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Li X, Zhao W, Zhou D, Li P, Zhao C, Zhou Q, Wang Y. Construction of Integral Decellularized Cartilage Using a Novel Hydrostatic Pressure Bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2024; 30:113-129. [PMID: 38183634 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage is a widely used natural bioscaffold for constructing tissue-engineered cartilage due to its good biocompatibility and regeneration properties. However, current decellularization methods for accessing decellularized cartilaginous tissues require multiple steps and a relatively long duration to produce decellularized cartilage. In addition, most decellularization strategies lead to damage of the microstructure and loss of functional components of the cartilaginous matrix. In this study, a novel decellularization strategy based on a hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor was introduced, which aimed to improve the efficiency of producing integral decellularized cartilage pieces by combining physical and chemical decellularization methods in a perfusing manner. Two types of cartilaginous tissues, auricular cartilage (AC) and nucleus pulposus (NP) fibrocartilage, were selected for comparison of the effects of ordinary, positive, and negative HP-based decellularization according to the cell clearance ratio, microstructural changes, ECM components, and mechanical properties. The results indicated that applying positive HP improved the efficiency of producing decellularized AC, but no significant differences in decellularization efficiency were found between the ordinary and negative HP-treated groups. However, compared with the ordinary HP treatment, the application of the positive or negative HP did not affect the efficiency of decellularized NP productions. Moreover, neither positive nor negative HP influenced the preservation of the microstructure and components of the AC matrix. However, applying negative HP disarranged the fibril distribution of the NP matrix and reduced glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II contents, two essential ECM components. In addition, the positive HP was beneficial for maintaining the mechanical properties of decellularized cartilage. The recellularization experiments also verified the good biocompatibility of the decellularized cartilage produced by the present bioreactor-based decellularization method under positive HP. Overall, applying positive HP-based decellularization resulted in a superior effect on the production of close-to-natural scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Impact statement In this study, we successfully constructed a novel hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor and used this equipment to produce decellularized cartilage by combining physical and chemical decellularization methods in a perfusing manner. We found that positive HP-based decellularization could improve the production efficiency of integral decellularized cartilage pieces and promote the maintenance of matrix components and mechanical properties. This new decellularization strategy exhibited a superior effect in the production of close-to-natural scaffolds and positively impacts cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weikang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiulongpo People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Whitehead KM, Hendricks HKL, Cakir SN, de Castro Brás LE. ECM roles and biomechanics in cardiac tissue decellularization. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H585-H596. [PMID: 35960635 PMCID: PMC9467473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00372.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural biomaterials hold enormous potential for tissue regeneration. The rapid advance of several tissue-engineered biomaterials, such as natural and synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, has led to widespread application of these materials in the clinic and in research. However, biomaterials can have limited repair capacity; obstacles result from immunogenicity, difficulties in mimicking native microenvironments, and maintaining the mechanical and biochemical (i.e., biomechanical) properties of native organs/tissues. The emergence of decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biomaterials provides an attractive solution to overcome these hurdles since decellularized ECM provides a nonimmune environment with native three-dimensional structures and bioactive components. More importantly, decellularized ECM can be generated from the tissue of interest, such as the heart, and keep its native macro- and microstructure and tissue-specific composition. These decellularized cardiac matrices/scaffolds can then be reseeded using cardiac cells, and the resulting recellularized construct is considered an ideal choice for regenerating functional organs/tissues. Nonetheless, the decellularization process must be optimized and depends on tissue type, age, and functional goal. Although most decellularization protocols significantly reduce immunogenicity and deliver a matrix that maintains the tissue macrostructure, suboptimal decellularization can change ECM composition and microstructure, which affects the biomechanical properties of the tissue and consequently changes cell-matrix interactions and organ function. Herein, we review methods of decellularization, with particular emphasis on cardiac tissue, and how they can affect the biomechanics of the tissue, which in turn determines success of reseeding and in vivo viability. Moreover, we review recent developments in decellularized ECM-derived cardiac biomaterials and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Whitehead
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Hanifah K L Hendricks
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Sirin N Cakir
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Lisandra E de Castro Brás
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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