate the potential of this novel approach to create more productive cell lines through stable manipulation of specific miRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr Druz
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory NIDDK, NIH, Building 14A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wuest DM, Harcum SW, Lee KH. Genomics in mammalian cell culture bioprocessing. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:629-38. [PMID: 22079893 PMCID: PMC3718848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Explicitly identifying the genome of a host organism including sequencing, mapping, and annotating its genetic code has become a priority in the field of biotechnology with aims at improving the efficiency and understanding of cell culture bioprocessing. Recombinant protein therapeutics, primarily produced in mammalian cells, constitute a $108 billion global market. The most common mammalian cell line used in biologic production processes is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, and although great improvements have been made in titer production over the past 25 years, the underlying molecular and physiological factors are not well understood. Confident understanding of CHO bioprocessing elements (e.g. cell line selection, protein production, and reproducibility of process performance and product specifications) would significantly improve with a well understood genome. This review describes mammalian cell culture use in bioprocessing, the importance of obtaining CHO cell line genetic sequences, and the current status of sequencing efforts. Furthermore, transcriptomic techniques and gene expression tools are presented, and case studies exploring genomic techniques and applications aimed to improve mammalian bioprocess performance are reviewed. Finally, future implications of genomic advances are surmised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane M. Wuest
- Chemical Engineering and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Sarah W. Harcum
- Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Kelvin H. Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ohsfeldt E, Huang SH, Baycin-Hizal D, Kristoffersen L, Le TMT, Li E, Hristova K, Betenbaugh MJ. Increased expression of the integral membrane proteins EGFR and FGFR3 in anti-apoptotic Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:155-62. [PMID: 23586824 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have a vital role in many cellular functions, making them potential targets for therapeutic research. In this study, we investigated the coexpression of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) with model membrane proteins as a means of increasing membrane protein expression in mammalian cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing heterologous Bcl-x(L) and wild-type CHO cells were transfected with either epidermal growth factor receptor or fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines showed increased expression of both RTK proteins as compared with the wild-type CHO cell lines in transient expression analysis, as detected by Western blot and flow cytometry after 15 days of antibiotic selection in stable expression pools. Increased expression was also seen in clonal isolates from the CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines, whereas the clonal cell line expression was minimal in wild-type CHO cell lines. Our results demonstrate that application of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) can increase expression of RTK proteins in CHO cells. This approach may be applied to improve stable expression of other membrane proteins in the future using mammalian cell lines with Bcl-x(L) or perhaps other anti-apoptotic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ohsfeldt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
CHO cells in biotechnology for production of recombinant proteins: current state and further potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:917-30. [PMID: 22159888 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
37
|
Majors BS, Chiang GG, Pederson NE, Betenbaugh MJ. Directed evolution of mammalian anti-apoptosis proteins by somatic hypermutation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 25:27-38. [PMID: 22160868 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers have created novel fluorescent proteins by harnessing the somatic hypermutation ability of B cells. In this study, we examined if this approach could be used to evolve a non-fluorescent protein, namely the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-x(L), using the Ramos B-cell line. After demonstrating that Ramos cells were capable of mutating a heterologous bcl-x(L) transgene, the cells were exposed to multiple rounds of the chemical apoptosis inducer staurosporine followed by rounds of recovery in fresh medium. The engineered B cells expressing Bcl-x(L) exhibited progressively lower increases in apoptosis activation as measured by caspase-3 activity after successive rounds of selective pressure with staurosporine treatment. Within the B-cell genome, a number of mutated bcl-x(L) transgene variants were identified after three rounds of evolution, including a mutation of Bcl-x(L) Asp29 to either Asn or His, in 8 out of 23 evaluated constructs that represented at least five distinct Ramos subpopulations. Subsequently, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to overexpress the Bcl-x(L) Asp29Asn variant showed enhanced apoptosis resistance against an orthogonal apoptosis insult, Sindbis virus infection, when compared with cells expressing the wild-type Bcl-x(L) protein. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of evolution of a recombinant mammalian protein in a mammalian expression system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Majors
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 221 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218-2694, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Han YK, Ha TK, Lee SJ, Lee JS, Lee GM. Autophagy and apoptosis of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells during fed-batch culture: Effect of nutrient supplementation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2182-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
39
|
Dreesen IAJ, Fussenegger M. Ectopic expression of human mTOR increases viability, robustness, cell size, proliferation, and antibody production of chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:853-66. [PMID: 21404259 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of mammalian production cell lines to improve titer and quality of biopharmaceuticals is a top priority of the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry providing protein therapeutics to patients worldwide. While many engineering strategies have been successful in the past decade they were often based on the over-expression of a single transgene and therefore limited to addressing a single bottleneck in the cell's production capacity. We provide evidence that ectopic expression of the global metabolic sensor and processing protein mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), simultaneously improves key bioprocess-relevant characteristics of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived production cell lines such as cell growth (increased cell size and protein content), proliferation (increased cell-cycle progression), viability (decreased apoptosis), robustness (decreased sensitivity to sub-optimal growth factor and oxygen supplies) and specific productivity of secreted human glycoproteins. Cultivation of mTOR-transgenic CHO-derived cell lines engineered for secretion of a therapeutic IgG resulted in antibody titers of up to 50 pg/cell/day, which represents a four-fold increase compared to the parental production cell line. mTOR-based engineering of mammalian production cell lines may therefore have a promising future in biopharmaceutical manufacturing of human therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imke A J Dreesen
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Krampe B, Al-Rubeai M. Cell death in mammalian cell culture: molecular mechanisms and cell line engineering strategies. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:175-88. [PMID: 20502964 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamentally important problem in cell lines used by the biopharmaceutical industry. Environmental stress, which can result from nutrient depletion, by-product accumulation and chemical agents, activates through signalling cascades regulators that promote death. The best known key regulators of death process are the Bcl-2 family proteins which constitute a critical intracellular checkpoint of apoptosis cell death within a common death pathway. Engineering of several members of the anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family genes in several cell types has extended the knowledge of their molecular function and interaction with other proteins, and their regulation of cell death. In this review, we describe the various modes of cell death and their death pathways at molecular and organelle level and discuss the relevance of the growing knowledge of anti-apoptotic engineering strategies to inhibit cell death and increase productivity in mammalian cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Krampe
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shukla AA, Thömmes J. Recent advances in large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies and related proteins. Trends Biotechnol 2010; 28:253-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
42
|
Engineering mammalian cells in bioprocessing - current achievements and future perspectives. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:175-89. [PMID: 20392202 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, we have seen significant improvements in product titres from 50 mg/l to 5-10 g/l, a more than 100-fold increase. The main methods that have been employed to achieve this increase in product titre have been through the manipulation of culture media and process control strategies, such as the optimization of fed-batch processes. An alternative means to increase productivity has been through the engineering of host cells by altering cellular processes. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to over-express or suppress specific genes to endow particular phenotypes. Cellular processes that have been altered in host cells include metabolism, cell cycle, protein secretion and apoptosis. Cell engineering has also been employed to improve post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. In this article, an overview of the main cell engineering strategies previously employed and the impact of these strategies are presented. Many of these strategies focus on engineering cell lines with more efficient carbon metabolism towards reducing waste metabolites, achieving a biphasic production system by engineering cell cycle control, increasing protein secretion by targeting specific endoplasmic reticulum stress chaperones, delaying cell death by targeting anti-apoptosis genes, and engineering glycosylation by enhancing recombinant protein sialylation and antibody glycosylation. Future perspectives for host cell engineering, and possible areas of research, are also discussed in this review.
Collapse
|