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Mulatti GC, Dalio MB, de Moraes TM, Attie GA, Brito-Queiroz A, Joviliano EE. Thoracic outlet syndrome in women. Semin Vasc Surg 2024; 37:44-49. [PMID: 38704183 DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is observed more frequently in women, although the exact causes of this sex disparity remain unclear. By investigating the three types of TOS-arterial, neurogenic, and venous-regarding symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, this article aims to shed light on the current understanding of TOS, focusing on its variations in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Carvajal Mulatti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 225 Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brasil.
| | - Marcelo Bellini Dalio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Tayrine Mazotti de Moraes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 225 Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Araújo Attie
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 225 Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brasil
| | | | - Edwaldo Edner Joviliano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Tolga G, Nilay YÇ, Umut MO, Çağrı TC. Surgical Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Exploring the Efficacy of the Posterior Intermuscular Approach in Cases Involving Bone Anomalies. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2024; 26:133-140. [PMID: 37747340 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This article presents a cohort study focusing on neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) caused by bone anomalies in the cervicothoracic region, specifically the extraforaminal area and the scalene triangle. Our aim was to contribute to understanding NTOS diagnosis and management, particularly in patients with bone anomalies, and to highlight the potential benefits of the posterior intermuscular approach as a surgical option in this particular patient group. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the patients who underwent surgery for NTOS with accessory ribs or an elongated cervical vertebrae 7 (C7) transverse process (n = 9). Patients' clinical data, preoperative neurophysiological tests, cervical computed tomography (CT) scans, CT angiography, and postoperative cervical CT scans were reviewed. A single experienced surgeon used the posterior intermuscular approach on all patients. The accessory rib and/or elongated C7 transverse process and fibrous bands were removed; C7, C8, and T1 branches of the plexus were decompressed; and neurolysis was performed. Quality of life, a functional outcome, was measured by using Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and pain was measured using visual analog scale scores. RESULTS The mean follow-up time after surgery was 7 months (range: 4-10 months). Before surgery, the mean DASH score was 55.8 ± 5.6. At the 3- and 6-month postoperative evaluations, the mean DASH scores decreased to 15.7 ± 5.8 and 15.4 ± 5.7, respectively. The mean visual analog scale score was 8.2/10 before surgery and decreased to 2.4/10 and 2.1/10 at the 3- and 6-month postoperative evaluations, respectively. All patients experienced good or excellent recovery at the 3- and 6-month postoperative evaluations. CONCLUSION Cervicothoracic extraforaminal area may be the primary site of nerve compression in NTOS, and posterior decompression using the posterior intermuscular approach can provide efficient access to extraforaminal nerve roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediz Tolga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya , Turkey
| | - Yalçın Çavuşoğlu Nilay
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya , Turkey
| | - Mutlucan Ogün Umut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya , Turkey
| | - Türk Cezmi Çağrı
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, İstanbul , Turkey
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Chiu CK, Chin TF, Chung WH, Chan CYW, Kwan MK. Variations in the Number of Vertebrae, Prevalence of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra and Prevalence of Cervical Rib Among Surgical Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: An Analysis of 998 Radiographs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2024; 49:64-70. [PMID: 37146062 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Study. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate variation in the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) and the prevalence of cervical ribs among surgical patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Due to variation in the number of thoracic or lumbar vertebrae, inaccurate identification of vertebral levels has been found to be a contributory factor to wrong-level surgery. METHODS This was a retrospective study on AIS patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion. Demographic and anthropometric data (age, gender, height, weight, and body mass index), radiographic data (Lenke curve type, pre-operative Cobb angle, vertebra numbering of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, presence of LSTV based on the Castellvi classification and the presence of cervical ribs) and clinical data were collected. Data were analysed and reported with mean and standard deviation for quantitative parameters and number and percentage for qualitative parameters. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the outcomes of interest. RESULTS A total of 998 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 135 (13.5%) were males and 863 (86.5%) were females. The vertebrae number varied between 23 to 25 total vertebrae with 24 vertebrae considered as the typical number of vertebrae. The prevalence of atypical number of vertebrae (23 or 25) was 9.8% (98 patients). We found a total of 7 different variations in number of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae (7C11T5L, 7C12T4L, 7C11T6L, 7C12T5L, 7C13T4L, 7C12T6L, and 7C13T5L) with 7C12T5L considered as the typical vertebrae variation. The total prevalence of patients with atypical vertebrae variation was 15.5% (155 patients). Cervical ribs were found in 2 (0.2%) patients while LSTV were found in 250 (25.1%) of patients. The odds of 13 thoracic vertebrae were higher in males (OR 5.17; 95% CI: 1.25, 21.39) and the odds of 6 lumbar vertebrae were higher in LSTV (OR 3.93; 95% CI: 2.58, 6.00). CONCLUSION In this series, we identified a total of 7 different variations in the number of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. The total prevalence of patients with atypical vertebrae variation was 15.5%. LSTV was found in 25.1% of the cohort. It is important to ascertain atypical vertebrae variations rather than the absolute number of vertebrae because variants such as 7C11T6L and 7C13T4L may still have typical numbers of vertebrae in total. However, due to the differences in the number of morphologically thoracic and lumbar vetrebrae, there may still be a risk of inaccurate identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kidd Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
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Yoon ES, Pishgar F, Chhabra A, Del Grande F, Carrino JA. Frequency of Coexistent Spinal Segment Variants: Retrospective Analysis in Asymptomatic Young Adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2023; 45:119-126. [PMID: 38123916 PMCID: PMC10756567 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a8071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spinal segment variants are highly prevalent and can potentially lead to incorrect spinal enumeration and, consequently, interventions or surgeries at the wrong vertebral levels. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of spinal segment variants and to study the potential association among these variants in a population without histories of spine symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive computed tomography exams of 450 young adults originally evaluated for non-spinal conditions and without a history of spinal diseases from a single institution. In addition to using descriptive statistics for reporting frequencies of spinal segment variants, the association between these variants was studied by calculating odds ratios and their 95% confidence interval. Consecutive CT exams were evaluated to determine the total number of presacral segments, presence of cervical rib, thoracolumbar transitional vertebra, iliolumbar ligament, and lumbosacral transitional vertebra. RESULTS The spinal segment distribution variants (an atypical number of presacral segments or an atypical distribution of thoracolumbar vertebrae), cervical rib, thoracolumbar transitional vertebra, and lumbosacral transitional vertebra were reported in 23.8%, 4.2%, 15.3%, and 26.4% of cases in our study population. The presence of a cervical rib or a thoracolumbar transitional vertebra was associated with concurrent lumbosacral transitional vertebra (OR = 3.28; 95% CI, 1.29-8.47 and 1.87; 95% CI, 1.08-3.20, respectively). The inability to visualize the iliolumbar ligament was also associated with the presence of cervical ribs (OR = 3.06; 95% CI, 1.18-7.80). CONCLUSIONS In a population of asymptomatic young adults, spinal segment variants are both highly prevalent with a high rate of coexistence. When a spinal segment variant (eg, transitional vertebra) is diagnosed, additional imaging might be considered for accurate spine enumeration before interventions or operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Yoon
- From the Hospital for Special Surgery (E.S.Y., J.A.C.), New York, New York
| | | | | | - Filippo Del Grande
- Institute of Imaging of Southern of Switzerland (F.D.G.), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - John A Carrino
- From the Hospital for Special Surgery (E.S.Y., J.A.C.), New York, New York
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Cralle LE, Harris LM, Lum YW, Deery SE, Humphries MD. Thoracic outlet syndrome in females: A systematic review. Semin Vasc Surg 2023; 36:487-491. [PMID: 38030322 DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a rare anatomic condition caused by compression of neurovascular structures as they traverse the thoracic outlet. Depending on the primary structure affected by this spatial narrowing, patients present with one of three types of TOS-venous TOS, arterial TOS, or neurogenic TOS. Compression of the subclavian vein, subclavian artery, or brachial plexus leads to a constellation of symptoms, including venous thrombosis, with associated discomfort and swelling; upper extremity ischemia; and chronic pain due to brachial plexopathy. Standard textbooks have reported a predominance of females patients in the TOS population, with females comprising 70%. However, there have been few comparative studies of sex differences in presentation, treatment, and outcomes for the various types of TOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Cralle
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California Davis, 2335 Stockton Boulevard, NAOB 5001, Sacramento, CA, 95811.
| | | | | | | | - Misty D Humphries
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California Davis, 2335 Stockton Boulevard, NAOB 5001, Sacramento, CA, 95811
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Faber LL, Wiley AP, Geary RL, Chang KZ, Goldman MP, Freischlag J, Velazquez G. Boney abnormalities cause arterial, venous, and/or neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2022; 9:101080. [PMID: 36747607 PMCID: PMC9898748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a rare condition caused by compression of the neurovascular structures within the thoracic outlet. Different classifications of TOS exist depending on the neurovascular structure being compressed: neurogenic, venous, or arterial. Any of these forms can present independently or coexist with one other. TOS symptoms are sometimes precipitated by the presence of boney abnormalities that often require surgical intervention for ultimate resolution. This retrospective review will examine the presentations and outcomes of patients with TOS whose cause was a boney abnormality. Methods A total of 73 patients who underwent thoracic outlet surgery between 2016 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed via electronic medical records. Twelve (16%) patients demonstrated boney abnormalities on presentation causing their symptoms. The patients with boney abnormalities were analyzed based on venous, arterial, or neurogenic TOS diagnosis. Results Of the 12 patients with boney abnormalities, 5 were classified as venous TOS, 6 patients as neurogenic TOS, and 1 as arterial TOS. The boney abnormalities were as follows: venous TOS: three clavicular fractures, one nonfused congenital clavicle, and one residual rib; neurogenic TOS: three fractured first ribs, one fractured clavicle, and two cervical ribs; and arterial TOS: fused first and second rib with bilateral cervical ribs and arterial compression. Postoperatively, there were no artery, vein, or nerve injuries. Five patients had a pneumothorax treated over night with a chest tube, and one patient had a superficial wound infection. The median hospital stay was 1 day. All patients completed physical therapy after surgery. All patients have symptom resolution at follow-up. Conclusions Patients with boney abnormalities constitute about one-fifth of patients who can present with all three forms of TOS: neurogenic, arterial, and venous, and some will have more than one of these presentations. Results in patients undergoing surgery with boney abnormalities causing thoracic outlet syndrome are excellent with symptom resolution and without substantial complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia L. Faber
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC,Correspondence: Lydia L. Faber, BS, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Aidan P. Wiley
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Randolph L. Geary
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kevin Z. Chang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew P. Goldman
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Julie Freischlag
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gabriela Velazquez
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC
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Prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes in Omani population: a computed tomography-based study. SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY : SRA 2022; 44:1361-1366. [PMID: 36190533 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-03028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical ribs are the supernumerary ribs that usually arise from the seventh cervical vertebra. Ethnic and geographical variations in cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes have been reported. Therefore, we aimed to study the prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes and morphometry of cervical ribs in Omani subjects using computed tomography (CT). METHODS A total of 1165 consecutive patients' CT scans of the cervical spine who had visited the tertiary care hospital from January 2016 to December 2020 were included in the study. The CT scans were screened for cervical ribs and elongated C7 transverse processes. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the gender influence. RESULTS Cervical ribs were identified in 0.94% of patients with a male-to-female ratio of 0.37:1. Most cervical ribs were unilateral (54%). The elongated C7 transverse process was identified in 18.45% of patients, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.36:1. Female patients are more likely to have cervical ribs (effect size = 5.98, 95% CI = 1.58-22.6, p = 0.005) than male patients. In contrast, the elongated C7 transverse process is more frequent in males (effect size = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.34-2.47, p < 0.001). The length and width of the cervical ribs are presented. CONCLUSION The prevalence of cervical ribs in Omani subjects is close to that of accepted prevalence worldwide. However, the elongated C7 transverse process prevalence is comparatively high and close to the Saudi population.
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Rotelli B, Hunter JL, Freischlag JA, Velazquez-Ramirez G. A Rare Case of Bilateral Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Following Neck Injury. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2022; 56:605-608. [DOI: 10.1177/15385744221091437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a rare condition caused by compression of the neurovascular structures of the thoracic outlet. Patients with TOS are found to have a greater prevalence of supernumerary or abnormal first ribs compared to the general population. Symptoms can sometimes be incited by a neck injury, especially in patients with abnormal cervical anatomy. This case report highlights a unique patient with bilateral cervical ribs who presented with complicated symptoms following a neck injury who required a series of surgical interventions to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin L. Hunter
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Julie A. Freischlag
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Camporese G, Bernardi E, Venturin A, Pellizzaro A, Schiavon A, Caneva F, Strullato A, Toninato D, Forcato B, Zuin A, Squizzato F, Piazza M, Stramare R, Tonello C, Di Micco P, Masiero S, Rea F, Grego F, Simioni P. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Review of the Literature and Report of an Italian Experience. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:802183. [PMID: 35391849 PMCID: PMC8983020 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.802183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is a clinical potentially disabling condition characterized by a group of upper extremity signs and symptoms due to the compression of the neurovascular bundle passing through the thoracic outlet region. Because of the non-specific nature of signs and symptoms, to the lack of a consensus for the objective diagnosis, and to the wide range of etiologies, the actual figure is still a matter of debate among experts. We aimed to summarize the current evidence about the pathophysiology, the diagnosis and the treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome, and to report a retrospective analysis on 324 patients followed for 5 years at the Padua University Hospital and at the Naples Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Italy, to verify the effectiveness of a specific rehabilitation program for the syndrome and to evaluate if physical therapy could relieve symptoms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Camporese
- Angiology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Bernardi
- Department of Emergency and Accident Medicine, Hospital of Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Andrea Venturin
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Alice Pellizzaro
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Schiavon
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Caneva
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Strullato
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniele Toninato
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Beatrice Forcato
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Zuin
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Squizzato
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine DIMED, Institute of Radiology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Piazza
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine DIMED, Institute of Radiology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Stramare
- Unit of Advanced Clinical and Translational Imaging, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonello
- Angiology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Di Micco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Emergency Room, Naples Buon Consiglio Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Rea
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Franco Grego
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine DIMED, Institute of Radiology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Medicine Unit, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Disorders Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Yan YZ, Wang B, Huang XQ, Ru X, Wang XY, Qu HB. Variation in Global Spinal Sagittal Parameters in Asymptomatic Adults with 11 Thoracic Vertebrae, four Lumbar Vertebrae, and six Lumbar Vertebrae. Orthop Surg 2021; 14:341-348. [PMID: 34935276 PMCID: PMC8867438 DOI: 10.1111/os.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the prevalence of 11 thoracic vertebrae (TVs), four lumbar vertebrae (LVs) and six LVs among asymptomatic Chinese volunteers, and the influence of spine variations on the global spinal sagittal parameters. Methods A total of 389 asymptomatic Chinese volunteers were recruited. Each subject underwent a full‐spine X‐ray examination with measurement of global spinal sagittal parameters. The radiographs were examined by a spine surgeon and a radiologist to determine the variation in the number of vertebrae. These parameters were used to compare individuals with five LVs to those with 11 TVs, four LVs, and six LVs. Results The study population included 12 individuals (3.1%) with seven cervical vertebrae (C) + 11 thoracic vertebrae (T) + five lumbar vertebrae (L), 8 (2.1%) with 7C + 11T + 6L, 8 (2.1%) with 7C + 12T + 4L, and 15 (3.9%) with 7C + 12T + 6L. Compared to the 7C + 12T + 5L individuals, those with 7C + 11T + 5L had significantly lower C6–T5 Cobb values (P < 0.05); 7C + 12T + 4L individuals had significantly greater thoracic inlet angles (P < 0.05) and significantly lower pelvic tilt (P < 0.05); individuals with 7C + 12T + 6L had significantly greater sacral slope, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, and L1–5 Cobb values (all P < 0.05), but significantly lower thoracic inlet angle (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in any of the parameters examined between the 7C + 11T + 6L group and the 7C + 12T + 5L group. Conclusions Asymptomatic adults with 7C + 12T + 6L, 7C + 12T + 4L, and 7C + 11T + 5L presented with different spinal sagittal alignment compared to those with 7C + 12T + 5L. Compared to variation in the number of LVs, the variation in the number of TVs had less effect on global spinal sagittal parameters. Spinal surgeons and researchers should be aware of the effects of variation in numbers of TVs and LVs on global spinal parameters and sagittal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhao Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuanliang Ru
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang-Bo Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang, China
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Kaderi SAA, Shinde P, Tilloo R, Chetan S, Dalal T, Vaghmare S, Bhesaniya D, Shah S, Rege S. A Never Described Variant of the Cervical Rib Causing Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: World's First Case. Surg J (N Y) 2021; 7:e179-e183. [PMID: 34307875 PMCID: PMC8298134 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical ribs, also known as Eve's ribs, are rare and found in 1% of population. They are more common in females and more common on right side. They are asymptomatic in 90% of cases. Cervical rib fused with transverse process of sixth vertebra is rarer. We present a case of dry gangrene of lateral three fingers with right radial and subclavian artery thrombosis with rest pain, due to right cervical rib fused with transverse process of sixth vertebra. After development of line of demarcation of the dry gangrene, patient was operated for excision of cervical rib and sixth cervical vertebral transverse process followed by Ray's amputation of right second finger. Postoperative course was uneventful. Patient was discharged with oral anticoagulation and a healthy wound in right hand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pravin Shinde
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raviraj Tilloo
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonewane Chetan
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanvi Dalal
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sahil Vaghmare
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhaval Bhesaniya
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sulay Shah
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sameer Rege
- Department of General Surgery, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Schut PC, Brosens E, Van Dooren TJM, Galis F, Ten Broek CMA, Baijens IMM, Dremmen MHG, Tibboel D, Schol MP, de Klein A, Eggink AJ, Cohen-Overbeek TE. Exploring copy number variants in deceased fetuses and neonates with abnormal vertebral patterns and cervical ribs. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1513-1525. [PMID: 32755042 PMCID: PMC7689732 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cervical patterning abnormalities are rare in the general population, but one variant, cervical ribs, is particularly common in deceased fetuses and neonates. The discrepancy between the incidence in the general population and early mortality is likely due to indirect selection against cervical ribs. The cause for the co‐occurrence of cervical ribs and adverse outcome remains unidentified. Copy number variations resulting in gain or loss of specific genes involved in development and patterning could play a causative role. Methods Radiographs of 374 deceased fetuses and infants, including terminations of pregnancies, stillbirths and neonatal deaths, were assessed. Copy number profiles of 265 patients were determined using single nucleotide polymorphism array. Results 274/374 patients (73.3%) had an abnormal vertebral pattern, which was associated with congenital abnormalities. Cervical ribs were present in 188/374 (50.3%) and were more common in stillbirths (69/128 [53.9%]) and terminations of pregnancies (101/188 [53.7%]), compared to live births (18/58, 31.0%). Large (likely) deleterious copy number variants and aneuploidies were prevalent in these patients. None of the rare copy number variants were recurrent or overlapped with candidate genes for vertebral patterning. Conclusions The large variety of copy number variants in deceased fetuses and neonates with similar abnormalities of the vertebral pattern probably reflects the etiological heterogeneity of vertebral patterning abnormalities. This genetic heterogeneity corresponds with the hypothesis that cervical ribs can be regarded as a sign of disruption of critical, highly interactive stages of embryogenesis. The vertebral pattern can probably provide valuable information regarding fetal and neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C Schut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J M Van Dooren
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,CNRS, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences iEES Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Inge M M Baijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein H G Dremmen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Paediatric Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Schol
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex J Eggink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Titia E Cohen-Overbeek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Partiot C, Guillon M, Peressinotto D, Castex D, Maureille B. Cervical ribs in human early life: morphological variability and first identification as a morbidity criterion in a past population. J Anat 2020; 237:119-132. [PMID: 32187701 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the medical literature on supernumerary cervical ribs in extant adult samples, little is known about their development and occurrence in early infancy. The documentation of cervical ribs in modern samples of fetuses and neonates is indeed affected by ethical as well as technical limitations. The aim of the present study was to investigate their frequencies and morphological variability in the first known archaeological collection of very young children with this anatomical variant. The study sample comes from the 8B-51 necropolis on the Saï island (Sudan) and dates to the Classic Kerma Period (XVIIIe-XVIe centuries BC). It consists of 64 individuals deceased between 24 weeks of amenorrhoea and 2 years of age. Bilateral or unilateral cervical ribs were found in 27 individuals. A total of 43 cervical ribs were identified, 38 of which are fully preserved. According to these observations, at least 42% of the individuals have unilateral or bilateral cervical ribs, with an average maximum length of < 1 cm. This frequency is very high compared to those observed in contemporary adult samples (up to 3%). First, the comparison of our results with biological and genetic research demonstrating the link between the occurrence of cervical ribs and a reduced chance of survival during infancy allows the first identification of this trait as an indicator of morbidity in an archaeological collection, a morbidity to which a genetic homogeneity or even endogamy could contribute. Second, the number of ribs studied makes it possible to propose a morphological classification based on the general shape and the shape of the articular facets, classification that can be used tos refine the analyses of the trait in future samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Partiot
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Mark Guillon
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France.,Inrap, Boulevard de Verdun, Le Grand Quevilly, France
| | - David Peressinotto
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France.,Hades Archéologie, Balma, France
| | - Dominique Castex
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Maureille
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France
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14
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Plaza Aulestia N, Rodríguez Montero S, Velloso Feijoo ML. Double cervical rib: A case report. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2019; 15:370-371. [PMID: 28774658 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahia Plaza Aulestia
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, España.
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15
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Kim SW, Jeong JS, Kim BJ, Choe YH, Yoon YC, Sung DH. Clinical, electrodiagnostic and imaging features of true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: Experience at a tertiary referral center. J Neurol Sci 2019; 404:115-123. [PMID: 31374409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TN-TOS) is an extremely rare neuromuscular disease. We report clinical, electrodiagnostic and radiologic features of patients with TN-TOS. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients satisfying criteria was done. Nerve conduction study (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG) of upper extremity were reviewed. Brachial plexus MRI and computed tomography angiography (CTA) were also reviewed. RESULTS Thirteen TN-TOS patients were identified. The most common neurologic signs were hypesthesia in the medial forearm or ulnar digits and weakness of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle. In NCS, medial antebrachial cutaneous (MABC) sensory nerve action potential amplitude was decreased in all tested patients. The APB muscle was most commonly involved in EMG. Among radiologic criteria, focal stenosis of subclavian artery in CTA was the most common finding. CONCLUSION We confirmed that TN-TOS is T1 predominant lower roots/trunk brachial plexopathy with clinical and electrodiagnostic features. Radiologic studies may be used to detect structural abnormalities. SIGNIFICANCE As MABC NCS showed abnormal results in all tested patients, it should be added to electrodiagnostic study as screening method. If present, structural abnormalities might be confirmed with radiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Woong Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Seon Jeong
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hyeon Choe
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk Hyun Sung
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
RATIONALE Cervical ribs are rare conditions, occurring in 0.05% to 3.0% of the population. This manuscript reports a case of arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (ATOS) associated with this congenital anomaly. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a 32-year-old female worker presenting pain in her left upper-extremity for 7 months. Her left hand became paler and cold when the temperature decreased, and the symptoms could not be eased through rest, physiotherapy and drugs medication. DIAGNOSES Compression of left subclavian artery with axillary and brachial arteries thrombosis was confirmed by duplex ultrasound and computed tomography angiography. ATOS caused by cervical ribs was confirmed by medical history, physical examination, and imaging. INTERVENTIONS The patients underwent acute thrombolysis and balloon angioplasty. OUTCOMES Symptoms of pain and weakness disappeared after surgery. The patient had not experienced any apparent symptom recurrence at 1-year follow-up. LESSONS Successful treatment of ATOS depends upon urgent assessment, accurate identification of causative factors and compression site and early diagnosis before the event of arterial thrombosis. The surgery combined with anticoagulation treatment can improve the treatment outcome of ATOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Wei Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital
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17
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Gelabert HA, Rigberg DA, O'Connell JB, Jabori S, Jimenez JC, Farley S. Transaxillary decompression of thoracic outlet syndrome patients presenting with cervical ribs. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:1143-1149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Yan YZ, Li QP, Wu CC, Pan XX, Shao ZX, Chen SQ, Wang K, Chen XB, Wang XY. Rate of presence of 11 thoracic vertebrae and 6 lumbar vertebrae in asymptomatic Chinese adult volunteers. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:124. [PMID: 29792213 PMCID: PMC5966918 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies on spinal morphology in asymptomatic Asian and Western patients have been reported. Variation in spinal anatomy among patients is considered as the cause of wrong-level surgery in up to 40% of cases. The present study examined the rate of presence of 11 thoracic vertebrae and 6 lumbar vertebrae in 293 asymptomatic Chinese adult volunteers. METHODS From May 27, 2016, to November 11, 2017, a cohort of 325 asymptomatic Chinese adults meeting the study exclusion criteria was recruited. The radiographs were examined by a spine surgeon and a radiologist to assess the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. RESULTS In total, 293 volunteers were included in this study: 17 (5.8%) had 11 thoracic vertebrae, and 16 (5.5%) had 6 lumbar vertebrae. Among all volunteers, 12 (4.1%) had 7 cervical vertebrae (C), 11 thoracic vertebrae (T), and 5 lumbar vertebrae (L); 5 (1.7%) had 7C, 11T, and 6L; and 11 (3.8%) had 7C, 12T, and 6L. There was no difference between the findings of the spine surgeon and the radiologist. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this study describes the rate of presence of 11 thoracic vertebrae and 6 lumbar vertebrae in 293 asymptomatic Chinese adult volunteers. Variations in the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae tend to be ignored by spine surgeons. We encourage spinal surgeons and researchers to be aware of such variations when performing thoracic- and lumbar-level surgery and assessing spinal alignment and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-zhao Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Qing-ping Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Cong-cong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiang-xiang Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhen-xuan Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Shao-qing Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Xi-bang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiang-yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuanxi Rd, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
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19
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Schut PC, Ten Broek CMA, Cohen-Overbeek TE, Bugiani M, Steegers EAP, Eggink AJ, Galis F. Increased prevalence of abnormal vertebral patterning in fetuses and neonates with trisomy 21. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2280-2286. [PMID: 29353507 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1431622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of an abnormal number of ribs in a cohort of fetuses and neonates with trisomy 21 and compare this with a subgroup of fetuses without anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiographs of 67 deceased fetuses, neonates, and infants that were diagnosed with trisomy 21 were reviewed. Terminations of pregnancy were included. The control group was composed of 107 deceased fetuses, neonates, and infants without known chromosomal abnormalities, structural malformations, infections or placental pathology. Cases in which the number of thoracic ribs or presence of cervical ribs could not be reliably assessed were excluded. The literature concerning vertebral patterning in trisomy 21 cases and healthy subjects was reviewed. RESULTS Absent or rudimentary 12th thoracic ribs were found in 26/54 (48.1%) cases with trisomy 21 and cervical ribs were present in 27/47 (57.4%) cases. This prevalence was significantly higher compared to controls (28/100, 28.0%, Χ2(1) = 6.252, p = .012 and 28/97, 28.9%, Χ2(1) = 10.955, p < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Rudimentary or absent 12th thoracic ribs and cervical ribs are significantly more prevalent in deceased fetuses and infants with trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C Schut
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Erasmus MC University Medical Center , Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Titia E Cohen-Overbeek
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Erasmus MC University Medical Center , Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- c Department of Pathology , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Eric A P Steegers
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Erasmus MC University Medical Center , Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Alex J Eggink
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Erasmus MC University Medical Center , Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Frietson Galis
- b Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
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20
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Henry BM, Vikse J, Sanna B, Taterra D, Gomulska M, Pękala PA, Tubbs RS, Tomaszewski KA. Cervical Rib Prevalence and its Association with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of 141 Studies with Surgical Considerations. World Neurosurg 2017; 110:e965-e978. [PMID: 29203316 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical ribs (CR) are supernumerary ribs that arise from the seventh cervical vertebra. In the presence of CR, the boundaries of the interscalene triangle can be further constricted and result in neurovascular compression and thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). The aim of our study was to provide a comprehensive evidence-based assessment of CR prevalence and their association with TOS as well as surgical approach to excision of CR and surgical patients' characteristics. METHODS A thorough search of major electronic databases was conducted to identify any relevant studies. Data on the prevalence, laterality, and side of CR were extracted from the eligible studies for both healthy individuals and patients with TOS. Data on the type of TOS and surgical approach to excision of CR were extracted as well. RESULTS A total of 141 studies (n = 77,924 participants) were included into the meta-analysis. CR was significantly more prevalent in patients with TOS than in healthy individuals, with pooled prevalence estimates of 29.5% and 1.1%, respectively. More than half of the patients had unilateral CR in both the healthy and the TOS group. The analysis showed that 51.3% of the symptomatic patients with CR had vascular TOS, and 48.7% had neurogenic TOS. Most CR were surgically excised in women using a supraclavicular approach. CONCLUSIONS CR ribs are frequent findings in patients with TOS. We recommended counseling asymptomatic patients with incidentally discovered CR on the symptoms of TOS, so that if symptoms develop, the patients can undergo prompt and appropriate workup and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Michael Henry
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jens Vikse
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland; Department of Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Beatrice Sanna
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Dominik Taterra
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Gomulska
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław A Pękala
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krzysztof A Tomaszewski
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
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21
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Cantalamessa A, Martin S, Marchegiani A, Fruganti A, Dini F, Tambella AM. Bilateral cervical ribs in a mixed breed dog. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1120-1124. [PMID: 28515371 PMCID: PMC5487793 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old intact female, mixed breed dog was presented with a complaint of dyspnea. Clinical examination revealed symptoms related to disease of the upper airways. Radiographic findings were consistent with tracheal collapse associated with anomalies involving the seventh cervical vertebra and the first ribs bilaterally. Radiographs were highly suggestive of cervical ribs; computed tomography and ultrasound examination allowed complete characterization and better localization of the anomalies with relationship to the adjacent muscle and vasculature. Cervical ribs are malformations widely described in human medicine, but only sporadically in dogs. Herein, we discuss etiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of cervical ribs and possible correlations between the cervical ribs and other anatomical anomalies noted in this dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cantalamessa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Stefano Martin
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fruganti
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dini
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Adolfo Maria Tambella
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
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22
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Sörös P, Teasell R, Hanley DF, Spence JD. Motor recovery beginning 23 years after ischemic stroke. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:778-781. [PMID: 28515288 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00868.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that most stroke recovery occurs within 6 mo, with little benefit of physiotherapy or other modalities beyond 1 yr. We report a remarkable case of stroke recovery beginning 23 yr after a severe stroke due to embolization from the innominate artery and subclavian artery, resulting from compression of the right subclavian artery by a cervical rib. The patient had a large right frontoparietal infarction with severe left hemiparesis and a totally nonfunctional spastic left hand. He experienced some recovery of hand function that began 23 yr after the stroke, 1 yr after he took up regular swimming. As a result, intensive physiotherapy was initiated, with repetitive large muscle movement and a spring-loaded mechanical orthosis that provides resistance to finger flexors and supports finger extensors. Within 2 yr, he could pick up coins with the previously useless left hand. Functional MRI studies document widespread distribution of the recovery in both hemispheres. This case provides impetus not only to more intensive and prolonged physiotherapy, but also to treatment with emerging modalities such as stem cell therapy and exosome and microRNA therapies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Widespread bilateral activation of both sides of the cerebrum and cerebellum are demonstrated on functional MRI after motor recovery of a completely nonfunctional left hand that began 23 yr after a severe stroke. This suggests that the generally accepted window of recovery beyond which further therapy is not indicated should be entirely reconsidered. Physiotherapy and new modalities in development might be indicated long after a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sörös
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Teasell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - J David Spence
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; .,Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcome and an Abnormal Vertebral Pattern: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2016; 71:741-750. [DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Epidemiological, Morphological, and Clinical Aspects of the Cervical Ribs in Humans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8034613. [PMID: 27975060 PMCID: PMC5126392 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8034613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A familiarity with the anatomy of some types of bone anomalies is necessary for clinicians involved in many medical areas. The aim of this paper is to review the newest literature concerning the morphology, embryology, clinical image, and therapeutic methods of the cervical ribs in the humans. The incidence of cervical ribs has been found to vary from 0.58% in Malaysian population to 6.2% in Turkish population. Cervical ribs have clinical implications that are generally divided into neurological or vascular. This study is of particular importance for clinicians, as early identification of cervical ribs may prevent life-threatening complications.
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25
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Raptis CA, Sridhar S, Thompson RW, Fowler KJ, Bhalla S. Imaging of the Patient with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Radiographics 2016; 36:984-1000. [PMID: 27257767 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016150221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with symptoms from compression of the neurovascular bundle in the thoracic outlet are described as having thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), which is best thought of as three conditions classified according to which structures are involved. The purpose of this article is to review the role of imaging in evaluation of patients with TOS, beginning with diagnosis and extending through postoperative management. While diagnosis of TOS still rests on the patient's presenting history and physical examination, imaging examinations are helpful in supporting the diagnosis, delineating abnormal anatomy, determining which structures are compressed, identifying the site of compression, and excluding other diagnoses. Magnetic resonance imaging is the noninvasive imaging modality of choice in evaluating patients with suspected TOS, but computed tomography also plays an important role, particularly in delineating bone anatomy. Evidence of vascular damage is required to make the diagnosis of TOS at imaging. Dynamic compression of the axillosubclavian vessels at the thoracic outlet can be a finding supportive of the diagnosis of TOS but is not a stand-alone diagnostic criterion, as it can be seen in patients without TOS. As diagnosis and treatment of TOS increase, radiologists will increasingly encounter the TOS patient after decompression surgery. Recognition of the expected postoperative appearance of these patients is critical, as is an understanding of the imaging findings of potential short- and long-term complications. (©)RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine A Raptis
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (C.A.R., S.S., K.J.F., S.B.) and Division of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Section (R.W.T.), Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sreevathsan Sridhar
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (C.A.R., S.S., K.J.F., S.B.) and Division of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Section (R.W.T.), Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert W Thompson
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (C.A.R., S.S., K.J.F., S.B.) and Division of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Section (R.W.T.), Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kathryn J Fowler
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (C.A.R., S.S., K.J.F., S.B.) and Division of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Section (R.W.T.), Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sanjeev Bhalla
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (C.A.R., S.S., K.J.F., S.B.) and Division of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Section (R.W.T.), Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110
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Takeuchi M, Aoyama M, Wakao N, Tawada Y, Kamiya M, Osuka K, Matsuo N, Takayasu M. Prevalence of C7 level anomalies at the C7 level: an important landmark for cervical nerve ultrasonography. Acta Radiol 2016; 57:318-24. [PMID: 25838451 DOI: 10.1177/0284185115579078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, various examination and intervention techniques using cervical nerve ultrasonography have been developed. The specific shapes of the C7 transverse process and vertebral artery in front of the C7 transverse process have become landmarks. PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of anomalies and anomalous vertebral artery entrances at the C7 transverse process. MATERIAL AND METHODS The records of patients who underwent plain or contrast-enhanced neck or cervical spine computed tomography (CT) were reviewed. The examinations were scored for the anomalous presence of anterior tubercles or cervical ribs as well as vertebral artery entrances in the C7 transverse process. The prevalence of anomalies was compared based on patient sex and age. RESULTS Evaluating the examinations from 2067 patients (1046 men; 1021 women), 1% of patients exhibited an anomalous presence of anterior tubercles, and 0.3% of patients displayed cervical ribs at the C7 transverse process. The prevalence of anomalies process was significantly higher in men aged less than 40 years than in older men (P < 0.001), whereas the prevalence was not higher in women aged less than 40 years than in older women. The prevalence of vertebral artery entry into the C7 transverse foramen was 0.6%. CONCLUSION Although an anomalous vertebral artery entry into the C7 transverse foramen was rare, the prevalence of an anomaly at the C7 transverse process was higher in men aged less than 40 years. Therefore, we recommend performing CT in younger men before cervical nerve ultrasonographic intervention to avoid misinterpretations at the cervical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikinobu Takeuchi
- Spine Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoyama
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Wakao
- Spine Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuka Tawada
- Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kamiya
- Spine Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Osuka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masakazu Takayasu
- Spine Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Axial skeletogenesis in human autosomal aneuploidies: A radiographic study of 145 second trimester fetuses. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170:676-87. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kalchiem-Dekel O, Davidesko S, Maimon N. A 64-year old woman with right hand swelling and paresthesia. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26:e59-60. [PMID: 26233638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Or Kalchiem-Dekel
- Department of Medicine B, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Sharon Davidesko
- Department of Medicine B, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nimrod Maimon
- Department of Medicine B, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Freehand three-dimensional ultrasound system for assessment of scoliosis. J Orthop Translat 2015; 3:123-133. [PMID: 30035049 PMCID: PMC5982385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Standing radiograph with Cobb's method is routinely used to diagnose scoliosis, a medical condition defined as a lateral spine curvature > 10° with concordant vertebral rotation. However, radiation hazard and two-dimensional (2-D) viewing of 3-D anatomy restrict the application of radiograph in scoliosis examination. Methods In this study, a freehand 3-D ultrasound system was developed for the radiation-free assessment of scoliosis. Bony landmarks of the spine were manually extracted from a series of ultrasound images with their spatial information recorded to form a 3-D spine model for measuring its curvature. To validate its feasibility, in vivo measurements were conducted in 28 volunteers (age: 28.0 ± 13.0 years, 9 males and 19 females). A significant linear correlation (R2 = 0.86; p < 0.001) was found between the spine curvatures as measured by Cobb's method and the 3-D ultrasound imaging with transverse process and superior articular process as landmarks. The intra- and interobserver tests indicated that the proposed method is repeatable. Results The 3-D ultrasound method using bony landmarks tended to underestimate the deformity, and a proper scaling is required. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated the feasibility of the freehand 3-D ultrasound system to assess scoliosis in the standing posture with the proposed methods and 3-D spine profile. Conclusion Further studies are required to understand the variations that exist between the ultrasound and radiograph results with a larger number of volunteers, and to demonstrate its potential clinical applications for monitoring of scoliosis patients. Through further clinical trials and development, the reported 3-D ultrasound imaging system can potentially be used for scoliosis mass screening and frequent monitoring of progress and treatment outcome because of its radiation-free and easy accessibility feature.
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Bilateral cervical ribs in a Dobermann Pinscher. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28:145-50. [PMID: 25650786 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-14-07-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old intact female Doberman Pinscher was presented with the complaint of non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Clinical and neurological examination revealed a caudal cervical spinal cord disfunction (C6-T2 spinal cord segments). Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic (CT) findings of the cervical spine were consistent with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM). During the diagnostic work-up for the cervical spine, bilateral bone anomalies involving the seventh cervical vertebra and the first ribs were found on radiographs and CT examination. The rib anomalies found in this dog appear similar to cervical ribs widely described in human medicine. In people, cervical ribs are associated with a high rate of stillbirth, early childhood cancer, and can cause the thoracic outlet syndrome, characterized by neurovascular compression at level of superior aperture of the chest. In dogs, only some sporadic anatomopathological descriptions of cervical ribs exist. In this report the radiographic and CT findings of these particular vertebral and rib anomalies along with their relationships with adjacent vasculature and musculature are shown intravitam in a dog. Specific radiographic and CT findings described in this report may help in reaching a presumptive diagnosis of this anomaly. Finally, their clinical and evolutionary significance are discussed.
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31
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Buchholtz EA, Wayrynen KL, Lin IW. Breaking constraint: axial patterning in Trichechus (Mammalia: Sirenia). Evol Dev 2014; 16:382-93. [PMID: 25339599 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Meristic variation is often limited in serially homologous systems with high internal differentiation and high developmental modularity. The mammalian neck, an extreme example, has a fixed (at seven) count of diversely specialized segments. Imposition of the mammalian cervical constraint has been tentatively linked to the origin of the diaphragm, which is muscularized by cells that migrate from cervical somites during development. With six cervical vertebrae, the genus Trichechus (manatee) has apparently broken this constraint, although the mechanism of constraint escape is unknown. Hypotheses for the developmental origin of Trichechus cervical morphology include cervical rib 7 repatterning, a primaxial/abaxial patterning shift, and local homeosis at the cervical/thoracic boundary. We tested predictions of these hypotheses by documenting vertebral morphology, axial ossification patterns, regionalization of the postcranial skeleton, and the relationship of thoracic ribs to sternal subunits in a large data set of fetal and adult Trichechus and Dugong specimens. These observations forced rejection of all three hypotheses. We propose alternatively that a global slowing of the rate of somitogenesis reduced somite count and disrupted alignment of Hox-generated anatomical markers relative to somite (and vertebral) boundaries throughout the Trichechus column. This hypothesis is consistent with observations of the full range of traditional cervical morphologies in the six cervical vertebrae, conserved postcranial proportions, and column-wide reduction in count relative to its sister taxon, Dugong. It also suggests that the origin of the mammalian cervical constraint lies in patterning, not in count, and that Trichechus and the tree sloths have broken the constraint using different developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Buchholtz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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Tzou CH, Paternostro-Sluga T, Frey M, Aszmann OC. Can obstetrical brachial plexus palsy be caused by a cervical rib? Eur Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-014-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chandak S, Kumar A. Usefulness of 3D CT in Diagnosis of Cervical Rib Presenting as Supraclavicular Swelling of Short Duration. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:RD01-2. [PMID: 24995230 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/7977.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This is a unique case of cervical rib since the patient presented as a firm neck swelling of short duration which was clinically palpable as a superficial neck mass and referred for FNAC for the same. Since FNAC did not yield any positive result, the patient was then referred for CT which showed bilateral cervical ribs with pseudoarticulation with the 1(st) thoracic rib on the right side which is quite rare. The clinical importance of our case is to keep in mind a differential diagnosis of cervical rib in firm to hard clinically palpable posterior triangle neck masses. It is also important to diagnose cervical ribs in patients undergoing CT of the neck since they are under reported as determined in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Chandak
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, TMMC&RC , Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Assistant Professor,Department of Pathology, TMMC&RC , Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Weber AE, Criado E. Relevance of Bone Anomalies in Patients with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 2014; 28:924-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rios L, Muñoz A, Cardoso H, Pastor F. Short communication: Traits unique to genus Homo within primates at the cervical spine (C2-C7). Ann Anat 2014; 196:167-73. [PMID: 24439363 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From a comparative study of 222 human and 261 nonhuman primates complete cervical spines, two bony variants associated to the course of the vertebral artery are proposed as unique to genus Homo within primates. First, the opening of the foramen transversarium at C2, a trait present at low frequency in humans (3 to 5.6%). Second, the presence of a bipartite foramen transversarium in the cervical segment C3-C6, a trait that can be observed fully formed in human fetal skeletons, with a clear frequency pattern along the cervical spine (C3>C4>C5>C6
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rios
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Society of Sciences Aranzadi, Donostia 20014, Basque Country, Spain; Comisión Docente de Antropología Física, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Muñoz
- Comisión Docente de Antropología Física, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Hugo Cardoso
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Education Building 9635, 8888 University Dr. Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Francisco Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47003, Spain
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Connor SEJ, Shah A, Latifoltojar H, Lung P. MRI-based anatomical landmarks for the identification of thoracic vertebral levels. Clin Radiol 2013; 68:1260-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S E J Connor
- Neuroradiology Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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Baumer P, Kele H, Kretschmer T, Koenig R, Pedro M, Bendszus M, Pham M. Thoracic outlet syndrome in 3T MR neurography-fibrous bands causing discernible lesions of the lower brachial plexus. Eur Radiol 2013; 24:756-61. [PMID: 24272223 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-3060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether targeted magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) of the brachial plexus can visualise fibrous bands compressing the brachial plexus and directly detect injury in plexus nerve fascicles. METHODS High-resolution MRN was employed in 30 patients with clinical suspicion of either true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) or non-specific TOS. The protocol for the brachial plexus included a SPACE (3D turbo spin echo with variable flip angle) STIR (short tau inversion recovery), a sagittal-oblique T2-weighted (T2W) SPAIR (spectral adiabatic inversion recovery) and a 3D PDW (proton density weighted) SPACE. Images were evaluated for anatomical anomalies compressing the brachial plexus and for abnormal T2W signal within plexus elements. Patients with abnormal MR imaging findings underwent surgical exploration. RESULTS Seven out of 30 patients were identified with unambiguous morphological correlates of TOS. These were verified by surgical exploration. Correlates included fibrous bands (n = 5) and pseudarthrosis or synostosis of ribs (n = 2). Increased T2W signal was detected within compressed plexus portion (C8 spinal nerve, inferior trunk, or medial cord) and confirmed the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The clinical suspicion of TOS can be diagnostically confirmed by MRN. Entrapment of plexus structures by subtle anatomical anomalies such as fibrous bands can be visualised and relevant compression can be confirmed by increased T2W signal of compromised plexus elements. KEY POINTS • MR neurography (MRN) can aid the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). • Identifiable causes of TOS in MRN include fibrous bands and bony anomalies. • Increased T2W signal within brachial plexus elements indicate relevant nerve compression. • High positive predictive value allows confident and targeted indication for surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baumer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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Walden MJ, Adin ME, Visagan R, Viertel VG, Intrapiromkul J, Maluf F, Patel NV, Alluwaimi F, Lin D, Yousem DM. Cervical ribs: identification on MRI and clinical relevance. Clin Imaging 2013; 37:938-41. [PMID: 23759210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of cervical ribs on cervical spine MRI and clinical relevance, we reviewed 2500 studies for cervical ribs and compression of neurovascular structures and compared to CT, when available. Brachial plexus or subclavian artery contact by cervical rib was identified on MRI and/or CT in 12 cases with diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome in one. Cervical ribs were identified on 1.2% (25/2083) of examinations, lower than on CT (2%), but MRI may offer equivalent anatomic explanation for patient symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Walden
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
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Klaassen Z, Sorenson E, Tubbs RS, Arya R, Meloy P, Shah R, Shirk S, Loukas M. Thoracic outlet syndrome: a neurological and vascular disorder. Clin Anat 2013; 27:724-32. [PMID: 23716186 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition arising from compression of the subclavian vessels and/or brachial plexus as the structures travel from the thoracic outlet to the axilla. Despite the significant pathology associated with TOS, there remains some general disagreement among experts on the specific anatomy, etiology, and pathophysiology of the condition, presumably because of the wide variation in symptoms that manifest in presenting patients, and because of lack of a definitive gold standard for diagnosis. Symptoms associated with TOS have traditionally been divided into vascular and neurogenic categories, a distinction based on the underlying structure(s) implicated. Of the two, neurogenic TOS (nTOS) is more common, and typically presents as compression of the brachial plexus; primarily, but not exclusively, involving its lower trunk. Vascular TOS (vTOS) usually involves compression of the vessel, most commonly the subclavian artery or vein, or is secondary to thrombus formation in the venous vasculature. Any anatomical anomaly in the thoracic outlet has the potential to predispose a patient to TOS. Common anomalies include variations in the insertion of the anterior scalene muscle (ASM) or scalenus minimus muscle, the presence of a cervical rib or of fibrous and muscular bands, variations in insertion of pectoralis minor, and the presence of neurovascular structures, which follow an atypical course. A common diagnostic technique for vTOS is duplex imaging, which has generally replaced more invasive angiographic techniques. In cases of suspected nTOS, electrophysiological nerve studies and ASM blocks provide guidance when screening for patients likely to benefit from surgical decompression of TOS. Surgeons generally agree that the transaxillary approach allows the greatest field of view for first rib excision to relieve compressed vessels. Alternatively, a supraclavicular approach is favored for scalenotomies when the ASM impinges on surrounding structures. A combined supraclavicular and infraclavicular approach is preferred when a larger field of view is required. The future of TOS management must emphasize the improvement of available diagnostic and treatment techniques, and the development of a consensus gold standard for diagnosis. Helical computed tomography offers a three-dimensional view of the thoracic outlet, and may be valuable in the detection of anatomical variations, which may predispose patients to TOS. This review summarizes the history of TOS, the pertinent clinical and anatomical presentations of TOS, and the commonly used diagnostic and treatment techniques for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Klaassen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
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Ibrahim DA, Myung KS, Skaggs DL. Ten percent of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis have variations in the number of thoracic or lumbar vertebrae. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:828-33. [PMID: 23636190 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveys have demonstrated that wrong-site surgery of the spine is performed by up to 50% of spine surgeons over the course of a career. Inaccurate identification of appropriate vertebral levels is a common reason for wrong-site spine surgery. The present study examined the prevalence of variations in the number of vertebrae in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS A retrospective review of radiographs and reports of 364 consecutive patients undergoing operative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at a single center was performed. The study included eighty-eight male patients (24%) and 276 female patients (76%) with a mean age of fourteen years (range, ten to twenty years). Radiographs were reviewed to assess the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the presence of a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. RESULTS Ten percent of the patients (thirty-eight) had an atypical number of vertebrae in the thoracic and/or lumbar spine. Twenty-one patients (5.8%) had an atypical number of thoracic vertebrae, with fourteen having eleven thoracic vertebrae and seven patients having thirteen. Twenty-four patients (6.6%) had an atypical number of lumbar vertebrae, with four having four lumbar vertebrae and twenty patients having six. A lumbosacral transitional vertebra was present in 6.3% (twenty-three) of the patients. Multilevel vertebral anomalies were present in 1.9% of the patients (seven of 364). A variation in the number of vertebrae had been identified in 0.5% (two) of the reports by the radiologist. CONCLUSIONS Variations in the number of thoracic or lumbar vertebrae were found in 10% of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis but had been identified in only 0.5% of the radiology reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ibrahim
- Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Verna E, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Chaumoitre K, Bartoli C, Leonetti G, Adalian P. Discrete Traits of the Sternum and Ribs: A Useful Contribution to Identification in Forensic Anthropology and Medicine. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:571-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Verna
- UMR 6578-Unité d'Anthropologie Bioculturelle; CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée-EFS; Faculté de Médecine-Secteur Nord; CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard; 13344; Marseille Cedex 15; France
| | | | | | | | | | - Pascal Adalian
- UMR 6578-Unité d'Anthropologie Bioculturelle; CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée-EFS; Faculté de Médecine-Secteur Nord; CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard; 13344; Marseille Cedex 15; France
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Chan KH, Gitomer SA, Perkins JN, Liang C, Strain JD. Clinical presentation of cervical ribs in the pediatric population. J Pediatr 2013; 162:635-6. [PMID: 23219244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cervical ribs may cause thoracic outlet syndrome in adults, but symptoms are poorly described in children. In our series, 88.8% of the 322 children were asymptomatic. The most common symptoms were neck mass and pain. Useful diagnostic tools were cervical spine and chest radiographs. Differential diagnosis of a supraclavicular mass includes cervical ribs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny H Chan
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Ten Broek CMA, Bakker AJ, Varela-Lasheras I, Bugiani M, Van Dongen S, Galis F. Evo-Devo of the Human Vertebral Column: On Homeotic Transformations, Pathologies and Prenatal Selection. Evol Biol 2012; 39:456-471. [PMID: 23226903 PMCID: PMC3514701 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-012-9196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Homeotic transformations of vertebrae are particularly common in humans and tend to come associated with malformations in a wide variety of organ systems. In a dataset of 1,389 deceased human foetuses and infants a majority had cervical ribs and approximately half of these individuals also had missing twelfth ribs or lumbar ribs. In ~10 % of all cases there was an additional shift of the lumbo-sacral boundary and, hence, homeotic transformations resulted in shifts of at least three vertebral boundaries. We found a strong coupling between the abnormality of the vertebral patterns and the amount and strength of associated malformations, i.e., the longer the disturbance of the vertebral patterning has lasted, the more associated malformations have developed and the more organ systems are affected. The germ layer of origin of the malformations was not significantly associated with the frequency of vertebral patterns. In contrast, we find significant associations with the different developmental mechanisms that are involved in the causation of the malformations, that is, segmentation, neural crest development, left-right patterning, etc. Our results, thus, suggest that locally perceived developmental signals are more important for the developmental outcome than the origin of the cells. The low robustness of vertebral A-P patterning apparent from the large number of homeotic transformations is probably caused by the strong interactivity of developmental processes and the low redundancy of involved morphogens during early organogenesis. Additionally, the early irreversibility of the specification of the A-P identity of vertebrae probably adds to the vulnerability of the process by limiting the possibility for recovery from developmental disturbances. The low developmental robustness of vertebral A-P patterning contrasts with a high robustness of the A-P patterning of the vertebral regions. Not only the order is invariable, also the variation in the number of vertebrae per region is small. This robustness is in agreement with the evolutionary stability of vertebral regions in tetrapods. Finally, we propose a new hypothesis regarding the constancy of the presacral number of vertebrae in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Ten Broek
- Group of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium ; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
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Viertel VG, Intrapiromkul J, Maluf F, Patel NV, Zheng W, Alluwaimi F, Walden MJ, Belzberg A, Yousem DM. Cervical ribs: a common variant overlooked in CT imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:2191-4. [PMID: 22790240 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cervical ribs are congenital variants that are known to cause TOS or brachial plexopathy in up to 10% of the affected individuals. We investigated how often cervical ribs are present on cervical spine CT scans to determine the incidence in humans and the percentage of reported cervical ribs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cervical spine CT scans and the reports of 3404 consecutive adult patients were retrospectively reviewed to determine the presence of cervical ribs and whether they had been reported. RESULTS Cervical ribs were found in 2.0% (67/3404) of the population. Of the 67 patients with cervical ribs, 27 (40.3%) had bilateral ribs. The prevalence of cervical ribs in women was twice that in men, 2.8% (39/1414) versus 1.4% (28/1990). Although African Americans accounted for 50.1% (1706/3404) and whites, 41.2% (1402/3404) of the patient population, African Americans were 70.1% (47/67) of patients with cervical ribs, whereas whites were 26.9% (18/67). Radiologists commented on 25.5% (24/94) of the cervical ribs in 25.4% (27/67) of patients. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of cervical ribs in the human population has been a source of uncertainty due to the degree of difficulty that comes in detecting this often subtle congenital variation. In our sample, the prevalence was 2.0% of patients. Our study determined that cervical ribs are underreported in patients undergoing cervical spine CT. Given the potential clinical implications of these anatomic variants, neuroradiologists must be more meticulous in identifying cervical ribs when reviewing cervical spine CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Viertel
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Thawait GK, Chhabra A, Carrino JA. Spine segmentation and enumeration and normal variants. Radiol Clin North Am 2012; 50:587-98. [PMID: 22643386 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of spine segmentation and enumeration. This important and relatively underappreciated issue, when neglected, frequently results in confusion in vertebral numbering and ultimately may result in wrong segment interventions. The authors supplement this topic with a discussion of normal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Thawait
- Musculoskeletal Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Sparrow DB, Chapman G, Smith AJ, Mattar MZ, Major JA, O'Reilly VC, Saga Y, Zackai EH, Dormans JP, Alman BA, McGregor L, Kageyama R, Kusumi K, Dunwoodie SL. A mechanism for gene-environment interaction in the etiology of congenital scoliosis. Cell 2012; 149:295-306. [PMID: 22484060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital scoliosis, a lateral curvature of the spine caused by vertebral defects, occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. Here we demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of Notch signaling pathway genes in humans can cause this congenital abnormality. We also show that in a mouse model, the combination of this genetic risk factor with an environmental condition (short-term gestational hypoxia) significantly increases the penetrance and severity of vertebral defects. We demonstrate that hypoxia disrupts FGF signaling, leading to a temporary failure of embryonic somitogenesis. Our results potentially provide a mechanism for the genesis of a host of common sporadic congenital abnormalities through gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Lindley EM, Botolin S, Burger EL, Patel VV. Unusual spine anatomy contributing to wrong level spine surgery: a case report and recommendations for decreasing the risk of preventable 'never events'. Patient Saf Surg 2011; 5:33. [PMID: 22168745 PMCID: PMC3259034 DOI: 10.1186/1754-9493-5-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wrong site surgery is one of five surgical "Never Events," which include performing surgery on the incorrect side or incorrect site, performing the wrong procedure, performing surgery on the wrong patient, unintended retention of a foreign object in a patient, and intraoperative/immediate postoperative death in an ASA Class I patient. In the spine, wrong site surgery occurs when a procedure is performed on an unintended vertebral level. Despite the efforts of national safety protocols, literature suggests that the risk for wrong level spine surgery remains problematic. CASE PRESENTATION A 34-year-old male was referred to us to evaluate his persistent thoracic pain following right-sided microdiscectomy at T7-8 at an outside institution. Postoperative imaging showed the continued presence of a herniated disc at T7-8 and evidence of a microdiscectomy at the level immediately above. The possibility that wrong level surgery had occurred was discussed with the patient and revision surgery was planned. During surgery, the site of the previous laminectomy was clearly visualized; however, we also experienced confusion when verifying the level of the previous surgery. We ultimately used the previous laminectomy site as a landmark for identifying and treating the correct pathologic level. Postoperative consultation with Musculoskeletal Radiology revealed the patient had two abnormalities in his spinal anatomy that made intraoperative counting of levels inaccurate, including a pair of cervical ribs at C7 and the absence of a pair of thoracic ribs. CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of strict adherence to a preoperative method of vertebral labeling that focuses on the landmarks used to label a pathologic disc space, rather than simply relying on the reference to a particular level. That is, by designating the pathological level as the disc space associated with the fourth rib up from the last rib-bearing vertebrae, rather than calling it "T7-8", then the correct level can be found intraoperatively even in the case of abnormal segmentation. We recommend working closely with radiology during preoperative planning to identify unusual anatomy that may have been overlooked. We also recommend that radiology colleagues use the same system of identifying pathological levels when dictating their reports. Together, these strategies can reduce the risk of wrong level surgery and increase patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Lindley
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO, USA
| | - Sergiu Botolin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO, USA
| | - Evalina L Burger
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO, USA
| | - Vikas V Patel
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO, USA
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Lo CNC, Bukry SA, Alsuleman S, Simon JV. Systematic review: The effectiveness of physical treatments on thoracic outlet syndrome in reducing clinical symptoms. Hong Kong Physiother J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hkpj.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Bots J, Wijnaendts LCD, Delen S, Van Dongen S, Heikinheimo K, Galis F. Analysis of cervical ribs in a series of human fetuses. J Anat 2011; 219:403-9. [PMID: 21689099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, an increasing body of evidence has linked the frequency of cervical ribs to stillbirths, other malformations and early childhood cancers. However, the frequency of cervical ribs in a putatively healthy fetal population is not sufficiently known to assess the actual medical risks of these prenatal findings. We therefore analyzed the presence of skeletal anomalies in a series of 199 electively aborted fetuses, which were whole-mount stained with alizarin red specific for skeletal tissues. Results show that approximately 40% of the fetuses had cervical ribs, even though external congenital abnormalities such as craniofacial and limb defects were absent. A literature overview indicates that the observed frequency of cervical ribs is comparable to results previously obtained for deceased fetuses with no or minor congenital anomalies, and higher than expected for healthy fetuses. This unexpected result can probably in part be explained by a higher detection rate of small cervical ribs when using alizarin red staining instead of radiographs. Additionally, studies in the literature suggest that the size of a cervical rib may indicate the severity of abnormalities, but this possibility requires further research. Anomalies of the axial skeleton are known to be caused by a disturbance of early development, which alters Hox gene expression, but in this study the origin of the stress could not be verified as maternal medical data were not available. The co-occurrence of rudimentary or absent 12th ribs in 23.6% of the cases with cervical ribs indicates that in approximately 8% of the fetuses a homeotic shift occurred over a larger part of the vertebral column. This suggests that the expression of multiple Hox genes may have been affected in these fetuses. Together, the high incidence of cervical ribs and also their co-occurrence with rudimentary or absent 12th ribs suggests that there may have been a disturbance of early development such that the studied fetuses are probably not informative about the general population. Future studies determining the frequency of cervical ribs in a more healthy fetal population are therefore needed to evaluate their potential as an indicator of medical risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bots
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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