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Fujiwara N, Tsunedomi R, Kimura Y, Nakajima M, Tomochika S, Enjoji S, Ohama T, Sato K, Nagano H. Protein phosphatase 6 promotes stemness of colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 39014521 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health concern, demanding a more profound comprehension of its molecular foundations for the development of improved therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to elucidate the role of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), a member of the type 2A protein phosphatase family, in CRC. Protein phosphatase 6 functions as a heterotrimer with a catalytic subunit (PP6c), regulatory subunits (PP6Rs; PP6R1, PP6R2, and PP6R3), and scaffold subunits (ANKRD28, ANKRD44, and ANKRD52). Elevated PP6c expression has been identified in CRC tissues compared to normal mucosa, aligning with its potential involvement in CRC pathogenesis. PP6c knockdown resulted in decreased colony-forming ability and in vivo proliferation of various CRC cell lines. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PP6c knockdown resulted in altered expression of genes associated with cancer stemness. Notably, the PP6c-PP6R3 complex is a key player in regulating cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. Additionally, increased PP6c expression was observed in CSC-like cells induced by sphere formation, implicating the role of PP6c in CSC maintenance. This study highlights the role of PP6c in CRC and suggests that it is a potential therapeutic target disrupting a pathway critical for CRC progression and stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Yuta Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tomochika
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Shuhei Enjoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohama
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
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Zhang H, Read A, Cataisson C, Yang HH, Lee WC, Turk BE, Yuspa SH, Luo J. Protein phosphatase 6 activates NF-κB to confer sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors in KRAS- and BRAF-mutant cancer cells. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadd5073. [PMID: 38743809 PMCID: PMC11238902 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add5073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a major target for cancer treatment. To better understand the genetic pathways that modulate cancer cell sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors, we performed a CRISPR knockout screen with MAPK pathway inhibitors on a colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line carrying mutant KRAS. Genetic deletion of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), encoded by PPP6C, rendered KRAS- and BRAF-mutant CRC and BRAF-mutant melanoma cells more resistant to these inhibitors. In the absence of MAPK pathway inhibition, PPP6C deletion in CRC cells decreased cell proliferation in two-dimensional (2D) adherent cultures but accelerated the growth of tumor spheroids in 3D culture and tumor xenografts in vivo. PPP6C deletion enhanced the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in CRC and melanoma cells and circumvented the cell cycle arrest and decreased cyclin D1 abundance induced by MAPK pathway blockade in CRC cells. Inhibiting NF-κB activity by genetic and pharmacological means restored the sensitivity of PPP6C-deficient cells to MAPK pathway inhibition in CRC and melanoma cells in vitro and in CRC cells in vivo. Furthermore, a R264 point mutation in PPP6C conferred loss of function in CRC cells, phenocopying the enhanced NF-κB activation and resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition observed for PPP6C deletion. These findings demonstrate that PP6 constrains the growth of KRAS- and BRAF-mutant cancer cells, implicates the PP6-NF-κB axis as a modulator of MAPK pathway output, and presents a rationale for cotargeting the NF-κB pathway in PPP6C-mutant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Read
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Current affiliation: Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard H. Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stuart H. Yuspa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ji Luo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kondo A, Tanaka H, Rai S, Shima H, Matsumura I, Watanabe T. Depletion of Ppp6c in hematopoietic and vascular endothelial cells causes embryonic lethality and decreased hematopoietic potential. Exp Hematol 2024; 133:104205. [PMID: 38490577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2024.104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) is a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein phosphatase, and its catalytic subunit is Ppp6c. PP6 forms the PP2A subfamily with PP2A and PP4. The diverse phenotypes observed following small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown of Ppp6c in cultured mammalian cells suggest that PP6 plays roles in cell growth and DNA repair. There is also evidence that PP6 regulates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinases and inactivates transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Loss of Ppp6c causes several abnormalities, including those of T cell and regulatory T cell function, neurogenesis, oogenesis, and spermatogenesis. PP2A has been reported to play an important role in erythropoiesis. However, the roles of PP6 in other hematopoietic cells have not been investigated. We generated Ppp6cfl/fl;Tie2-Cre (Ppp6cTKO) mice, in which Ppp6c was specifically deleted in hematopoietic and vascular endothelial cells. Ppp6cTKO mice displayed embryonic lethality. Ppp6c deficiency increased the number of dead cells and decreased the percentages of erythroid and monocytic cells during fetal hematopoiesis. By contrast, the number of Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ cells, which give rise to all hematopoietic cells, was slightly increased, but their colony-forming cell activity was markedly decreased. Ppp6c deficiency also increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun amino (N)-terminal kinase in fetal liver hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kondo
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Rai
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan.
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Ito M, Tanuma N, Kotani Y, Murai K, Kondo A, Sumiyoshi M, Shima H, Matsuda S, Watanabe T. Oncogenic K-Ras G12V cannot overcome proliferation failure caused by loss of Ppp6c in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:545-554. [PMID: 38318686 PMCID: PMC10988750 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 6 is a Ser/Thr protein phosphatase and its catalytic subunit is Ppp6c. Ppp6c is thought to be indispensable for proper growth of normal cells. On the other hand, loss of Ppp6c accelerates growth of oncogenic Ras-expressing cells. Although it has been studied in multiple contexts, the role(s) of Ppp6c in cell proliferation remains controversial. It is unclear how oncogenic K-Ras overcomes cell proliferation failure induced by Ppp6c deficiency; therefore, in this study, we attempted to shed light on how oncogenic K-Ras modulates tumor cell growth. Contrary to our expectations, loss of Ppp6c decreased proliferation, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and tumor formation of oncogenic Ras-expressing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). These findings show that oncogenic K-RasG12V cannot overcome proliferation failure caused by loss of Ppp6c in MEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ito
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesNara Women's UniversityJapan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanuma
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Yui Kotani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesNara Women's UniversityJapan
| | - Kokoro Murai
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesNara Women's UniversityJapan
| | - Ayumi Kondo
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesNara Women's UniversityJapan
| | - Mami Sumiyoshi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Biomedical ScienceKansai Medical UniversityHirakataJapan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Satoshi Matsuda
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Biomedical ScienceKansai Medical UniversityHirakataJapan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesNara Women's UniversityJapan
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YAMAMOTO M, FUJIWARA N. Protein phosphatase 6 regulates trametinib sensitivity, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, by regulating MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling in canine melanoma cells. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:977-984. [PMID: 37495516 PMCID: PMC10539826 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive and metastatic cancer occurring in both humans and dogs. Canine melanoma accounts for a significant proportion of neoplastic diseases in dogs, and despite standard treatments, overall survival rates remain low. Protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein phosphatase, regulates various biological processes. Additionally, the loss of PP6 function reportedly leads to the development of melanoma in humans. However, there are no reports regarding the role of PP6 in canine cancer cells. We, therefore, conducted a study investigating the role of PP6 in canine melanoma by using four canine melanoma cell lines: CMec1, CMM, KMeC and LMeC. PP6 knockdown increased phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) but not Akt. Furthermore, PP6 knockdown decreased sensitivity to trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, but did not alter sensitivity to Akt inhibitor. These findings suggest that PP6 may function as a tumor suppressor in canine melanoma and modulate the response to trametinib treatment. Understanding the role of PP6 in canine melanoma could lead to the development of more effective treatment strategies for this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miu YAMAMOTO
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki FUJIWARA
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
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Fukui K, Nomura M, Kishimoto K, Tanuma N, Kurosawa K, Kanazawa K, Kato H, Sato T, Miura S, Miura K, Sato I, Tsuji H, Yamashita Y, Tamai K, Watanabe T, Yasuda J, Tanaka T, Satoh K, Furukawa T, Jingu K, Shima H. PP6 deficiency in mice with KRAS mutation and Trp53 loss promotes early death by PDAC with cachexia-like features. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1613-1624. [PMID: 35247012 PMCID: PMC9128171 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine effects of PP6 gene (Ppp6c) deficiency on pancreatic tumor development, we developed pancreas-specific, tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated KP (KRAS(G12D) plus Trp53-deficient) mice (cKP mice) and crossed them with Ppp6cflox / flox mice. cKP mice with the homozygous Ppp6c deletion developed pancreatic tumors, became emaciated and required euthanasia within 150 days of mutation induction, phenotypes that were not seen in heterozygous or wild-type (WT) mice. At 30 days, a comparative analysis of genes commonly altered in homozygous versus WT Ppp6c cKP mice revealed enhanced activation of Erk and NFκB pathways in homozygotes. By 80 days, the number and size of tumors and number of precancerous lesions had significantly increased in the pancreas of Ppp6c homozygous relative to heterozygous or WT cKP mice. Ppp6c-/- tumors were pathologically diagnosed as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) undergoing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer cells had invaded surrounding tissues in three out of six cases. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated an enhanced cancer-specific glycolytic metabolism in Ppp6c-deficient cKP mice and the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Individual Ppp6c-/- cKP mice showed weight loss, decreased skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and increased circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 levels, suggestive of systemic inflammation. Overall, Ppp6c deficiency in the presence of K-ras mutations and Trp53 gene deficiency promoted pancreatic tumorigenesis with generalized cachexia and early death. This study provided the first evidence that Ppp6c suppresses mouse pancreatic carcinogenesis and supports the use of Ppp6c-deficient cKP mice as a model for developing treatments for cachexia associated with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Fukui
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of Radiation OncologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Miyuki Nomura
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Kishimoto
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryKanazawa Medical UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanuma
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Koreyuki Kurosawa
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kosuke Kanazawa
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Division of SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterNatoriJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Tomoki Sato
- Laboratory of Nutritional BiochemistryGraduate School of Nutritional and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Laboratory of Nutritional BiochemistryGraduate School of Nutritional and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Koh Miura
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
- Division of SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterNatoriJapan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Division of PathologyMiyagi Cancer CenterNatoriJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryKanazawa Medical UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Yoji Yamashita
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem CellMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological ScienceGraduate School of Humanities and SciencesNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Division of Molecular Cellular OncologyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Research Center of Diagnostic PathologyGifu Municipal HospitalGifuJapan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku Medical Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative PathologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Keiichi Jingu
- Department of Radiation OncologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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Kishimoto K, Kanazawa K, Nomura M, Tanaka T, Shigemoto‐Kuroda T, Fukui K, Miura K, Kurosawa K, Kawai M, Kato H, Terasaki K, Sakamoto Y, Yamashita Y, Sato I, Tanuma N, Tamai K, Kitabayashi I, Matsuura K, Watanabe T, Yasuda J, Tsuji H, Shima H. Ppp6c deficiency accelerates K-ras G12D -induced tongue carcinogenesis. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4451-4464. [PMID: 34145991 PMCID: PMC8267137 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatments for cancer harboring mutant RAS are lacking. In Drosophila, it was reported that PP6 suppresses tumorigenicity of mutant RAS. However, the information how PP6 regulates oncogenic RAS in mammals is limited. METHODS We examined the effects of PP6 gene (Ppp6c) deficiency on tongue tumor development in K (K-rasG12D)- and KP (K-rasG12D + Trp53-deficient)-inducible mice. RESULTS Mice of K and KP genotypes developed squamous cell carcinoma in situ in the tongue approximately 2 weeks after the induction of Ppp6c deficiency and was euthanized due to 20% loss of body weight. Transcriptome analysis revealed significantly different gene expressions between tissues of Ppp6c-deficient tongues and those of Ppp6c wild type, while Trp53 deficiency had a relatively smaller effect. We then analyzed genes commonly altered by Ppp6c deficiency, with or without Trp53 deficiency, and identified a group concentrated in KEGG database pathways defined as 'Pathways in Cancer' and 'Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction'. We then evaluated signals downstream of oncogenic RAS and those regulated by PP6 substrates and found that in the presence of K-rasG12D, Ppp6c deletion enhanced the activation of the ERK-ELK1-FOS, AKT-4EBP1, and AKT-FOXO-CyclinD1 axes. Ppp6c deletion combined with K-rasG12D also enhanced DNA double-strand break (DSB) accumulation and activated NFκB signaling, upregulating IL-1β, COX2, and TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kishimoto
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryKanazawa Medical UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterMiyagiJapan
| | - Kosuke Kanazawa
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Division of SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterMiyagiJapan
| | - Miyuki Nomura
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Research Center of Diagnostic PathologyGifu Municipal HospitalGifuJapan
| | | | - Katsuya Fukui
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Koh Miura
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
- Division of SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterMiyagiJapan
| | - Koreyuki Kurosawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryTohoku University School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Masaaki Kawai
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
- Division of SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterMiyagiJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
| | - Keiko Terasaki
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
| | - Yoshimi Sakamoto
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
| | - Yoji Yamashita
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Division of PathologyMiyagi Cancer CenterMiyagiJapan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanuma
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem CellMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
| | - Issay Kitabayashi
- Division of Hematological MalignancyNational Cancer Center Research InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuto Matsuura
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastChibaJapan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular OncologyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryKanazawa Medical UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteMiyagiJapan
- Division of Cancer Molecular BiologyTohoku University School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
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