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Morton-Jones ME, Gladden LB, Kavazis AN, Sandage MJ. A Tutorial on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and the Role of Blood Lactate: Implications for Speech Production. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:369-383. [PMID: 38157288 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this tutorial is threefold: (a) present relevant exercise science literature on skeletal muscle metabolism and synthesize the limited available research on metabolism of the adult human speech musculature in an effort to elucidate the role of metabolism in speech production; (b) introduce a well-studied metabolic serum biomarker in exercise science, lactate, and the potential usefulness of investigating this metabolite, through a well-established exercise science methodology, to better understand metabolism of the musculature involved in voice production; and (c) discuss exercise physiology considerations for future voice science research that seeks to investigate blood lactate and metabolism in voice physiology in an ecologically valid manner. METHOD This tutorial begins with relevant exercise science literature on the basic cellular processes of muscle contraction that require energy and the metabolic mechanisms that regenerate the energy required for task execution. The tutorial next synthesizes the available research investigating metabolism of the adult human speech musculature. This is followed by the authors proposing a hypothesis of speech metabolism based on the voice science literature and the application of well-studied exercise science principles of muscle physiology. The tutorial concludes with a discussion and the potential usefulness of lactate in investigations to better understand the metabolism of the musculature involved in vocal demand tasks. CONCLUSION The role of metabolism during speech (respiratory, laryngeal, and articulatory) is an understudied yet critical aspect of speech physiology that warrants further study to better understand the metabolic systems that are used to meet vocal demands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mary J Sandage
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Auburn University, AL
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Taylor CA, Kopicko BH, Negro F, Thompson CK. Sex differences in the detection of motor unit action potentials identified using high-density surface electromyography. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 65:102675. [PMID: 35728511 PMCID: PMC10807372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-related disparities in force production of humans have been widely observed. Previous literature has attributed differences in peripheral traits, such as muscle size, to explain these disparities. However, less is known about potential sex-related differences in central neuromuscular traits and many comparable studies, not exploring sex-related differences, exhibit a selection-bias in the recruitment of subjects making the generalization of their findings difficult. Utilizing high-density electromyography arrays and motor unit (MU) decomposition, the aim of the current study is to compare MU yield and discharge properties of the tibialis anterior between male and female humans. Twenty-four subjects (10 females) performed two submaximal (20%) isometric dorsiflexion contractions. On average, males yielded nearly twice the amount of MUs as females. Further, females had significantly higher MU discharge rate, lower MU action potential amplitude, and lower MU action potential frequency content than males despite similar levels of torque and MU discharge variability. These findings suggest differences in central neuromuscular control of force production between sexes; however, it is unclear how lower yield counts affect the accuracy of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Taylor
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Temple University, United States
| | - Brian H Kopicko
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Temple University, United States
| | - Francesco Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
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Adam I, Maxwell A, Rößler H, Hansen EB, Vellema M, Brewer J, Elemans CPH. One-to-one innervation of vocal muscles allows precise control of birdsong. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3115-3124.e5. [PMID: 34089645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The motor control resolution of any animal behavior is limited to the minimal force step available when activating muscles, which is set by the number and size distribution of motor units (MUs) and muscle-specific force. Birdsong is an excellent model system for understanding acquisition and maintenance of complex fine motor skills, but we know surprisingly little about how the motor pool controlling the syrinx is organized and how MU recruitment drives changes in vocal output. Here we developed an experimental paradigm to measure MU size distribution using spatiotemporal imaging of intracellular calcium concentration in cross-sections of living intact syrinx muscles. We combined these measurements with muscle stress and an in vitro syrinx preparation to determine the control resolution of fundamental frequency (fo), a key vocal parameter, in zebra finches. We show that syringeal muscles have extremely small MUs, with 40%-50% innervating ≤3 and 13%-17% innervating a single muscle fiber. Combined with the lowest specific stress (5 mN/mm2) known to skeletal vertebrate muscle, small force steps by the major fo controlling muscle provide control of 50-mHz to 7.3-Hz steps per MU. We show that the song system has the highest motor control resolution possible in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest this evolved due to strong selection on fine gradation of vocal output. Furthermore, we propose that high-resolution motor control was a key feature contributing to the radiation of songbirds that allowed diversification of song and speciation by vocal space expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Adam
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Alyssa Maxwell
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helen Rößler
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Michiel Vellema
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Brewer
- PhyLife, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Coen P H Elemans
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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Messa GAM, Piasecki M, Rittweger J, McPhee JS, Koltai E, Radak Z, Simunic B, Heinonen A, Suominen H, Korhonen MT, Degens H. Absence of an aging‐related increase in fiber type grouping in athletes and non‐athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2057-2069. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy A. M. Messa
- Department of Life Sciences Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Division Space Physiology Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center Cologne Germany
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Jamie S. McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science University of Physical Education Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science University of Physical Education Budapest Hungary
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Science and Research Centre Koper Institute for Kinesiology Research Koper Sloveni
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Gerontology Research Centre Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Harri Suominen
- Gerontology Research Centre Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Centre Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas Lithuania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures Targu Mures Rumania
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Lenell C, Sandage MJ, Johnson AM. A Tutorial of the Effects of Sex Hormones on Laryngeal Senescence and Neuromuscular Response to Exercise. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:602-610. [PMID: 30950744 PMCID: PMC6802894 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this tutorial is to summarize how sex hormones affect both laryngeal senescence and neuromuscular response to exercise, highlighting the importance of considering sex differences in developing treatment for the senescent voice. Conclusion Men and women's voices are sexually dimorphic throughout the life span, including during the laryngeal adaptations observed during senescence. Therefore, presbyphonia (age-related dysphonia) likely clinically manifests differently for men and women due to differences in how the male and the female larynx change in response to aging. Because sexual dimorphism is evident in both laryngeal aging and response to exercise, voice therapy programs aimed at treating the typical and disordered aged voice should consider sex differences in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lenell
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York
| | - Mary J. Sandage
- Department of Communication Disorders, Auburn University, AL
| | - Aaron M. Johnson
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York
- New York University Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York
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Paniello RC. Synkinesis following recurrent laryngeal nerve injury: A computer simulation. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:1600-5. [PMID: 26600293 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS When the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is injured, functional recovery may be limited by the number of axons that regrow across the site of injury, and by the proportions of these axons that reinnervate the antagonistic muscle (synkinesis). This process was investigated in a computer model of RLN recovery. STUDY DESIGN Computer simulation. METHODS The developed computer program accepted as inputs: number of RLN axons; proportions of axons originally innervating adductor versus abductor, fraction of axons transected, fraction of axons that grow back, and width of 1 standard deviation about the mean. The program employed random sampling from a normal distribution to model various degrees of recovery, using random numbers to assign each axon to the correct muscle, an incorrect muscle, or no recovery. Each simulation was run 1,000×, and the mean, highest, and lowest degrees of synkinesis were determined. RESULTS More severe injuries were associated with greater degrees of synkinesis. Extremes of synkinesis were possible but were rare. One example result, for a 50% injury with a 50% recovery rate, found: in the adductor muscles, 74.8% of axons will be innervated, of which 49.2% are the original uninjured axons, 19.4% are recovered adductor axons, and 6.2% are misdirected abductor axons. In the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), these values were 75.7%, 50.8%, 6.1%, and 18.8%, respectively. Results of many such simulations are plotted. CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal synkinesis can be simulated based on known anatomic ratios and estimated recovery rates. The PCA is invariably much more affected by synkinetic reinnervation than are the adductor muscles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 126:1600-1605, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal C Paniello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
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Johnson AM, Grant LM, Schallert T, Ciucci MR. Changes in Rat 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Dopamine Denervation and Aging: Relevance to Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:211-9. [PMID: 26411763 PMCID: PMC4598432 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1302150525122416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal communication is negatively affected by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson disease, and by aging. The neurological and sensorimotor mechanisms underlying voice deficits in Parkinson disease and aging are not well-understood. Rat ultrasonic vocalizations provide a unique behavioral model for studying communication deficits and the mechanisms underlying these deficits in these conditions. The purpose of this review was to examine the existing literature for methods using rat ultrasonic vocalization with regard to the primary disease pathology of Parkinson disease, dopamine denervation, and aging. Although only a small amount of papers were found for each of these topics, results suggest that both shared and unique acoustic deficits in ultrasonic vocalizations exist across conditions and that these acoustic deficits are due to changes in either dopamine signaling or denervation and in aging models changes to the nucleus ambiguus, at the level of the neuromuscular junction, and the composition of the vocal folds in the larynx. We conclude that ultrasonic vocalizations are a useful tool for studying biologic mechanisms underlying vocal communication deficits in neurodegenerative diseases and aging.
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Wang HW, Chu YH, Chao PZ, Lee FP. The effect of temperature on basal tension and thyroarytenoid muscle contraction in an isolated rat glottis model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271:2819-23. [PMID: 24867062 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pitch of voice is closely related to the vocal fold tension, which is the end result of coordinated movement of the intralaryngeal muscles, and especially the thyroarytenoid muscle. It is known that vocal quality may be affected by surrounding temperature; however, the effect of temperature on vocal fold tension is mostly unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature on isolated rat glottis and thyroarytenoid muscle contraction induced by electrical field stimulation. In vitro isometric tension of the glottis ring from 30 Sprague-Dawley rats was continuously recorded by the tissue bath method. Electrical field stimulation was applied to the glottis ring with two wire electrodes placed parallel to the glottis and connected to a direct-current stimulator. The tension changes of the rat glottis rings that were either untreated or treated with electrical field stimulation were recorded continuously at temperatures from 37 to 7 °C or from 7 to 37 °C. Warming from 7 to 37 °C increased the basal tension of the glottis rings and decreased the electrical field stimulation-induced glottis ring contraction, which was chiefly due to thyroarytenoid muscle contraction. In comparison, cooling from 37 to 7 °C decreased the basal tension and enhanced glottis ring contraction by electrical field stimulation. We concluded that warming increased the basal tension of the glottis in vitro and decreased the amplitude of electrical field stimulation-induced thyroarytenoid muscle contraction. Thus, vocal pitch and the fine tuning of vocal fold tension might be affected by temperature in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Won Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, No. 291, Jhong-Jheng Road, Jhonghe District, 23561, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC,
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Morphologic Evaluation of the Fetal Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and Motor Units in the Thyroarytenoid Muscle. J Voice 2013; 27:668-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Johnson AM, Ciucci MR, Connor NP. Vocal training mitigates age-related changes within the vocal mechanism in old rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1458-68. [PMID: 23671289 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging affects voice production and is associated with reduced communicative ability and quality of life. Voice therapy is a critical component of treatment, but its effects on neuromuscular mechanisms are unknown. The ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of rats can be used to test the effects of aging and voice use on the laryngeal neuromuscular system. This study tested the hypothesis that age-related changes in the USVs of rats and laryngeal neuromuscular junctions can be reversed through vocal exercise. Young and old rats were trained for 8 weeks to increase their USVs and were compared with a no intervention group pre- and post-treatment. USV acoustics and aspects of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology were measured in the thyroarytenoid muscle. Vocal training reduced or eliminated some age differences found in both USVs and NMJs. We conclude that vocal exercise may assist in mitigating age-related changes in voice characteristics and underlying neuromuscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Johnson
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 901 S. 6 St. M/C 482, Champaign, IL 61820.
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de Campos D, Ellwanger JH, do Nascimento PS, da Rosa HT, Saur L, Jotz GP, Xavier LL. Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Vocal Fold Innervation. J Voice 2013; 27:267-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bronson-Lowe CR, Loucks TM, Ofori E, Sosnoff JJ. Aging effects on sensorimotor integration: a comparison of effector systems and feedback modalities. J Mot Behav 2013; 45:217-30. [PMID: 23611289 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2013.784239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research on motor aging has focused on visuomotor effects in limb musculature, with few comparisons across effectors or feedback modalities. The authors examined steady fine force control in oral and manual effectors under visual and auditory feedback in 13 young (19-23 years old) and 13 older (60-77 years old) participants, hypothesizing that force variability would increase with aging (a) more in the finger than the lip and (b) for both feedback modalities. The magnitude of variability increased with age for both visuomotor and audiomotor tasks but age-related differences were greater in the lip than the finger. These results point to increased variability as a potential early marker of changing motor function (prior to loss of strength) that extends beyond the visuomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Bronson-Lowe
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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Lucas-Osma AM, Collazos-Castro JE. Compartmentalization in the triceps brachii motoneuron nucleus and its relation to muscle architecture. J Comp Neurol 2009; 516:226-39. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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McMullen CA, Andrade FH. Functional and morphological evidence of age-related denervation in rat laryngeal muscles. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:435-42. [PMID: 19223602 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gln074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal muscle dysfunction compromises voice, swallowing, and airway protection in elderly adults. Laryngeal muscles and their motor neurons and their motor neurons communicate via the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We tested the hypothesis that aging disrupts NMJ organization and function in the laryngeal thyroarytenoid (TA) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles We determined NMJ density and size and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit mRNAs in TA and PCA muscles from 6-, 18-, and 30- month old-rats. NMJ function was determined with tubocurarine (TC) and contractions during nerve and muscle stimulation. NMJ size, abundance, and clustering decreased in 30-month TA and PCA muscles. AChRe mTNA and protein increased with age in both muscles. AChRg mRNA increased with age in both muscles while protein content increased in TA only. Aging PCA and TA were more sensitive to TC, demonstrating functional evidence of denervation. These results demonstrate that NMJs become smaller and less abundant in aging TA and PCA muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A McMullen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, MS508, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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