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Das N, Panda D, Gajendra S, Gupta R, Thakral D, Kaur G, Khan A, Singh VK, Vemprala A, Bakhshi S, Seth R, Sahoo RK, Sharma A, Rai S, Prajapati VK, Singh S. Immunophenotypic characterization of leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia using single tube 10-colour panel by multiparametric flow cytometry: Deciphering the spectrum, complexity and immunophenotypic heterogeneity. Int J Lab Hematol 2024; 46:646-656. [PMID: 38456256 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite extensive research, comprehensive characterization of leukaemic stem cells (LSC) and information on their immunophenotypic differences from normal haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is lacking. Herein, we attempted to unravel the immunophenotypic (IPT) characteristics and heterogeneity of LSC using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) and single-cell sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone marrow aspirate samples from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were evaluated using MFC at diagnostic and post induction time points using a single tube-10-colour-panel containing LSC-associated antibodies CD123, CD45RA, CD44, CD33 and COMPOSITE (CLL-1, TIM-3, CD25, CD11b, CD22, CD7, CD56) with backbone markers that is, CD45, CD34, CD38, CD117, sCD3. Single-cell sequencing of the whole transcriptome was also done in a bone marrow sample. RESULTS LSCs and HSCs were identified in 225/255 (88.2%) and 183/255 (71.6%) samples, respectively. Significantly higher expression was noted for COMPOSITE, CD45RA, CD123, CD33, and CD44 in LSCs than HSCs (p < 0.0001). On comparing the LSC specific antigen expressions between CD34+ (n = 184) and CD34- LSCs (n = 41), no difference was observed between the groups. More than one sub-population of LSC was demonstrated in 4.4% of cases, which further revealed high concordance between MFC and single cell transcriptomic analysis in one of the cases displaying three LSC subpopulations by both methods. CONCLUSION A single tube-10-colour MFC panel is proposed as an easy and reproducible tool to identify and discriminate LSCs from HSCs. LSCs display both inter- and intra-sample heterogeneity in terms of antigen expressions, which opens the facets for single cell molecular analysis to elucidate the role of subpopulations of LSCs in AML progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Das
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Devasis Panda
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Smeeta Gajendra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepshi Thakral
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Aafreen Khan
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Arushi Vemprala
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Seth
- Department of Paediatrics, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Rai
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Saroj Singh
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Zhou J, Chng WJ. Unveiling novel insights in acute myeloid leukemia through single-cell RNA sequencing. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1365330. [PMID: 38711849 PMCID: PMC11070491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1365330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex and heterogeneous group of aggressive hematopoietic stem cell disease. The presence of diverse and functionally distinct populations of leukemia cells within the same patient's bone marrow or blood poses a significant challenge in diagnosing and treating AML. A substantial proportion of AML patients demonstrate resistance to induction chemotherapy and a grim prognosis upon relapse. The rapid advance in next generation sequencing technologies, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), has revolutionized our understanding of AML pathogenesis by enabling high-resolution interrogation of the cellular heterogeneity in the AML ecosystem, and their transcriptional signatures at a single-cell level. New studies have successfully characterized the inextricably intertwined interactions among AML cells, immune cells and bone marrow microenvironment and their contributions to the AML development, therapeutic resistance and relapse. These findings have deepened and broadened our understanding the complexity and heterogeneity of AML, which are difficult to detect with bulk RNA-seq. This review encapsulates the burgeoning body of knowledge generated through scRNA-seq, providing the novel insights and discoveries it has unveiled in AML biology. Furthermore, we discuss the potential implications of scRNA-seq in therapeutic opportunities, focusing on immunotherapy. Finally, we highlight the current limitations and future direction of scRNA-seq in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore (NCIS), The National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Jin W, Dai Y, Chen L, Zhu H, Dong F, Zhu H, Meng G, Li J, Chen S, Chen Z, Fang H, Wang K. Cellular hierarchy insights reveal leukemic stem-like cells and early death risk in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1423. [PMID: 38365836 PMCID: PMC10873341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) represents a paradigm for targeted differentiation therapy, with a minority of patients experiencing treatment failure and even early death. We here report a comprehensive single-cell analysis of 16 APL patients, uncovering cellular compositions and their impact on all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) response in vivo and early death. We unveil a cellular differentiation hierarchy within APL blasts, rooted in leukemic stem-like cells. The oncogenic PML/RARα fusion protein exerts branch-specific regulation in the APL trajectory, including stem-like cells. APL cohort analysis establishes an association of leukemic stemness with elevated white blood cell counts and FLT3-ITD mutations. Furthermore, we construct an APL-specific stemness score, which proves effective in assessing early death risk. Finally, we show that ATRA induces differentiation of primitive blasts and patients with early death exhibit distinct stemness-associated transcriptional programs. Our work provides a thorough survey of APL cellular hierarchies, offering insights into cellular dynamics during targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuting Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Honghu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Fangyi Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongming Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junmin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Saijuan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hai Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Kankan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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4
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Quagliano A, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Barwe SP. Tetraspanins set the stage for bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection in hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4403-4413. [PMID: 37561544 PMCID: PMC10432613 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, relapse still remains a consistent issue. One of the primary contributors to relapse is the bone marrow microenvironment providing a sanctuary to malignant cells. These cells interact with bone marrow components such as osteoblasts and stromal cells, extracellular matrix proteins, and soluble factors. These interactions, mediated by the cell surface proteins like cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), induce intracellular signaling that leads to the development of bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection (BMC). Although extensive study has gone into these CAMs, including the development of targeted therapies, very little focus in hematologic malignancies has been put on a family of cell surface proteins that are just as important for mediating bone marrow interactions: the transmembrane 4 superfamily (tetraspanins; TSPANs). TSPANs are known to be important mediators of microenvironmental interactions and metastasis based on numerous studies in solid tumors. Recently, evidence of their possible role in hematologic malignancies, specifically in the regulation of cellular adhesion, bone marrow homing, intracellular signaling, and stem cell dynamics in malignant hematologic cells has come to light. Many of these effects are facilitated by associations with CAMs and other receptors on the cell surface in TSPAN-enriched microdomains. This could suggest that TSPANs play an important role in mediating BMC in hematologic malignancies and could be used as therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss TSPAN structure and function in hematologic cells, their interactions with different cell surface and signaling proteins, and possible ways to target/inhibit their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Quagliano
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Sonali P. Barwe
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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5
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Bhattacharjee R, Ghosh S, Nath A, Basu A, Biswas O, Patil CR, Kundu CN. Theragnostic strategies harnessing the self-renewal pathways of stem-like cells in the acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 177:103753. [PMID: 35803452 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous and aggressive cancer of the Hematopoietic Stem/progenitor cells. It is distinguished by the uncontrollable clonal growth of malignant myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow, venous blood, and other body tissues. AML is the most predominant of leukemias occurring in adults (25%) and children (15-20%). The relapse after chemotherapy is a major concern in the treatment of AML. The overall 5-year survival rate in young AML patients is about 40-45% whereas in the elderly patients it is less than 10%. Leukemia stem-like cells (LSCs) having the ability to self-renew indefinitely, repopulate and persist longer in the G0/G1 phase play a crucial role in the AML relapse and refractoriness to chemotherapy. Hence, novel treatment strategies and diagnostic biomarkers targeting LSCs are being increasingly investigated. Through this review, we have explored the signaling modulations in the LSCs as the theragnostic targets. The significance of the self-renewal pathways in overcoming the treatment challenges in AML has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharjee
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sharad Ghosh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Arijit Nath
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Asmita Basu
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ojaswi Biswas
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Chandragauda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, DIPSAR, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Barreto IV, Pessoa FMCDP, Machado CB, Pantoja LDC, Ribeiro RM, Lopes GS, Amaral de Moraes ME, de Moraes Filho MO, de Souza LEB, Burbano RMR, Khayat AS, Moreira-Nunes CA. Leukemic Stem Cell: A Mini-Review on Clinical Perspectives. Front Oncol 2022; 12:931050. [PMID: 35814466 PMCID: PMC9270022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.931050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known for their ability to proliferate and self-renew, thus being responsible for sustaining the hematopoietic system and residing in the bone marrow (BM). Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are recognized by their stemness features such as drug resistance, self-renewal, and undifferentiated state. LSCs are also present in BM, being found in only 0.1%, approximately. This makes their identification and even their differentiation difficult since, despite the mutations, they are cells that still have many similarities with HSCs. Although the common characteristics, LSCs are heterogeneous cells and have different phenotypic characteristics, genetic mutations, and metabolic alterations. This whole set of alterations enables the cell to initiate the process of carcinogenesis, in addition to conferring drug resistance and providing relapses. The study of LSCs has been evolving and its application can help patients, where through its count as a biomarker, it can indicate a prognostic factor and reveal treatment results. The selection of a target to LSC therapy is fundamental. Ideally, the target chosen should be highly expressed by LSCs, highly selective, absence of expression on other cells, in particular HSC, and preferentially expressed by high numbers of patients. In view of the large number of similarities between LSCs and HSCs, it is not surprising that current treatment approaches are limited. In this mini review we seek to describe the immunophenotypic characteristics and mechanisms of resistance presented by LSCs, also approaching possible alternatives for the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Valentim Barreto
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Caio Bezerra Machado
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Laudreísa da Costa Pantoja
- Department of Pediatrics, Octávio Lobo Children’s Hospital, Belém, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Ceará State University, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Fortaleza, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes,
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7
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Long NA, Golla U, Sharma A, Claxton DF. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells: Origin, Characteristics, and Clinical Implications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1211-1226. [PMID: 35050458 PMCID: PMC10942736 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The stem cells of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are the malignancy initiating cells whose survival ultimately drives growth of these lethal diseases. Here we review leukemia stem cell (LSC) biology, particularly as it relates to the very heterogeneous nature of AML and to its high disease relapse rate. Leukemia ontogeny is presented, and the defining functional and phenotypic features of LSCs are explored. Surface and metabolic phenotypes of these cells are described, particularly those that allow distinction from features of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Opportunities for use of this information for improving therapy for this challenging group of diseases is highlighted, and we explore the clinical needs which may be addressed by emerging LSC data. Finally, we discuss current gaps in the scientific understanding of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Arati Sharma
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David F Claxton
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Next-Generation Therapies, 500 University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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8
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Mayer IM, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Sexl V, Doma E. Isolation, Maintenance and Expansion of Adult Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Leukemic Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071723. [PMID: 35406494 PMCID: PMC8996967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transplantation of adult hematopoietic stem cells is an important therapeutic tool to help patients suffering from diverse hematological disorders. All types of blood cells can develop from a single hematopoietic stem cell underlining their enormous potential. Intense efforts are ongoing to generate “engraftable” human hematopoietic stem cells to treat hematopoietic diseases and to understand the molecular machinery driving them. Leukemic stem cells represent a low frequency subpopulation of leukemia cells that possess stem cell properties. They can instigate, maintain, and serially propagate leukemia in vivo, while they retain the capacity to differentiate into committed progenitors. Leukemic stem cells are unaffected by many therapeutic strategies and represent the major cause of relapse. We here describe all methods to maintain and expand murine and human hematopoietic cells in culture and describe their specific advantages. These methods are also employed to understand the biology of leukemic stem cells and to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, self-renewing cells that perch on top of the hematopoietic tree. The HSCs ensure the constant supply of mature blood cells in a tightly regulated process producing peripheral blood cells. Intense efforts are ongoing to optimize HSC engraftment as therapeutic strategy to treat patients suffering from hematopoietic diseases. Preclinical research paves the way by developing methods to maintain, manipulate and expand HSCs ex vivo to understand their regulation and molecular make-up. The generation of a sufficient number of transplantable HSCs is the Holy Grail for clinical therapy. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are characterized by their acquired stem cell characteristics and are responsible for disease initiation, progression, and relapse. We summarize efforts, that have been undertaken to increase the number of long-term (LT)-HSCs and to prevent differentiation towards committed progenitors in ex vivo culture. We provide an overview and compare methods currently available to isolate, maintain and enrich HSC subsets, progenitors and LSCs and discuss their individual advantages and drawbacks.
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9
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Oncogenic tetraspanins: Implications for metastasis, drug resistance, cancer stem cell maintenance and diagnosis of leading cancers in females. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Park B, Park C. Kernel variable selection for multicategory support vector machines. J MULTIVARIATE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2021.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Koh HM, Jang BG, Lee DH, Hyun CL. Increased CD9 expression predicts favorable prognosis in human cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:472. [PMID: 34493282 PMCID: PMC8422728 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD9 is implicated in cancer progression and metastasis by its role in suppressing cancer cell proliferation and survival. However, the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of CD9 expression is controversial. Therefore, the current meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of CD9 expression in cancer patients. Methods Eligible studies were selected through database search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library up to April 5 2020. The necessary data were extracted from the included studies. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of CD9 expression in cancer patients. Results A total of 17 studies consisting of 3456 cancer patients were included in this meta-analysis. An increased CD9 expression was significantly associated with a more favorable overall survival (OS) (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31–0.73, p = 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.30–0.79, p = 0.003). In subgroup analysis of cancer type, an increased CD9 expression was associated with increased OS in breast cancer and digestive system cancer, and with increased DFS in head and neck cancer and leukemia/lymphoma. Additionally, an increased CD9 expression significantly correlated with lower overall stage (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29–0.72, p = 0.001). Conclusion An increased CD9 expression was associated with favorable survival in cancer patients suggesting that CD9 expression could be a valuable survival factor in cancer patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02152-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Koh
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hui Lee
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Lim Hyun
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pathology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Siraj F, Tanwar P, Singh A, Rishi B, Ranjan A, Chopra A, Rai S, Bakhshi S, Misra A. Analysing "tear-drop" prints of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML): immunophenotypic prognostication of APML by FCM. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2021; 11:446-457. [PMID: 34540354 PMCID: PMC8446832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML), although genetically and morphologically distinct from other AML (acute myeloid leukemia) subtypes, is one of the most best responsive acute myeloid leukemia. -Conventional diagnostic methods and morphological hints often fail in the majority of the cases in the peripheral laboratories owing to resource constraints, unavailability of cytogenetic work-up, hypogranular variants, morphological mimicry by AML-monocytic and myelo-monocytic, etc. Flowcytometry (FCM), however, can be utilized as a feasible and reliable immunophenotypic diagnostic and prognostic tool for prompt identification of APML. In order to rapidly and sensitively diagnose APML we intended to suggest a cost effective, sensitive FCM panel and also to prognositicate patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study, flowcytometry characteristics of 123 cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia were studied including 40 hypogranular variants. The expression of markers was compared with the Mean flurescent Intensity (MFI) and percent expression of markers. A non-statistical comparison was made with cases of acute monocytic leukemia. The cases were grouped according to their immunophenotype characteristics and expression with comparison of MFI by multivariate logistic regression. The aberrant markers positive at diagnostic and remission flow test were compared with the survival outcomes, and their positive predictive values were calculated. RESULTS The most common feature of side scatter property was the absence of blasts in the window and high side scatter, except hypogranular variants which had low side scatter. Immunophenotypically characterised by positivity for CD117, cMPO, and bright CD33 and CD13 positivity and lack of CD34 and HLA-DR was seen in the majority of APML including hypo-granular variant. We suggest a rapid diagnostic four-tube panel for fast and rapid diagnosis of APML, including hypogranular variants with 100% sensitivity. The study also identified six groups of immunophenotypes with significant prediction values of APML, including hypogranular variants. The study also highlights CD2, CD56, and CD9 as prognostic markers for acute promyelocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Siraj
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital CampusAnsari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, DR B R A IRCH, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Amitabh Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, VMMC and Safdarjung HospitalAnsari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavika Rishi
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital CampusAnsari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Amar Ranjan
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, DR B R A IRCH, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, DR B R A IRCH, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Rai
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, DR B R A IRCH, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, DR B R A IRCH, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Aroonima Misra
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital CampusAnsari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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A STAT5B-CD9 axis determines self-renewal in hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells. Blood 2021; 138:2347-2359. [PMID: 34320169 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021010980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B are critical in hematopoiesis and leukemia. They are widely believed to have redundant functions but we describe a unique role for STAT5B in driving the self-renewal of hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells (HSCs/LSCs). We find STAT5B to be specifically activated in HSCs and LSCs, where it induces many genes associated with quiescence and self-renewal, including the surface marker CD9. Levels of CD9 represent a prognostic marker for patients with STAT5-driven leukemia and our findings suggest that anti-CD9 antibodies may be useful in their treatment to target and eliminate LSCs. We show that it is vital to consider STAT5A and STAT5B as distinct entities in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Lahlil R, Scrofani M, Aries A, Hénon P, Drénou B. Differential Expression of the Tetraspanin CD9 in Normal and Leukemic Stem Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040312. [PMID: 33918035 PMCID: PMC8070267 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Before their use in regenerative medicine, stem cells need to be expanded to obtain sufficient cells for the efficient reparation of the injured tissues. This expansion must not affect their integrity. Regarding the role played by different receptors, we observed that, during their expansion, the number of promising pluripotent stem cells found in adult tissues, i.e., very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), which express the CD9 receptor, decreased. This is due to their higher mortality rate compared to that of those not expressing CD9, which can lead to low regenerative efficiency for injured tissues. Interestingly, this could be overcome by the addition of a specific growth factor, allowing the re-establishment of their function. Finally, we found that the expression of this receptor is also deregulated in cells phenotypically identical to VSELs isolated from leukemic patients, which attests to the instability of its expression and may explain disease progression. Abstract CD9 plays a crucial role in cellular growth, mobility, and signal transduction, as well as in hematological malignancy. In myeloid neoplasms, CD9 is involved in the altered interactions between leukemic and stromal cells. However, apart from its role in CD34+ progenitors and myeloid and megakaryocytic differentiation, its function in normal and leukemic pluripotent cells has not yet been determined. Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) are promising pluripotent stem cells found in adult tissues that can be developed for safe and efficient regenerative medicine. VSELs express different surface receptors of the highest importance in cell functioning, including CD9, and can be effectively mobilized after organ injury or in leukemic patients. In the present study, we observed that CD9 is among the most expressed receptors in VSELs under steady-state conditions; however, once the VSELs are expanded, CD9+ VSELs decrease and are more apoptotic. CD9– VSELs had no proliferative improvement in vitro compared to those that were CD9+. Interestingly, the addition of SDF-1 induced CD9 expression on the surface of VSELs, as observed by flow cytometry, and improved their migration. In addition, we observed, in the phenotypically identical VSELs present in the peripheral blood of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, compared to healthy subjects, a significantly higher number of CD9+ cells. However, in their hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) counterparts, the expression remained comparable. These results indicate that, likewise, in progenitors and mature cells, CD9 may play an important function in normal and malignant VSELs. This could explain the refractoriness observed by some groups of expanded stem cells to repairing efficiently damaged tissue when used as a source in cell therapies. Understanding the function of the CD9 receptor in normal and malignant CD34+ and VSELs, along with its relationship with the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway, will enable advances in the field of adult pluripotent cell usage in regenerative medicine and in their role in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Lahlil
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation (IRHT), Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d’Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France; (M.S.); (A.A.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maurice Scrofani
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation (IRHT), Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d’Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France; (M.S.); (A.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Anne Aries
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation (IRHT), Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d’Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France; (M.S.); (A.A.); (B.D.)
| | | | - Bernard Drénou
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation (IRHT), Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d’Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France; (M.S.); (A.A.); (B.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Groupe Hospitalier de la Région de Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, Hôpital E. Muller, 20 Avenue de Dr Laennec, 68100 Mulhouse, France
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15
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Liu Y, Wang G, Zhang J, Chen X, Xu H, Heng G, Chen J, Zhao Y, Li J, Ni Y, Zhang Y, Shan J, Qian C. CD9, a potential leukemia stem cell marker, regulates drug resistance and leukemia development in acute myeloid leukemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:86. [PMID: 33494824 PMCID: PMC7836575 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for the initiation, progression, and relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therefore, a therapeutic strategy targeting LSCs is a potential approach to eradicate AML. In this study, we aimed to identify LSC-specific surface markers and uncover the underlying mechanism of AML LSCs. METHODS Microarray gene expression data were used to investigate candidate AML-LSC-specific markers. CD9 expression in AML cell lines, patients with AML, and normal donors was evaluated by flow cytometry (FC). The biological characteristics of CD9-positive (CD9+) cells were analyzed by in vitro proliferation, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, migration, and in vivo xenotransplantation assays. The molecular mechanism involved in CD9+ cell function was investigated by gene expression profiling. The effects of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) on CD9+ cells were analyzed with regard to proliferation, drug resistance, and migration. RESULTS CD9, a cell surface protein, was specifically expressed on AML LSCs but barely detected on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). CD9+ cells exhibit more resistance to chemotherapy drugs and higher migration potential than do CD9-negative (CD9-) cells. More importantly, CD9+ cells possess the ability to reconstitute human AML in immunocompromised mice and promote leukemia growth, suggesting that CD9+ cells define the LSC population. Furthermore, we identified that A2M plays a crucial role in maintaining CD9+ LSC stemness. Knockdown of A2M impairs drug resistance and migration of CD9+ cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CD9 is a new biomarker of AML LSCs and is a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- Center of Biological Therapy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Center of Biological Therapy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiasi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huailong Xu
- Center of Biological Therapy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Heng
- Center of Biological Therapy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yongchun Zhao
- Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Jiatao Li
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanli Ni
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Shan
- Center of Biological Therapy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Cheng Qian
- Center of Biological Therapy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Arnone M, Konantz M, Hanns P, Paczulla Stanger AM, Bertels S, Godavarthy PS, Christopeit M, Lengerke C. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells: The Challenges of Phenotypic Heterogeneity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3742. [PMID: 33322769 PMCID: PMC7764578 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) show highly heterogeneous clinical outcomes. Next to variabilities in patient-specific parameters influencing treatment decisions and outcome, this is due to differences in AML biology. In fact, different genetic drivers may transform variable cells of origin and co-exist with additional genetic lesions (e.g., as observed in clonal hematopoiesis) in a variety of leukemic (sub)clones. Moreover, AML cells are hierarchically organized and contain subpopulations of more immature cells called leukemic stem cells (LSC), which on the cellular level constitute the driver of the disease and may evolve during therapy. This genetic and hierarchical complexity results in a pronounced phenotypic variability, which is observed among AML cells of different patients as well as among the leukemic blasts of individual patients, at diagnosis and during the course of the disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on the heterogeneous landscape of AML surface markers with particular focus on those identifying LSC, and discuss why identification and targeting of this important cellular subpopulation in AML remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Arnone
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.A.); (M.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Martina Konantz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.A.); (M.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.A.); (M.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Anna M. Paczulla Stanger
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.M.P.S.); (S.B.); (P.S.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Sarah Bertels
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.M.P.S.); (S.B.); (P.S.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Parimala Sonika Godavarthy
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.M.P.S.); (S.B.); (P.S.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Maximilian Christopeit
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.M.P.S.); (S.B.); (P.S.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.A.); (M.K.); (P.H.)
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.M.P.S.); (S.B.); (P.S.G.); (M.C.)
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Satlsar ES, Mosleh M, Mehrpouri M. CD9 Is a Very Helpful Marker for Discriminating AML-M3 from HLA-DR-Negative Non-M3 AML. Turk J Haematol 2020; 37:287-289. [PMID: 32517420 PMCID: PMC7702646 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Shahabi Satlsar
- Guilan University of Medical Sciences,School of Paramedical Sciences, Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Rasht, Iran,Thakhte Tavous Pathobiology Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mosleh
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Hematology and Blood Banking Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Mehrpouri
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Karaj, Iran
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Gajendra S. Comment: In Response to "CD9 Is a Very Helpful Marker for Discriminating AML-M3 from HLA-DR-Negative Non-M3 AML". Turk J Haematol 2020; 37:289-290. [PMID: 33236622 PMCID: PMC7702650 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Smeeta Gajendra
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Tetraspanins: useful multifunction proteins for the possible design and development of small-molecule therapeutic tools. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:56-68. [PMID: 33137483 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins constitute a well-conserved superfamily of four-span small membrane proteins (TM4SF), with >30 members in humans, with important roles in numerous mechanisms of cell biology. Moreover, tetraspanins associate with either specific partner proteins or another tetraspanin, generating a network of interactions involved in cell and membrane compartmentalization and having a role in cellular development, proliferation, activation, motility, and membrane fusions. Therefore, tetraspanins are considered regulators of cellular signaling and are often depicted as 'molecular facilitators'. In view of these many physiological functions, it is likely that these molecules are important actors in pathological processes. In this review, we present the main characteristics of this superfamily, providing a more detailed description of some significant representatives and discuss their relevance as potential targets for the design and development of small-molecule therapeutics in different pathologies.
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Tumour-reactive B cells and antibody responses after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2020; 7:15-22. [PMID: 35754458 PMCID: PMC9216635 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
For many high-risk haematologic malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukaemia, the success of therapy relies mainly on invoking a curative antitumour immune response. This can be achieved by inducing a graft-versus-leukaemia response following allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. While the contribution of T cells and natural killer cells to graft-versus-leukaemia responses is established, the contribution of B cells and antibodies is relatively unexplored. This article reviews what is known about the contribution of B cells and tumour-specific antibody responses to a successful graft-versus-leukaemia response leading to eradication of the tumour.
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TSPAN8 as a Novel Emerging Therapeutic Target in Cancer for Monoclonal Antibody Therapy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030388. [PMID: 32138170 PMCID: PMC7175299 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin 8 (TSPAN8) is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily that forms TSPAN8-mediated protein complexes by interacting with themselves and other various cellular signaling molecules. These protein complexes help build tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) that efficiently mediate intracellular signal transduction. In physiological conditions, TSPAN8 plays a vital role in the regulation of biological functions, including leukocyte trafficking, angiogenesis and wound repair. Recently, reports have increasingly shown the functional role and clinical relevance of TSPAN8 overexpression in the progression and metastasis of several cancers. In this review, we will highlight the physiological and pathophysiological roles of TSPAN8 in normal and cancer cells. Additionally, we will cover the current status of monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting TSPAN8 and the importance of TSPAN8 as an emerging therapeutic target in cancers for monoclonal antibody therapy.
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An emerging role of CD9 in stemness and chemoresistance. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4000-4001. [PMID: 31258843 PMCID: PMC6592292 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Touzet L, Dumezy F, Roumier C, Berthon C, Bories C, Quesnel B, Preudhomme C, Boyer T. CD9 in acute myeloid leukemia: Prognostic role and usefulness to target leukemic stem cells. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1279-1288. [PMID: 30740913 PMCID: PMC6434215 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD9 is a cell surface protein and belongs to the tetraspanin family. Its role in carcinomagenesis has been widely studied in solid tumors but remains controversial, depending on the cancer type. Although CD9 seems to be associated with unfavorable outcome and disease progression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), this marker has not yet been studied in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). First, we explored its prognostic role and its association with biological factors in a cohort of 112 AML patients treated with intensive chemotherapy. CD9 was expressed in 40% of AML and was associated with a favorable outcome (event‐free survival and relapse‐free survival) in univariate (P = 0.009 and P = 0.048, respectively) and multivariate (P = 0.004 and P = 0.039, respectively) analyses. Interestingly, CD9 expression was different between the more immature physiologic and AML cells (CD34+CD38−) as it was also expressed in AML on putative leukemic stem cells (LSCs) but not on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Hence, CD9 could be a very relevant marker for minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring in AML based on LSC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Touzet
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Boyer
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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