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Jagtap A, Dastager SG. Bacterial nanocellulose: A versatile biopolymer production using a cost-effective wooden disc based rotary reactor. Biopolymers 2024; 115:e23577. [PMID: 38526043 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has various unique qualities, including high mechanical strength, crystallinity, and high water-holding capacity, which makes it appropriate for a wide range of industrial applications. But its lower yield coupled with its high production cost creates a barrier to its usage. In this study, we have demonstrated the better yield of BNC from an indigenous strain Komagataeibacter rhaeticus MCC-0157 using a rotary disc bioreactor (RDB) having a wooden disc. The RDB was optimized based on the type of disc material, distance between the disc, and rotation speed to get the highest yield of 13.0 g/L dry material using Hestrin-Schramm (H-S) medium. Further, the bioreactor was compared for the BNC production using reported medium, which is used for static condition; the RDB showed up to fivefold increase in comparison with the static condition reported. Komagataeibacter rhaeticus MCC-0157 was previously reported to be one of the highest BNC producing stains, with 8.37 g/L of dry yield in static condition in 15 days incubation. The designed RDB demonstrated 13.0 g/L dry yield of BNC in just 5 days. Other characteristics of BNC remain same as compared with static BNC production, although the difference in the crystallinity index was observed in RDB (84.44%) in comparison with static (89.74%). For the first time, wooden disc was used for rotary bioreactor approach, which demonstrated higher yield of BNC in lesser time and can be further used for sustainable production of BNC at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Jagtap
- NCIM-Resource Center, Biochemical Science Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Syed G Dastager
- NCIM-Resource Center, Biochemical Science Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Lin L, Chen L, Chen G, Lu C, Hong FF. Effects of heterogeneous surface characteristics on hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility of bacterial nanocellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122063. [PMID: 38616074 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The surface properties of cardiovascular biomaterials play a critical role in their biological responses. Although bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) materials have exhibited potential applications in cardiovascular implants, the impact of their surface characteristics on biocompatibility has rarely been studied. This study investigated the mechanism for the biocompatibility induced by the physicochemical properties of both sides of BNC. With greater wettability and smoothness, the upper BNC surface reduced protein adsorption by 25 % compared with the lower surface. This prolonged the plasma re-calcification time by 14 % in venous blood. Further, compared with the lower BNC surface, the upper BNC surface prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time by 5 % and 4 % in arterial and venous blood, respectively. Moreover, the lower BNC surface with lesser rigidity, higher roughness, and sparser fiber structure promoted cell adhesion. The lower BNC surface enhanced the proliferation rate of L929 and HUVECs cells by 15 % and 13 %, respectively, compared with the upper BNC surface. With lesser stiffness, the lower BNC surface upregulated the expressions of CD31 and eNOS while down-regulating the ICAM-1 expression - This promoted the proliferation of HUVECs. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights into the design of blood contact materials and cardiovascular implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; National Advanced Functional Fiber Innovation Center, Wu Jiang, Su Zhou, China; Scientific Research Base of Bacterial Nanofiber Manufacturing and Composite Technology, China Textile Engineering Society, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; Scientific Research Base of Bacterial Nanofiber Manufacturing and Composite Technology, China Textile Engineering Society, China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Changrui Lu
- College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng F Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; National Advanced Functional Fiber Innovation Center, Wu Jiang, Su Zhou, China; Scientific Research Base of Bacterial Nanofiber Manufacturing and Composite Technology, China Textile Engineering Society, China.
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3
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Shahriari-Khalaji M, Li G, Liu L, Sattar M, Chen L, Zhong C, Hong FF. A poly-l-lysine-bonded TEMPO-oxidized bacterial nanocellulose-based antibacterial dressing for infected wound treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Evaluation of wet nanocellulose membranes produced by different bacterial strains for healing full-thickness skin defects. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Rothe H, Rost J, Kramer F, Alkhatib Y, Petzold-Welcke K, Klemm D, Fischer D, Liefeith K. Bacterial nanocellulose: Reinforcement of compressive strength using an adapted Mobile Matrix Reservoir Technology and suitable post-modification strategies. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104978. [PMID: 34837799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a highly interesting biomaterial due to some outstanding properties especially when used in medical therapeutics and diagnostics. BNC is absolutely bioinert and is characterised by intrinsic properties such as high tensile stiffness and elasticity, high porosity, exceptional water uptake and swelling capacity. Furthermore, these properties can be adjusted in a very defined way by specifically changing the cultivation conditions or performing post-modifications such as crosslinking, functionalisation with additives, dehydration or drying. Especially the high tensile strength of the nanofibrillar material has been the subject of many investigations in the past couple of years. Nevertheless, the enormous tensile strength and elasticity of BNC is contrary to an almost purely viscous behaviour under compressive load. In the present study, different methods to influence the mechanical behaviour under compression with respect to load bearing applications of BNC are systematically investigated. The possibilities and limitations of the variable layer-by-layer cultivation known as Mobile Matrix Reservoir Technology (MMR-Tech) as well as the effect of different post-modification strategies of BNC are thoroughly investigated. Beside of commonly used indentation tests for characterising the mechanical properties of BNC, we introduce a novel evaluation methodology based on mechanical relaxation measurements and an evolutionary regression algorithm for the derivation of a viscoelastic material law, which for the first time allows standardised, comparative viscoelastic investigations of soft-matter biomaterials to be performed independently of the measurement setup. Using this methodology, we are able to show, that cultivation conditions for BNC and suitable post-modifications can result in different effects on the viscoelastic behaviour of the fabricated composites. We show that the cultivation conditions for BNC primarily affect the height of dispersion and the frequency of the relaxation centre which corresponds roughly to the mean value of the logarithmic distributed relaxation times, and that these effects could be enhanced by post-modifications. However, we also identify parameters, such as the width of the relaxation region, which corresponds roughly to the standard deviation of the logarithmic distributed relaxation times, on which the type of cultivation obviously shows no influence but which can be influenced exclusively by post-modifications. Our methodology enables for the first time a clear identification of those parameters which represent a significant factor of influence to the viscoelastic material behaviour, which should enable a more targeted and application-relevant development of BNC composites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Rothe
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurements Techniques e.V., Department of Biomaterials, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Rost
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurements Techniques e.V., Department of Biomaterials, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Yaser Alkhatib
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Dieter Klemm
- Polymet Jena e.V., Wildenbruchstr. 15, 07745, Jena, Germany; KKF-Gesellschaft, Hans-Knöll-Str. 6, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Klaus Liefeith
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurements Techniques e.V., Department of Biomaterials, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany.
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Blanco Parte FG, Santoso SP, Chou CC, Verma V, Wang HT, Ismadji S, Cheng KC. Current progress on the production, modification, and applications of bacterial cellulose. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:397-414. [PMID: 31937141 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1713721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoption of biomass for the development of biobased products has become a routine agenda in evolutionary metabolic engineering. Cellulose produced by bacteria is a "rising star" for this sustainable development. Unlike plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose (BC) shows several unique properties like a high degree of crystallinity, high purity, high water retention, high mechanical strength, and enhanced biocompatibility. Favored with those extraordinary properties, BC could serve as ideal biomass for the development of various industrial products. However, a low yield and the requirement for large growth media have been a persistent challenge in mass production of BC. A significant number of techniques has been developed in achieving efficient BC production. This includes the modification of bioreactors, fermentation parameters, and growth media. In this article, we summarize progress in metabolic engineering in order to solve BC growth limitation. This article emphasizes current engineered BC production by using various bioreactors, as well as highlighting the structure of BC fermented by different types of engineered-bioreactors. The comprehensive overview of the future applications of BC, aims to provide readers with insight into new economic opportunities of BC and their modifiable properties for various industrial applications. Modifications in chemical composition, structure, and genetic regulation, which preceded the advancement of BC applications, were also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco German Blanco Parte
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chan Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.,Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Hsueh-Ting Wang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suryadi Ismadji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zou X, Zhang S, Chen L, Hu J, Hong FF. Determination of live and dead Komagataeibacter xylinus cells and first attempt at precise control of inoculation in nanocellulose production. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 13:458-469. [PMID: 31651088 PMCID: PMC7017834 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The timely enumeration of cells of nanocellulose-producing bacteria is challenging due to their unique growth properties. To better understand the metabolism of the bacteria and better control the concentration of living cells during cultivation, a prompt cell counting technology is crucial and urgently required. In this work, two fluorescent dyes, the asymmetrical anthocyanidin dye SYBR Green I (SG) and propidium iodide (PI), were first combined for Komagataeibacter xylinus species to determine live/dead bacterial cells quantitatively and promptly. The number of live and dead K. xylinus cells determined using an epifluorescence microscope corresponded well to the results obtained using a fluorescence microplate reader. The R2 values were 0.9986 and 0.9920, respectively, and were similar to those obtained with the LIVE/DEAD® BacLightTM commercial kit. SG/PI double-staining showed proper efficiency in distinguishing live/dead cells for the K. xylinus strain (R2 = 0.9898). The technology was applied to standardize four different K. xylinus strains, and the initial cell concentration of the strains was precisely controlled (no significant difference among the strains, P> 0.05). The cellulose yield per live cell was calculated, and significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among the four strains in the following order: DHU-ATCC-1> DHU-ZCY-1> DHU-ZGD-1> ATCC 23770. The study shows (i) the application of the SG/PI staining to standardizing inocula for bacterial cellulose production so that a more accurate comparison can be made between different strains, and (ii) the lower cost of using SG rather than the SYTO 9 of the commercially available LIVE/DEAD® BacLightTM kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zou
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Renmin Road 2999, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Renmin Road 2999, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Renmin Road 2999, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Junqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng F Hong
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Renmin Road 2999, Shanghai, 201620, China.,State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.,Scientific Research Base of Bacterial Nanofiber Manufacturing and Composite Technology, China Textile Engineering Society, Shanghai, 201620, China
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8
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Chen G, Chen L, Wang W, Hong FF, Zhu M. Manufacture of a novel anisotropic bacterial nanocellulose hydrogel membrane by using a rotary drum bioreactor. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:281-288. [PMID: 30824090 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since anisotropic hydrogel membranes have great potential in tissue engineering and bioseparation, the aim of this study was to produce an anisotropic BNC hydrogel membrane for the first time with enhanced BNC productivity by using a newly designed 30-L horizontal rotary drum bioreactor. As compared with the traditional tray static cultivation, the BNC hydrogel from the rotary drum bioreactor showed anisotropic morphology, sparser network, lower dry matter content of 0.16 w/w%, thicker fiber diameter, and lower degree of polymerization that was still 1.8 times higher than cotton, and featured with much higher ultraviolet-visible light transmittance, as well as demonstrated anisotropic tensile properties, lower Young's modulus of 0.23 MPa and compressive modulus of 0.99 kPa. The productivity of dry and wet BNC was enhanced by 1.65 times and 3.73 times, respectively. The proposed technology may not only obtain anisotropic BNC hydrogel membranes with high transparency, but also promote the BNC productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Group of Microbiological Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Ren Min Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Group of Microbiological Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Ren Min Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Group of Microbiological Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Ren Min Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Feng F Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Group of Microbiological Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Ren Min Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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