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Brekke SG, Lucke A, Hasle H, Baad-Hansen T. The significance of surveillance imaging in children with Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 41:273-282. [PMID: 38345039 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2024.2311407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary bone tumors in children and adolescents, while rare, pose significant challenges in diagnosis and management. Children treated for Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma are offered a 5-year follow-up program after end of treatment, including radiological surveillance of primary location of tumor and the lungs. There is no consensus regarding how often and how the children should be followed with radiological imaging. This retrospective descriptive study of 69 patients (34 with Ewing sarcoma and 35 with osteosarcoma) investigated the consequences of abnormal findings in 1279 follow-up images. Nine relapses were detected, 4 in the Ewing group (3 local and 1 pulmonary) and 5 in the osteosarcoma group (1 local and 4 pulmonary). Of these, only two patients exhibited symptomatic relapses, with the remainder identified through imaging. The positive predictive value for relapse detection was 0.44 in the Ewing group, and 0.5 in the osteosarcoma group. In the Ewing sarcoma patient image follow-up program, the probability of anomaly detection was 12% (95% CI, 10-15). For osteosarcoma patients, the likelihood was 6% (95% CI, 4-8). Our data indicates that abnormal findings on follow-up images rarely represents relapse of tumor. As the surveillance protocol differs between the patient groups, wherein Ewing sarcoma patients primarily are monitored through MRI while osteosarcoma patients are predominantly tracked via X-rays, there is an increased occurrence of incidental findings in the first group. However, it is imperative to interpret imaging data in conjunction with clinical information, avoiding isolated reliance on imaging results when making treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Lucke
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Baad-Hansen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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2
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Xu M, Lasocki A, Bressel M, Goroncy N, Wheeler G, Dwyer M, Wiltshire K, Seymour JF, Haghighi N, Mason K, Tange D, Campbell BA. Favourable outcomes with an initial active surveillance strategy for asymptomatic radiation-induced meningiomas in long-term survivors of paediatric and young adult malignancies. Radiother Oncol 2023; 189:109916. [PMID: 37739316 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced meningiomas (RIM) are the most common secondary neoplasm post cranial radiotherapy, yet optimal surveillance and treatment strategies remain contentious. Herein, we report the clinical outcomes and radiological growth rate of RIM, diagnosed in a cohort of survivors undergoing MRI screening, with the objective of informing clinical guidelines and practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Long-term survivors of paediatric or young-adult malignancies, diagnosed with RIM between 1990 and 2015, were identified. Absolute (AGR) and relative (RGR) volumetric growth rates were calculated. Rapid growth was defined as AGR > 2 cm3/year or AGR > 1 cm3/year and RGR ≥ 30% RESULTS: Fifty-two patients (87 RIM) were included. Median age at first RIM diagnosis was 33.9 (range,13.8-54.1) years. Seventy-seven (88%) RIM were asymptomatic at detection. Median follow-up time from first RIM detection was 11 (range, 0.6-28) years. Median absolute and relative volumetric growth rates were 0.05 (IQR 0.01-0.11) cm3 and 26 (IQR 7-79) % per year, respectively. Two (3.3%) RIM demonstrated rapid growth. Active surveillance was adopted for 67 (77%) RIM in 40 patients. Neurological sequelae due to RIM progression were reported in 5% of patients on active surveillance. Surgery was performed for 33 RIM (30 patients): 18 (54.5%) at diagnosis and 15 (45.5%) after active surveillance. Histopathology was WHO Grade 1 (85.2%), 2 (11.1%), 3 (3.7%). Following resection, 10-year local recurrence rate was 12%. During follow-up, 19 (37%) survivors developed multiple RIM. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic RIM are typically low-grade tumours which exhibit slow growth. Active surveillance appears to be a safe initial strategy for asymptomatic RIM, associated with a low rate of neurological morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arian Lasocki
- Department of Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathias Bressel
- Centre for Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natalie Goroncy
- Department of Cancer Nursing, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Greg Wheeler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary Dwyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsty Wiltshire
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F Seymour
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre & Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neda Haghighi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kylie Mason
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre & Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damien Tange
- Department of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Belinda A Campbell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Cederberg KB, Iyer RS, Chaturvedi A, McCarville MB, McDaniel JD, Sandberg JK, Shammas A, Sharp SE, Nadel HR. Imaging of pediatric bone tumors: A COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee/SPR Oncology Committee White Paper. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70 Suppl 4:e30000. [PMID: 36250990 PMCID: PMC10661611 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant primary bone tumors are uncommon in the pediatric population, accounting for 3%-5% of all pediatric malignancies. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma comprise 90% of malignant primary bone tumors in children and adolescents. This paper provides consensus-based recommendations for imaging in children with osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma at diagnosis, during therapy, and after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Cederberg
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ramesh S. Iyer
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Apeksha Chaturvedi
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - MB McCarville
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Janice D. McDaniel
- Department of Pediatric Interventional Radiology, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH and Department of Radiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH
| | - Jesse K. Sandberg
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Amer Shammas
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, OH, Canada
| | - Susan E. Sharp
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Helen R. Nadel
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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van der Beek JN, Artunduaga M, Schenk JP, Eklund MJ, Smith EA, Lederman HM, Warwick AB, Littooij AS, Khanna G. Similarities and controversies in imaging of pediatric renal tumors: A SIOP-RTSG and COG collaboration. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 70 Suppl 2:e30080. [PMID: 36349564 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant renal tumors are rare in children, and Wilms tumors (WTs) are the most common subtype. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of these patients. Initial workup for staging is mainly performed by cross-sectional imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Imaging approach within the two core international groups, the Children's Oncology Group (COG, North America) and the International Society of Pediatric Oncology - Renal Tumor Study Group (SIOP-RTSG, Europe), differs. Whereas abdominal ultrasound (US) is used for the initial diagnosis of a suspected pediatric renal tumor globally, COG protocols support the use of CT or MRI for locoregional staging, contrary to the preference for MRI over CT for abdominopelvic evaluation within the SIOP-RTSG. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize current imaging approaches, highlighting differences and similarities within these core international groups, while focusing on future innovative efforts and collaboration within the HARMONICA initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine N van der Beek
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maddy Artunduaga
- Pediatric Radiology Division, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children's Health Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jens-Peter Schenk
- Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meryle J Eklund
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ethan A Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Henrique M Lederman
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne B Warwick
- Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Annemieke S Littooij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geetika Khanna
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Nguyen JC, Baghdadi S, Pogoriler J, Guariento A, Rajapakse CS, Arkader A. Pediatric Osteosarcoma: Correlation of Imaging Findings with Histopathologic Features, Treatment, and Outcome. Radiographics 2022; 42:1196-1213. [PMID: 35594197 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone sarcoma in children. Imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnostic workup, surgical planning, and follow-up monitoring for possible disease relapse. Survival depends on multiple factors, including presence or absence of metastatic disease, chemotherapy response, and surgical margins. At diagnosis, radiography and anatomic MRI are used to characterize the primary site of disease, whereas chest CT and whole-body bone scintigraphy and/or PET are used to identify additional sites of disease. Treatment starts with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by en bloc tumor resection and limb reconstruction, and finally, adjuvant chemotherapy. Preoperative planning requires precise tumor delineation, which traditionally has been based on high-spatial-resolution anatomic MRI to identify tumor margins (medullary and extraosseous), skip lesions, neurovascular involvement, and joint invasion. These findings direct the surgical approach and affect the options for reconstruction. For skeletally immature children, the risk of cumulative limb-length discrepancy and need for superior longevity of the reconstruction have led to the advent and preferential use of several pediatric-specific surgical techniques, including rotationplasty, joint preservation surgery, autograft or allograft reconstruction, and extendible endoprostheses. A better understanding of the clinically impactful imaging features can directly and positively influence patient care. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie C Nguyen
- From the Department of Radiology (J.C.N., A.G.), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery (S.B., A.A.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.P.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Radiology (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.N., J.P., A.A.)
| | - Soroush Baghdadi
- From the Department of Radiology (J.C.N., A.G.), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery (S.B., A.A.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.P.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Radiology (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.N., J.P., A.A.)
| | - Jennifer Pogoriler
- From the Department of Radiology (J.C.N., A.G.), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery (S.B., A.A.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.P.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Radiology (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.N., J.P., A.A.)
| | - Andressa Guariento
- From the Department of Radiology (J.C.N., A.G.), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery (S.B., A.A.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.P.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Radiology (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.N., J.P., A.A.)
| | - Chamith S Rajapakse
- From the Department of Radiology (J.C.N., A.G.), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery (S.B., A.A.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.P.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Radiology (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.N., J.P., A.A.)
| | - Alexandre Arkader
- From the Department of Radiology (J.C.N., A.G.), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery (S.B., A.A.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.P.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Radiology (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.N., J.P., A.A.)
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Imaging for Staging of Pediatric Abdominal Tumors: An Update, From the AJR Special Series on Cancer Staging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021; 217:786-799. [PMID: 33825502 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.20.25310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three most common pediatric solid tumors of the abdomen are neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and hepatoblastoma. These embryonal tumors most commonly present in the first decade of life. Each tumor has unique imaging findings, including locoregional presentation and patterns of distant spread. Neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and hepatoblastoma have unique staging systems that rely heavily on imaging and influence surgical and oncologic management. The staging systems include image-defined risk factors for neuroblastoma, the Children's Oncology Group staging system for Wilms tumor, and the pretreatment extent of tumor system (PRETEXT) for hepatoblastoma. It is important for radiologists to be aware of these staging systems to optimize image acquisition and interpretation. This article provides a practical and clinically oriented approach to the role of imaging in the staging of these common embryonal tumors of childhood. The selection among imaging modalities, key findings for determining tumor stage, and the role of imaging in posttreatment response evaluation and surveil-lance are discussed. Recent updates to the relevant staging systems are highlighted with attention to imaging findings of particular prognostic importance. The information presented will help radiologists tailor the imaging approach to the individual patient and guide optimal oncologic management.
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Darlington AE, Morgan JE, Wagland R, Sodergren SC, Culliford D, Gamble A, Phillips B. COVID-19 and children with cancer: Parents' experiences, anxieties and support needs. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28790. [PMID: 33219739 PMCID: PMC7744834 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with cancer were designated as clinically extremely vulnerable if they were to contract SARS-CoV-2 due to immune suppression in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our aim was to explore experiences, information and support needs, and decision making of parents with a child with cancer in response to this phase in the United Kingdom. METHODS Parents of a child with cancer completed a survey at a time when the UK moved into a period of 'lockdown'. An online survey was developed by the research team to capture parents' experiences, information and support needs, and decision making, using closed statements and open text boxes. Descriptive quantitative analyses and qualitative thematic content analysis were undertaken. FINDINGS One hundred seventy-one parents/caregivers completed the survey. Eighty-five percent were worried about the virus and they were vigilant about the virus (92%) or cancer symptoms (93.4%). For two-thirds (69.6%), hospital was no longer considered a safe place. Eight overarching themes were identified related to the virus: (a) risk of infection; (b) information, guidance and advice; (c) health care provision; (d) fears and anxieties; or related to lockdown/isolation: (e) psychological and social impact; (f) keeping safe under lockdown; (g) provisions and dependence; and (h) employment and income. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study, to the best of our knowledge, to report experiences of parents of a child with cancer during the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of parents were worried about SARS-CoV-2 and transmitting the virus to their child. Hospital was no longer perceived to be a safe place, and parents were worried about suboptimal cancer care. Parents described fear and anxiety and the psychological, social and economic impact of isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica E. Morgan
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK,Department of Paediatric OncologyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUK
| | - Richard Wagland
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - David Culliford
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration WessexUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Bob Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK,Department of Paediatric OncologyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUK
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Morgan JE, Walker R, Harden M, Phillips RS. A systematic review of evidence for and against routine surveillance imaging after completing treatment for childhood extracranial solid tumors. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4949-4961. [PMID: 32431088 PMCID: PMC7367646 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular off-treatment imaging is often used to assess for recurrence of disease after childhood cancer treatment. It is unclear if this increases survival, or what burden surveillance places on patients, families, or health-care services. This systematic review examines the impact of routine surveillance imaging after treatment of pediatric extracranial solid tumors. METHODS Collaborative patient and public involvement informed the design and interpretation of this work. Thirteen electronic databases, conference proceedings, and trial registries were searched alongside reference list checking and forward citation searching from 1990 onwards. Studies were screened and data were extracted by two researchers. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified ROBINS-I tool. Relevant outcomes were overall survival, psychological distress indicators, number of imaging tests, cost-effectiveness, and qualitative data regarding experiences of surveillance programs. PROSPERO (CRD42018103764). RESULTS Of 17 727 records identified, 55 studies of 10 207 patients were included. All studies used observational methods. Risk of bias for all except one study was moderate, serious, or critical. Data were too few to conduct meta-analysis; however, narrative synthesis was performed. Surveillance strategies varied, and poorly reported, involving many scans and substantial radiation exposure (eg, neuroblastoma, median 133.5 mSv). For most diseases, surveillance imaging was not associated with increased overall survival, with the probable exception of Wilms tumor. No qualitative or psychological distress data were identified. CONCLUSIONS At present, there is insufficient evidence to evaluate the effects of routine surveillance imaging on survival in most pediatric extracranial solid tumors. More high-quality data are required, preferably through randomized controlled trials with well-conducted qualitative elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Morgan
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Department of Paediatric OncologyLeeds Children's HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Ruth Walker
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Melissa Harden
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Robert S. Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Department of Paediatric OncologyLeeds Children's HospitalLeedsUK
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