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Komuczki D, Stadermann A, Bentele M, Unsoeld A, Grillari J, Mueller MM, Paul A, Fischer S. High cysteine concentrations in cell culture media lead to oxidative stress and reduced bioprocess performance of recombinant CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2200029. [PMID: 35876277 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine is considered an essential amino acid in the cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. An optimized cysteine supply during fed-batch cultivation supports the protein production capacity of recombinant CHO cell lines. However, we observed that CHO production cell lines seeded at low cell densities in chemically defined media enriched with, cysteine greater than 2.5 mM resulted in markedly reduced cell growth during passaging, hampering seed train performance and scale-up. To investigate the underlying mechanism, seeding cell densities and initial cysteine concentrations ranging from low to high cysteine concentrations were varied followed by an analysis of cell culture performance. Additionally, cell cycle analysis, intracellular quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as transcriptomic analyses by next-generation sequencing were carried out. Our results demonstrate that CHO cells seeded at low cell densities at high initial cysteine concentrations encountered increased oxidative stress leading to a p21-mediated cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase. The resulting oxidative stress caused redox imbalance in the endoplasmic reticulum and activation of the unfolded protein response as well as the major antioxidant nuclear factor-like 2 response pathways. We were able to identify potential signature genes related to oxidative stress and the inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway. Finally, we present that seeding cells at a higher concentration counteract oxidative stress in cysteine-enriched cell culture media. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Komuczki
- Institute of Bioprocess Sciences and Engineering (IBSE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, AT-1190, Vienna, Austria.,Upstream Development, Bioprocess and Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach a. d. Riss, Germany
| | - Anna Stadermann
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach a. d. Riss, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bentele
- Upstream Development, Bioprocess and Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach a. d. Riss, Germany
| | - Andreas Unsoeld
- Cell Culture Media Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach a. d. Riss, Germany
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, AT-1190, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology. The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, Vienna, AT-1200, Austria
| | - Markus M Mueller
- Upstream Development, Bioprocess and Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach a. d. Riss, Germany
| | - Albert Paul
- Upstream Development, Bioprocess and Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach a. d. Riss, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach a. d. Riss, Germany
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Stone AT, Dhara VG, Naik HM, Aliyu L, Lai J, Jenkins J, Betenbaugh MJ. Chemical speciation of trace metals in mammalian cell culture media: looking under the hood to boost cellular performance and product quality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:216-224. [PMID: 34478939 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Upstream process development seeks to optimize media formulations to promote robust cell culture conditions and regulate product quality attributes such as glycosylation, aggregation, and charge variants. Transition metal ions Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn present in cell culture media have a significant impact on cell growth, metabolism and product quality. These metals and other media components can have different chemical associations or speciation in media that are poorly characterized but may significantly impact their properties and effect on cellular performance. Computer-based equilibrium models are a good starting point for exploring metal speciation, bioavailability and conditions where precipitation may occur. However, some equilibrium constants, especially for newly introduced medium components, have not been experimentally determined. Owing to concurrent physical and biological processes, speciation may also be controlled by reaction kinetics rather than by equilibrium. These factors highlight the importance of analytically interrogating medium speciation to gain insights into the complex interconnections between media components and bioprocess performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Stone
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Venkata Gayatri Dhara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Harnish Mukesh Naik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Lateef Aliyu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Junxi Lai
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jackson Jenkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Graham RJ, Mohammad A, Liang G, Fu Q, Kuang B, Polanco A, Lee YS, Marcus RK, Yoon S. Effect of iron addition on mAb productivity and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary culture. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3181. [PMID: 34106525 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals play a critical role in the development of culture media used for the production of therapeutic proteins. Iron has been shown to enhance the productivity of monoclonal antibodies during Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. However, the redox activity and pro-oxidant behavior of iron may also contribute toward the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we aim to clarify the influence of trace iron by examining the relationship between iron supplementation to culture media, mAb productivity and glycosylation, and oxidative stress interplay within the cell. Specifically, we assessed the impacts of iron supplementation on (a) mAb production and glycosylation; (b) mitochondria-generated free hydroxyl radicals (ROS); (c) the cells ability to store energy during oxidative phosphorylation; and (d) mitochondrial iron concentration. Upon the increase of iron at inoculation, CHO cells maintained a capacity to rebound from iron-induced viability lapses during exponential growth phase and improved mAb productivity and increased mAb galactosylation. Fluorescent labeling of the mitochondrial hydroxyl radical showed enhanced environments of oxidative stress upon iron supplementation. Additional labeling of active mitochondria indicated that, despite the enhanced production of ROS in the mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential was minimally impacted. By replicating iron treatments during seed train passaging, the CHO cells were observed to adapt to the shock of iron supplementation prior to inoculation. Results from these experiments demonstrate that CHO cells have the capacity to adapt to enhanced environments of oxidative stress and improve mAb productivity and mAb galactosylation with minimal perturbations to cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - George Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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Bellmaine S, Schnellbaecher A, Zimmer A. Reactivity and degradation products of tryptophan in solution and proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:696-718. [PMID: 32911085 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is one of the essential mammalian amino acids and is thus a required component in human nutrition, animal feeds, and cell culture media. However, this aromatic amino acid is highly susceptible to oxidation and is known to degrade into multiple products during manufacturing, storage, and processing. Many physical and chemical processes contribute to the degradation of this compound, primarily via oxidation or cleavage of the highly reactive indole ring. The central contributing factors are reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals; light and photosensitizers; metals; and heat. In a multi-component mixture, tryptophan also commonly reacts with carbonyl-containing compounds, leading to a wide variety of products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the degradation and interaction products of tryptophan in complex liquid solutions and in proteins. For the purposes of context, a brief summary of the key pathways in tryptophan metabolism will be included, along with common methods and issues in tryptophan manufacturing. The review will focus on the conditions that lead to tryptophan degradation, the products generated in these processes, their known biological effects, and methods which may be applied to stabilize the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bellmaine
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alisa Schnellbaecher
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Ortiz S, McDonough RT, Dent P, Goodisman J, Chaiken J. Coupled Turbidity and Spectroscopy Problems: A Simple Algorithm for Volumetric Analysis of Optically Thin or Dilute, In Vitro Bacterial Cultures in Various Media. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:261-274. [PMID: 31397583 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819872754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An approach binary spectronephelometry (BSN) to perform real-time simultaneous noninvasive in situ physical and chemical analysis of bacterial cultures in fluid media is described. We choose to characterize cultures of Escherichia coli (NC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and Shewanella oneidensis (SO) in the specific case of complex media whose Raman spectrum cannot be unambiguously assigned. Nevertheless, organism number density and a measure of the chemical makeup of the fluid medium can be monitored noninvasively, simultaneously, and continuously, despite changing turbidity and medium chemistry. The method involves irradiating a culture in fluid medium in an appropriate vessel (in this case a standard 1 cm cuvette) using a near infrared laser and collecting all the backscattered light from the cuvette, i.e., the Rayleigh-Mie line and the inelastically emitted light which includes unresolved Raman scattered light and fluorescence. Complex "legacy" media contain materials of biological origin whose chemical composition cannot be fully delineated. We independently calibrate this approach to a commonly used reference, optical density at 600 nm (OD600) for characterizing the number density of organisms. We suggest that the total inelastically emitted light could be a measure of the chemical state of a biologically based medium, e.g., lysogeny broth (LB). This approach may be useful in a broad range of basic and applied studies and enterprises that utilize bacterial cultures in any medium or container that permits optical probing in the single scattering limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul Dent
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jerry Goodisman
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Chaiken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Graham RJ, Bhatia H, Yoon S. Consequences of trace metal variability and supplementation on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance: A review of key mechanisms and considerations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3446-3456. [PMID: 31403183 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are supplied to chemically-defined media (CDM) for optimal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance during the production of monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. However, lot-to-lot and vendor-to-vendor variability in raw materials consequently leads to an imbalance of trace metals that are supplied to CDM. This imbalance can yield detrimental effects rooted in several primary mechanisms and pathways including oxidative stress, apoptosis, lactate accumulation, and unfavorable glycan synthesis. Recent research endeavors involve supplying zinc, copper, and manganese to CDM in excess to further maximize culture productivity and product quality. These treatments significantly impact critical quality attributes and furthermore highlight the degree to which trace metal availability can affect CHO cell culture performance. This review highlights the role of trace metal variability, supplementation, and interplay on key cellular mechanisms responsible for overall culture performance and the production and quality of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Hemlata Bhatia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Zhang N, Huang Y, Vandermark E, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Modulating cell culture oxidative stress reduces protein glycation and acidic charge variant formation. MAbs 2019; 11:205-216. [PMID: 30602334 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1537533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling acidic charge variants is critical for an industrial bioprocess due to the potential impact on therapeutic efficacy and safety. Achieving a consistent charge variant profile at manufacturing scale remains challenging and may require substantial resources to investigate effective control strategies. This is partially due to incomplete understanding of the underlying causes for charge variant formation during the cell culture process. To address this gap, we examined the effects of four process input factors (temperature, iron concentration, feed media age, and antioxidant (rosmarinic acid) concentration) on charge variant profile. These factors were found to affect the charge profile by modulating the cell culture oxidative state. Process conditions with higher acidic peaks corresponded to elevated supernatant peroxide concentration, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, or both. Changes in glycation level were the primary cause of the charge heterogeneity, and for the first time, supernatant peroxide was found to positively correlate with glycation levels. Based on these findings, a novel mathematical model was developed to demonstrate that the rate of acidic species formation was exponentially proportional to the concentrations of supernatant peroxide and protein product. This work provides critical insights into charge variant formation during the cell culture process and highlights the importance of modulating of cell culture oxidative stress for charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA
| | - Jun Tian
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jie Chen
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Na Zhang
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Yunping Huang
- c Mass Spectrometry COE 1, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington , RJ
| | - Erik Vandermark
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jongchan Lee
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Michael Borys
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
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Dickens J, Khattak S, Matthews TE, Kolwyck D, Wiltberger K. Biopharmaceutical raw material variation and control. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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He L, Desai JX, Gao J, Hazeltine LB, Lian Z, Calley JN, Frye CC. Elucidating the Impact of CHO Cell Culture Media on Tryptophan Oxidation of a Monoclonal Antibody Through Gene Expression Analyses. Biotechnol J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luhong He
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Jairav X. Desai
- Informatics Capabilities − Research IT, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Statistics- Discovery/Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Laurie B. Hazeltine
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Zhirui Lian
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - John N. Calley
- Tailored Therapeutics Bioinformatics, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Christopher C. Frye
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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