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Jia Y, Chen F, Yan T, Zhang S, Salem MM, Singh S, Salem-Bekhit MM, Kumar SK, Ali MM. Influence of environmental risk factors on the development of wounds associated with squamous cell carcinoma. Int Wound J 2023; 21:e14506. [PMID: 38010070 PMCID: PMC10898377 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is on the rise, making it a significant global health concern. Environmental risk factors are crucial to the development of SCC. This study sought to examine comprehensively the impact of these factors on the onset of SCC. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 480 participants at Beijing tertiary care hospital. Utilizing structured questionnaires, data on demographics, environmental exposures, medical history and clinical characteristics were collected. The cohort was composed of 272 men (56.67%) and 208 women (43.33%). The majority (44.38%) were between ages of 41 and 60, and Type III skin predominated (34.79%). Most of the participants belonged to the middle socioeconomic class (60.83%). 'Vegetarian' dietary habits (46.67%) were prevalent, as was the 'Sedentary' lifestyle (49.79%). Regarding environmental exposures, moderate sun exposure of 3 to 5 h per day (54.58%) and UV protective eyewear (30.83%) were prevalent. The majority (69.58%) of respondents indicated 'Never' exposure to carcinogens. A variety of wound characteristics were observed, with 'non-smokers' (64.17%) dominating. Most SCC lesions were located on the extremities (40.21%), lasted less than 6 months (44.38%) and measured 1-3 cm (39.79%). The majority (54.58%) did not have a history of cutaneous injuries. Our research uncovered substantial relationships between SCC and numerous environmental variables, gender, Fitzpatrick skin type, occupation, duration of sun exposure, exposure to carcinogens, dietary practices, history of skin wounds, wound location, duration, size and depth were significantly associated with the onset of SCC. These results highlighted the complexity of SCC aetiology and need for individualized prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Jia
- Beauty Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchao Chen
- Beauty Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Yan
- Beauty Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siya Zhang
- Beauty Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mohamed M Salem
- College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Soumya Singh
- College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mounir M Salem-Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjay Kirshan Kumar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mehr Ali
- Department of Basic Sciences, Northwest School of Medicine, Peshawar, Pakistan
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2
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Fong L, Huebner K, Jing R, Smalley K, Brydges C, Fiehn O, Farber J, Croce C. Zinc treatment reverses and anti-Zn-regulated miRs suppress esophageal carcinomas in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220334120. [PMID: 37155893 PMCID: PMC10193985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220334120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a deadly disease with few prevention or treatment options. ESCC development in humans and rodents is associated with Zn deficiency (ZD), inflammation, and overexpression of oncogenic microRNAs: miR-31 and miR-21. In a ZD-promoted ESCC rat model with upregulation of these miRs, systemic antimiR-31 suppresses the miR-31-EGLN3/STK40-NF-κB-controlled inflammatory pathway and ESCC. In this model, systemic delivery of Zn-regulated antimiR-31, followed by antimiR-21, restored expression of tumor-suppressor proteins targeted by these specific miRs: STK40/EGLN3 (miR-31), PDCD4 (miR-21), suppressing inflammation, promoting apoptosis, and inhibiting ESCC development. Moreover, ESCC-bearing Zn-deficient (ZD) rats receiving Zn medication showed a 47% decrease in ESCC incidence vs. Zn-untreated controls. Zn treatment eliminated ESCCs by affecting a spectrum of biological processes that included downregulation of expression of the two miRs and miR-31-controlled inflammatory pathway, stimulation of miR-21-PDCD4 axis apoptosis, and reversal of the ESCC metabolome: with decrease in putrescine, increase in glucose, accompanied by downregulation of metabolite enzymes ODC and HK2. Thus, Zn treatment or miR-31/21 silencing are effective therapeutic strategies for ESCC in this rodent model and should be examined in the human counterpart exhibiting the same biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Y. Fong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107
| | - Kay Huebner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Ruiyan Jing
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107
| | - Karl J. Smalley
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107
| | - Christopher R. Brydges
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - John L. Farber
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
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3
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Zhong QY, Luo QH, Lin B, Lin BQ, Su ZR, Zhan JYX. Protective effects of andrographolide sodium bisulfate on UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 176:106232. [PMID: 35710077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the mortality of skin cancer patients is relatively low, there are still a large number of patients died of these tumors at high incidence rate. Chronic exposure to solar UV irradiation is the most common cause of nonmelanoma skin tumors. Our research aimed to explore the effects of andrographolide sodium bisulfate (ASB) on UV-induced skin cancer and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism. In the present study, histopathology changes, immunohistochemical analysis, ELISA analysis and western blot analysis were mainly used in vivo. The results indicated that ASB significantly inhibited increase of skin epidermal thickness, inflammatory cells infiltration and fibers damage in dermis, oxidative stress injury and skin carcinogenesis. Moreover, the western blot analysis showed that protein expressions of NF-κB, Nrf2, p62, LC3 II/I and p-p62 (Ser 349) in mouse skin induced by UV were dramatically suppressed in the ASB-pretreated groups. Overall, these results suggested that ASB exerted a strong preventive effect and potential therapeutic value against UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice through inhibiting NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways and restoring autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 223 Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qi-Hong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 223 Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 223 Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bao-Qin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 223 Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 223 Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Janis Ya-Xian Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 223 Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Story MJ. Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D: An essential combination for prevention and treatment of cancers. Biochimie 2020; 181:100-122. [PMID: 33307154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and vitamin D are essential nutrients for health, maturation and general wellbeing. Extensive literature searches have revealed the widespread similarity in molecular biological properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D, and their similar anti-cancer properties, even though they have different modes of action. These three nutrients are separately essential for good health, especially in the aged. Zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D are inexpensive and safe as they are fundamentally natural and have the properties of correcting and inhibiting undesirable actions without disturbing the normal functions of cells or their extracellular environment. This review of the anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is made in the context of the hallmarks of cancer. The anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D can therefore be used beneficially through combined treatment or supplementation. It is proposed that sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is a necessary requirement during chemotherapy treatment and that clinical trials can have questionable integrity if this sufficiency is not checked and maintained during efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Story
- Story Pharmaceutics Pty Ltd, PO Box 6086, Linden Park, South Australia, 5065, Australia.
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Jaafari- Ashkavandi Z, Khademi B, Malekzadeh M, Shahmoradi Z. Serum Levels of Zinc, Copper and Ferritin in Patients with Salivary Gland Tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:545-548. [PMID: 30803218 PMCID: PMC6897009 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.2.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Variation in serum levels of trace elements including zinc, copper and ferritin has been reported in
cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate these trace elements in the patients’ sera with benign and malignant
salivary gland tumors (SGTs) and compare them with normal individuals. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60
patients with SGTs including 16 pleomorphic adenoma and 44 malignant SGTs, as well as 28 healthy controls, were
enrolled. Serum levels of zinc, copper and ferritin were determined by atomic absorption and ELISA methods. Data
were analyzed using one way ANOVA, Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann- Whitney tests. Results: The mean
concentration of zinc, copper, ferritin was1.5± 2 ppm, 1.2± 0.5 ppm, and 96.7± 65.7 ng/ml in PA, 1.5± 1.4,1.3± 0.4,
and 111.2± 112 in malignant SGTs, and1.1±0.3, 1.2± 0.23 and 124±135.8 in normal control groups. There was no
statistically significant difference between the patients and control groups, and between benign and malignant SGTs
(P>0.05). Conclusion: The serum levels of trace elements in SGTs were not different from normal individuals. The
results might have been affected by some interventional factors. Therefore, designing cohort complementary studies
might result in obtaining more accurate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jaafari- Ashkavandi
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Baltaci SB, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK, Emsen A, Artac H. The effect of zinc and melatonin supplementation on immunity parameters in breast cancer induced by DMBA in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:247-252. [PMID: 29057661 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1392580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the effects of zinc and melatonin supplements on the immunity parameters of female rats with breast cancer induced by DMBA. METHODS Group 1; Control, Group 2; 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), Group 3; DMBA + zinc, Group 4; DMBA + melatonin, Group 5; DMBA + zinc + melatonin. The rats' breast cancer was induced by DMBA 80 mg/kg. Groups 3-5 received daily 5 mg/kg doses of zinc, melatonin, and zinc + melatonin, respectively. Lymphocyte rates, T-lymphocyte subgroups, B-lymphocyte and natural killer cells (NK), and natural killer T (NKT) were evaluated. RESULTS The most significant increase in lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, and CD4 lymphocyte rates was found in Group 5. The highest NKT cell rates were found in Group 3. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that zinc and melatonin supplements have led to an increase in the immunity parameters of rats with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- a Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty , Selcuk University , Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ayca Emsen
- b Department of Pediatric Immunology, Medical Faculty , Selcuk University , Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Artac
- b Department of Pediatric Immunology, Medical Faculty , Selcuk University , Konya, Turkey
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Justiniano R, Perer J, Hua A, Fazel M, Krajisnik A, Cabello CM, Wondrak GT. A Topical Zinc Ionophore Blocks Tumorigenic Progression in UV-exposed SKH-1 High-risk Mouse Skin. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1472-1482. [PMID: 28503778 DOI: 10.1111/php.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy in the United States representing a considerable public health burden. Pharmacological suppression of skin photocarcinogenesis has shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies, but more efficacious photochemopreventive agents are needed. Here, we tested feasibility of harnessing pharmacological disruption of intracellular zinc homeostasis for photochemoprevention in vitro and in vivo. Employing the zinc ionophore and FDA-approved microbicidal agent zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), used worldwide in over-the-counter (OTC) topical consumer products, we first demonstrated feasibility of achieving ZnPT-based intracellular Zn2+ overload in cultured malignant keratinocytes (HaCaT-ras II-4; SCC-25) employing membrane-permeable fluorescent probes. Zinc overload was accompanied by induction of intracellular oxidative stress, associated with mitochondrial superoxide release as substantiated by MitoSOX Red™ fluorescence microscopy. ZnPT-induced cell death observable in malignant keratinocytes was preceded by induction of metal (MT2A), proteotoxic (HSPA6, HSPA1A, DDIT3, HMOX1) and genotoxic stress response (GADD45A, XRCC2) gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Comet analysis revealed introduction of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-sensitive oxidative DNA lesions. In a photocarcinogenesis model (UV-exposed SKH-1 high-risk mouse skin), topical ZnPT administration post-UV caused epidermal zinc overload and stress response gene expression with pronounced blockade of tumorigenesis. Taken together, these data suggest feasibility of repurposing a topical OTC drug for zinc-directed photochemoprevention of solar UV-induced NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Justiniano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jessica Perer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Anh Hua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mohammad Fazel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrea Krajisnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Christopher M Cabello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Sandhu PS, Kumar R, Katare OP, Singh B. Surface-tailored nanomixed micelles containing quercetin–salicylic acid physical complex for enhanced cellular and in vivo activities: a quality by design perspective. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1281-1303. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The development of surface-tailored quercetin (QCT)–salicylic acid (SA) physical complex for effective treatment of skin carcinoma. Materials & methods: QCT–SA nanomixed micelles were prepared by the self-assembly method employing the Quality by Design (QbD) approach and evaluated for various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo parameters. Results: The optimized formulation showed enhanced percent permeation (Q24), in other words, 78.12 ± 0.47, improved in vitro cellular uptake and annexin-V–apoptosis assay exhibited 60.86% cell death. The 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and histopathology protocol revealed the improved antineoplastic action of QCT. The dermatokinetic profile showed the maximum drug concentration (6 h), in other words, 416.02 ± 26 μg/cm2 in epidermis and 103.65 ± 12 μg/cm2 in dermis. Conclusion: The overall performance ratified the safety and efficacy of optimized nanomixed micelless of QCT with SA in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premjeet Singh Sandhu
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies (CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Research & Education (PGIMER) Hospital, Chandigarh 160015, India
| | - OP Katare
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Research Promotion Cell, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies (CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Sun J, Shen R, Schrock MS, Liu J, Pan X, Quimby D, Zanesi N, Druck T, Fong LY, Huebner K. Reduction in squamous cell carcinomas in mouse skin by dietary zinc supplementation. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2032-42. [PMID: 27185213 PMCID: PMC4873604 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate dietary Zn consumption increases susceptibility to esophageal and other cancers in humans and model organisms. Since Zn supplementation can prevent cancers in rodent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) models, we were interested in determining if it could have a preventive effect in a rodent skin cancer model, as a preclinical basis for considering a role for Zn in prevention of human nonmelanoma skin cancers, the most frequent cancers in humans. We used the 7,12-dimethyl benzanthracene carcinogen/phorbol myristate acetate tumor promoter treatment method to induce skin tumors in Zn-sufficient wild-type and Fhit (human or mouse protein) knockout mice. Fhit protein expression is lost in >50% of human cancers, including skin SCCs, and Fhit-deficient mice show increased sensitivity to carcinogen induction of tumors. We hypothesized that: (1) the skin cancer burdens would be reduced by Zn supplementation; (2) Fhit(-/-) (Fhit, murine fragile histidine triad gene) mice would show increased susceptibility to skin tumor induction versus wild-type mice. 30 weeks after initiating treatment, the tumor burden was increased ~2-fold in Fhit(-/-) versus wild-type mice (16.2 versus 7.6 tumors, P < 0.001); Zn supplementation significantly reduced tumor burdens in Fhit(-/-) mice (males and females combined, 16.2 unsupplemented versus 10.3 supplemented, P = 0.001). Most importantly, the SCC burden was reduced after Zn supplementation in both strains and genders of mice, most significantly in the wild-type males (P = 0.035). Although the mechanism(s) of action of Zn supplementation in skin tumor prevention is not known in detail, the Zn-supplemented tumors showed evidence of reduced DNA damage and some cohorts showed reduced inflammation scores. The results suggest that mild Zn supplementation should be tested for prevention of skin cancer in high-risk human cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
- Present address: Department of PathologyMolecular PathologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Rulong Shen
- Department of PathologyCollege of MedicineColumbusOhio
| | - Morgan S. Schrock
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramColumbusOhio
| | - James Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
- Present address: Beaumont‐Oakland University Medical SchoolGrosse PointeMichigan
| | - Xueliang Pan
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Donald Quimby
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
- Present address: University of CincinnatiDepartment of Internal MedicineCincinnatiOhio
| | - Nicola Zanesi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Teresa Druck
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Louise Y. Fong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell BiologySidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Kay Huebner
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
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