1
|
Blebea NM, Pricopie AI, Vlad RA, Hancu G. Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4204. [PMID: 38673788 PMCID: PMC11050509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds extracted from the Cannabis plant, have attracted interest due to their potential pharmacological effects and medicinal uses. This comprehensive review presents the intricate pharmacological profiles of phytocannabinoids while exploring the diverse impacts these substances have on biological systems. From the more than one hundred cannabinoids which were identified in the Cannabis plant so far, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are two of the most extensively studied phytocannabinoids. CBD is a non-psychoactive compound, which exhibits potential anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic properties, making it a promising candidate for a wide array of medical conditions. THC, known for its psychoactive effects, possesses analgesic and antiemetic properties, contributing to its therapeutic potential. In addition to THC and CBD, a wide range of additional phytocannabinoids have shown intriguing pharmacological effects, including cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN). The endocannabinoid system, made up of the enzymes involved in the production and breakdown of endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), and endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), is essential for preserving homeostasis in several physiological processes. Beyond their effects on the endocannabinoid system, phytocannabinoids are studied for their ability to modify ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and anti-oxidative pathways. The complex interaction between phytocannabinoids and biological systems offers hope for novel treatment approaches and lays the groundwork for further developments in the field of cannabinoid-based medicine. This review summarizes the state of the field, points out information gaps, and emphasizes the need for more studies to fully realize the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Mirela Blebea
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University from Constanța, 900470 Constanța, Romania;
| | - Andreea Iulia Pricopie
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Robert-Alexandru Vlad
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johnson AL, Verbitsky R, Hudson J, Dean R, Hamilton TJ. Cannabinoid type-2 receptors modulate terpene induced anxiety-reduction in zebrafish. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115760. [PMID: 37865998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are the most extensive and varied group of naturally occurring compounds mostly found in plants, including cannabis, and have an array of potential therapeutic benefits for pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system can potently modulate anxiety in humans, rodents, and zebrafish. The 'entourage effect' suggests terpenes may target cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, among others, but this requires further investigation. In this study we first tested for anxiety-altering effects of the predominant 'Super-Class' terpenes, bisabolol (0.001%, 0.0015%, and 0.002%) and terpinolene (TPL; 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%), in zebrafish with the open field test. Bisabolol did not have an effect on zebrafish behaviour or locomotion. However, TPL caused a significant increase in time spent in the inner zone and decrease in time spent in the outer zone of the arena indicating an anxiolytic (anxiety decreasing) effect. Next, we assessed whether CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists, rimonabant and AM630 (6-Iodopravadoline) respectively, could eliminate or reduce the anxiolytic effects of TPL (0.1%) and β-caryophyllene (BCP; 4%), another super-class terpene previously shown to be anxiolytic in zebrafish. Rimonabant and AM630 were administered prior to terpene exposure and compared to controls and fish exposed to only the terpenes. AM630, but not rimonabant, eliminated the anxiolytic effects of both BCP and TPL. AM630 modulated locomotion on its own, which was potentiated by terpenes. These findings suggest the behavioural effects of TPL and BCP on zebrafish anxiety-like behaviour are mediated by a selective preference for CB2 receptor sites. Furthermore, the CB2 pathways mediating the anxiolytic response are likely different from those altering locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan Verbitsky
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - James Hudson
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Rachel Dean
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Calapai F, Mannucci C, McQuain L, Salvo F. Pharmacological Evaluation of Signals of Disproportionality Reporting Related to Adverse Reactions to Antiepileptic Cannabidiol in VigiBase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1420. [PMID: 37895891 PMCID: PMC10610535 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol is the first cannabis-derived drug approved for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. In the current study, we performed a descriptive analysis followed by a disproportionality analysis of potential adverse events caused by CBD extracted from the VigiBase® database. Furthermore, the biological plausibility of the association between CBD and the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor as a possible cause of adverse events was analyzed and discussed. Data were extracted from the VigiBase® database using the VigiLyze® signal detection and signal management tool. Adverse events in VigiBase® reports were coded using MedDRA, version 19 of Preferred Terms (PTs). Data were uploaded into SPSS software and analyzed via a disproportionality analysis. Statistically significant disproportionality signals for CBD were found for "weight decreased" (5.19 (95% CI: 4.54-5.70)), "hypophagia" (3.68 (95% CI: 3.22-5.27)), and "insomnia" (1.6 (95% CI: 1.40-1.83)). Positive IC025 values were found for "weight decreased" (2.2), "hypophagia" (1.3), and "insomnia" (0.5), indicating a surplus of reported cases. CBD's interactions with 5-HT1A serotonin receptors may offer a potential biological explanation for the occurrence of insomnia in patients. It is noteworthy that the risk profiles mentioned in the information for prescribing CBD as an antiepileptic agent by regulatory agencies showed disparities specifically related to the adverse event "insomnia".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Liana McQuain
- Université de Bordeaux, European Training Programme in Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology (Eu2P), F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Francesco Salvo
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health, U1219, AHeaD Team, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prateeksha P, Sharma VK, Singh SM, Sharma M, Diwan D, Hesham AEL, Guleria S, Nguyen QD, Gupta VK, Singh BN. Tetrahydrocannabinols: potential cannabimimetic agents for cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:823-845. [PMID: 36696005 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinols (THCs) antagonize the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, whose signaling to the endocannabinoid system is essential for controlling cell survival and proliferation as well as psychoactive effects. Most tumor cells express a much higher level of CB1 and CB2; THCs have been investigated as potential cancer therapeutic due to their cannabimimetic properties. To date, THCs have been prescribed as palliative medicine to cancer patients but not as an anticancer modality. Growing evidence of preclinical research demonstrates that THCs reduce tumor progression by stimulating apoptosis and autophagy and inhibiting two significant hallmarks of cancer pathogenesis: metastasis and angiogenesis. However, the degree of their anticancer effects depends on the origin of the tumor site, the expression of cannabinoid receptors on tumor cells, and the dosages and types of THC. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the molecular processes that THCs target for their anticancer effects. It also emphasizes the substantial knowledge gaps that should be of concern in future studies. We also discuss the therapeutic effects of THCs and the problems that will need to be addressed in the future. Clarifying unanswered queries is a prerequisite to translating the THCs into an effective anticancer regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prateeksha Prateeksha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79410, USA
| | - Vivek K Sharma
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Shiv M Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut-Condorcet, Rue de la Sucrerie, 7800, Mons, ATH, Belgium
| | - Deepti Diwan
- Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Abd El-Latif Hesham
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Sanjay Guleria
- Natural Product-cum-Nano Lab, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir, 180009, India
| | - Quang D Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering and Alcoholic Drink Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi út 45, Budapest, H-1118, Hungary
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
- Center for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Brahma N Singh
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rainka MM, Aladeen TS, Mattle AG, Lewandowski E, Vanini D, McCormack K, Mechtler L. Multiple Sclerosis and Use of Medical Cannabis: A Retrospective Review of a Neurology Outpatient Population. Int J MS Care 2023; 25:111-117. [PMID: 37250194 PMCID: PMC10211357 DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2022-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis (MS) experience a wide range of symptoms requiring pharmacologic management, and many do not achieve adequate symptom control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of medical cannabis (MC) as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for patients with MS. METHODS A retrospective medical record review of 141 patients with MS receiving MC for symptom management was conducted. Data were collected for up to 4 follow-up appointments after initiation of MC. Outcomes included changes in MS symptoms, medication changes, adverse events, and changes in cognition and mobility. RESULTS Patients experienced extensive MS symptom improvement after initiation of MC, with alleviation of pain (72% of patients) and spasticity (48% of patients) and improvement in sleep (40% of patients) the most common. There was a significant reduction in concomitant opioid use after initiating MC as evidenced by a significant decrease in daily morphine milligram equivalents among patients prescribed opioid analgesics (P = .01). Decreases in muscle relaxant use and benzodiazepine use did not reach significance (P > .05). The most common adverse reaction to MC was fatigue (11% of patients). CONCLUSIONS In many patients with MS, MC was well tolerated, eased pain and spasticity, improved sleep and other symptoms, and reduced use of concomitant opioid analgesics. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the role of MC in the treatment of patients with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Rainka
- From the Dent Neurologic Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, KM, LM)
- The University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, EL, DV)
| | - Traci S. Aladeen
- From the Dent Neurologic Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, KM, LM)
- The University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, EL, DV)
| | - Anna G. Mattle
- From the Dent Neurologic Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, KM, LM)
- The University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, EL, DV)
| | - Emily Lewandowski
- The University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, EL, DV)
| | - Denis Vanini
- The University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, EL, DV)
| | - Katelyn McCormack
- From the Dent Neurologic Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, KM, LM)
| | - Laszlo Mechtler
- From the Dent Neurologic Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA (MMR, TSA, AGM, KM, LM)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Association between cannabis use and blood pressure levels according to comorbidities and socioeconomic status. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2069. [PMID: 36740601 PMCID: PMC9899770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The associations between blood pressure and cannabis use remain inconsistent. The purpose of our study was to examine gender stratified associations of cannabis use and blood pressure [systolic, diastolic blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP)] levels among the general UK Biobank population based study. Among 91,161 volunteers of the UK Biobank population, cannabis use status was assessed by questionnaire and range as heavy, moderate, low and never users. Associations between cannabis use and BP were estimated using multiple gender linear regressions. In adjusted covariates models, lifetime heavy cannabis use was associated with decrease in both SBP, DBP and PP in both genders, but with a higher effect among women (for SBP in men, b = - 1.09 (0.27), p < 0.001; in women, b = - 1.85 (0.36), p < 0.001; for DBP in men, b = - 0.50 (0.15), p < 0.001; in women, b = - 0.87 (0.17), p < 0.001; and for PP in men, b = - 0.60 (0.20), p < 0.001; in women, b = - 0.97 (0.27), p < 0.001. Among men, lower SBP and DBP levels were observed with participants without dyslipidemia and lower PP in participants with high income levels. Among women, lower SBP, DBP and PP were observed with current smokers, moderate/low alcohol levels and participants without dyslipidemia. Current cannabis use was associated with lower SBP levels in men (b = - 0.63 (0.25), p = 0.012) and in women (b = - 1.17 (0.31), p < 0.001). Same results were observed for DBP and PP. Negative association between BP in men was found but not in women. The small association in BP differences between heavy users and never users remains too small to adopt cannabis-blood pressure public policy in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
7
|
d’Angelo I, Provenzano R, Florio E, Lombardi A, Trama U, Ungaro F, Quaglia F, Miro A. Transmucosal delivery of the medical Cannabis oil via a nanoemulsion formulation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Hanganu B, Lazar DE, Manoilescu IS, Mocanu V, Butcovan D, Buhas CL, Szalontay AS, Ioan BG. Controversial Link between Cannabis and Anticancer Treatments-Where Are We and Where Are We Going? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164057. [PMID: 36011049 PMCID: PMC9406903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the field of oncology, preclinical research has shown that cannabis and cannabinoids modulate signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, programmed cell death, and metastasis. Based on these findings, as medical cannabis becomes legal in more and more countries, cancer patients and their families are increasingly interested in the potential benefits of herbal medicine as an element of complementary and alternative medicine in their treatment. Although its clinical efficacy has been demonstrated in preclinical studies, clinical trials with cancer patients are lacking. To draw clear conclusions, we await the results of further prospective and randomized studies on this clinically relevant topic. Abstract Background and Objectives: Cannabinoids are currently used in cancer patients primarily for their pain-relieving and antiemetic properties. The aim of our review was to synthesize all available data of studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of cannabis in combination with oncological treatments in cancer patients and to explore ongoing studies with different goals and medical areas registered in the field of oncology worldwide. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A search using MEDLINE/PubMed database was performed between 1 January 2006 and 1 March 2022. Search terms included the following: cannabidiol, cannabis, CBD, dronabinol, endocannabinoids, medical marijuana, nabiximols, nabilone, THC, and cancer. All studies that examined the efficacy of cannabis administered during oncological treatments, regardless of cancer localization, subtype, and sample size, were considered eligible. Results: In three studies, cannabis was administered to patients with glioblastoma, and in two other studies, cannabis was used in combination with immunotherapy in various cancer subgroups. The results of the clinical trials in cancer patients are not sufficient to draw conclusions at this time. Interestingly, several other studies addressing the systemic effects of cannabinoids in cancer patients are currently listed in the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s registry on the ClinicalTrials.gov website. However, only one of the registered studies examined the efficacy of cannabinoids as a potential option for systemic cancer treatment. Conclusions: Although cannabis is touted to the public as a cancer cure, clinical trials need to clarify which combinations of chemotherapeutic agents with cannabinoids are useful for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Hanganu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana Elena Lazar
- Department of Oncology, Municipal Hospital “St. Hierarch Dr. Luca”, 601048 Onesti, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-747-693-883
| | - Irina Smaranda Manoilescu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences (Pathophysiology), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Doina Butcovan
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences (Morphopathology), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Pathology, “Prof. George Georgescu” Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 50, Carol I Avenue, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Camelia Liana Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andreea Silvana Szalontay
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Beatrice Gabriela Ioan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kebede L, Masoomi Dezfooli S, Seyfoddin A. Medicinal Cannabis Pharmacokinetics and Potential Methods of Delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:202-214. [PMID: 35084279 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2035748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The evidence of cannabis exhibiting polypharmacological properties has been accumulating for the past few decades, particularly for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory abilities. However, inconsistent dosage forms and erratic absorption levels prevent medicinal cannabis products from becoming mainstream recommendations for pain management. Current cannabis products fail to address the undesirable characteristics associated with cannabinoids such as low solubility, poor bioavailability, and lack of specificity, all of which contribute to low therapeutic effect. In this narrative view, the pharmacokinetics of cannabis products and possible methods of drug delivery, in the form of carrier systems, will be explored. The incorporation of cannabinoids into carrier systems provides an opportunity to improve absorption levels, increase bioavailability and reduce adverse events allowing for a greater therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidya Kebede
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Seyedehsara Masoomi Dezfooli
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ali Seyfoddin
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pugazhendhi A, Suganthy N, Chau TP, Sharma A, Unpaprom Y, Ramaraj R, Karuppusamy I, Brindhadevi K. Cannabinoids as anticancer and neuroprotective drugs: Structural insights and pharmacological interactions—A review. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
11
|
Grafinger KE, Weinmann W. Determination of the Cross-Reactivity of the Biological Metabolite (-)-trans-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Carboxylic Acid-Glucuronide (THC-COOH-Gluc) for Cannabinoid Immunoassays. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:291-296. [PMID: 32518954 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highest concentrated metabolite of (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in urine, the main psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa, is 11-nor-9-carboxy-(-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-β-D-glucuronide [(-)-trans-THC-COOH-Gluc]. Even though reference standards for THC, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and THC-COOH are commercially available as the biological (-)-trans-stereoisomers, the reference standard of THC-COOH-Gluc is only available as the racemic 11-nor-9-carboxy-(±)-cis-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-β-D-glucuronide. This poses the problem for immunoassays, because different stereoisomers may have different cross-reactivity (CR). The aim of the current study was to extract the biological stereoisomer (-)-trans-THC-COOH-Gluc from a urine sample of two marihuana consumers by solid-phase extraction with a Chromabond® C18 cartridge. The cannabinoids in the obtained extract were quantified by Liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and used after dilution for further testing of the CR of (-)-trans-THC-COOH-Gluc with a homogenous enzyme immunoassay assay (hEIA) (Urine HEIA® Cannabinoids (THC), Immunalysis™, Pomona, CA, USA). The CR was determined as the measured HEIA® signal (ng/mL) per THC-COOH-Gluc concentration (ng/mL) in percentage. Results showed that the CR (determined in concentration ratios) is concentration dependent and is 72-87% in the calibration range (20-50 ng/mL). At the cut-off of the hEIA (40 ng/mL), the CR was determined to be 75%. With a molecular weight quotient of 1.51 (MWTHC-COOH-Gluc/MWTHC-COOH = 520.568 g/mol/344.451 g/mol), this means that CR (in molar ratios) is 106-131%. This finding is important, since the major metabolite of THC in urine is (-)-trans-THC-COOH-Gluc and not (-)-trans-THC-COOH, which is used for calibration and no hydrolysis is performed during the determination by hEIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Alberstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79104 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weinmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Erukainure OL, Matsabisa MG, Salau VF, Islam MS. Tetrahydrocannabinol-Rich Extracts From Cannabis Sativa L. Improve Glucose Consumption and Modulate Metabolic Complications Linked to Neurodegenerative Diseases in Isolated Rat Brains. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:592981. [PMID: 33390972 PMCID: PMC7774498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced brain glucose consumption arising from impaired glucose uptake and utilization has been linked to the pathogenesis and complications of neurodegenerative diseases. The ability of Cannabis sativa L. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich extracts to stimulate brain glucose uptake and utilization as well as its modulatory effect on gluconeogenesis, antioxidative, purinergic and cholinergic activities were investigated in isolated rats’ brains. C. sativa leaves were sequentially extracted to yield the hexane and dichloromethane extracts. The extracts were incubated at 37°C with freshly harvested brains in the presence of glucose for 2 h. The control consisted of incubation without the extracts, while brains without the extracts and glucose served as the normal control. Metformin was used as the standard drug. C. sativa extracts caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in brain glucose uptake, with concomitant elevation of glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activities compared to the controls. Incubation with C. sativa extracts also led to depletion in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase activities. GC-MS analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of THC. In silico analysis predicted THC to be permeable across the blood-brain-barrier. THC was also predicted to have an oral LD50 and toxicity class values of 482 mg/kg and 4 respectively. These results indicate that C. sativa improves glucose consumption with concomitant suppression of oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction, and modulation of purinergic and gluconeogenic activities in brain tissues
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Motlalepula G Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in commercially available CBD E-liquids in Switzerland. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 310:110261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
14
|
Oza M, Becker W, Gummadidala PM, Dias T, Omebeyinje MH, Chen L, Mitra C, Jesmin R, Chakraborty P, Sajish M, Hofseth LJ, Banerjee K, Wang Q, Moeller PDR, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chanda A. Acute and short-term administrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol modulate major gut metabolomic regulatory pathways in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10520. [PMID: 31324830 PMCID: PMC6642200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in Cannabis, which is studied extensively for its medicinal value. A central gap in the science is the underlying mechanisms surrounding THC's therapeutic effects and the role of gut metabolite profiles. Using a mass-spectrometry based metabolomics, we show here that intraperitoneal injection of THC in C57BL/6 mice modulates metabolic profiles that have previously been identified as integral to health. Specifically, we investigated the effects of acute (single THC injection denoted here as '1X') and short -term (five THC injections on alternate days denoted as '5X') THC administration on fecal and intestinal tissue metabolite profiles. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that THC administration alters host metabolism by targeting two prominent lipid metabolism pathways: glycerophospholipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Oza
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - William Becker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Phani M Gummadidala
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Travis Dias
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mayomi H Omebeyinje
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Creative Proteomics Inc., Shirley, New York, USA
| | - Chandrani Mitra
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rubaiya Jesmin
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Mathew Sajish
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Ocean Service, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vozella V, Zibardi C, Ahmed F, Piomelli D. Fast and Sensitive Quantification of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Main Oxidative Metabolites by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:110-123. [PMID: 31236476 PMCID: PMC6590723 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Few animal studies have evaluated the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in relation to its pharmacokinetic properties. Understanding this relationship is essential, however, if comparisons are to be drawn across conditions-such as sex, age, and route of administration-which are associated with variations in the absorption, metabolism, and distribution of THC. As a first step toward addressing this gap, in this report, we describe a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for the quantification of THC and its main oxidative metabolites, and apply it to representative rodent tissues. Materials and Methods: The sample workup procedure consisted of two steps: bulk protein precipitation with cold acetonitrile (ACN) followed by phospholipid removal by elution through Captiva-Enhanced Matrix Removal cartridges. The liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) protocol utilized a commercially available C18 reversed-phase column and a simple methanol/water gradient system. The new method was validated following Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines, and was applied to the quantification of THC and its main oxidative metabolites-11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-COOH-THC)-in plasma and brain of mice treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of THC (10 mg/kg). Results: ACN precipitation and column elution effectively depleted matrix constituents-most notably choline-containing phospholipids-which are known to interfere with THC analysis, with average recovery values of >85% for plasma and >80% for brain. The LC conditions yielded baseline separation of all analytes in a total run time of 7 min (including re-equilibration). The 10-point calibration curves showed excellent linearity (R 2>0.99) over a wide range of concentrations (1-1000 pmol/100 μL). Lowest limit of quantification was 2 pmol/100 μL for all analytes, and lowest limits of detection were 0.5 pmol/100 μL for THC and 11-OH-THC, and 1 pmol/100 μL for 11-COOH-THC. Intraday and interday accuracy and precision values were within the FDA-recommended range (±15% of nominal concentration). An application of the method to adult male mice is presented. Conclusions: We present a fast and sensitive method for the analysis of THC, which should facilitate studies aimed at linking the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this compound in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vozella
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Cristina Zibardi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
- Center for the Study of Cannabis, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Quantitative determination of CBD and THC and their acid precursors in confiscated cannabis samples by HPLC-DAD. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:142-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The addictive disorder is a multifactorial pathology variable in its manifestations, environmental, developmental, inheritable, neurobiological, and behavioral. METHODS Synthesis of recent data from the literature. RESULTS/DISCUSSION Addiction is a pathology affecting decision-making, the emotional balance, the voluntary control of behaviour, not only in cases of psychoactive products use but also in behavioural dependencies. The social environment, developmental stages, and genetic factors are closely related to the vulnerability to addiction. In this article, after reviewing risk factors and neurobiology data, we will use cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids and cocaine as an example of substance use disorder.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cannabinoid concentrations in confiscated cannabis samples and in whole blood and urine after smoking CBD-rich cannabis as a “tobacco substitute”. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:821-832. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-01994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Patrusheva OS, Pavlova AV, Korchagina DV, Tolstikova TG, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF. Synthesis and Analgesic Activity of 4,7-Dimethyl-3,4,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-2-Chromen-4,8-Diols Containing Alkyl-Substituted Aromatic Moieties. Chem Nat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-017-2202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Jadoon KA, Tan GD, O'Sullivan SE. A single dose of cannabidiol reduces blood pressure in healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93760. [PMID: 28614793 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid used in multiple sclerosis and intractable epilepsies. Preclinical studies show CBD has numerous cardiovascular benefits, including a reduced blood pressure (BP) response to stress. The aim of this study was to investigate if CBD reduces BP in humans. METHODS Nine healthy male volunteers were given 600 mg of CBD or placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Cardiovascular parameters were monitored using a finometer and laser Doppler. RESULTS CBD reduced resting systolic BP (-6 mmHg; P < 0.05) and stroke volume (-8 ml; P < 0.05), with increased heart rate (HR) and maintained cardiac output. Subjects who had taken CBD had lower BP (-5 mmHg; P < 0.05, especially before and after stress), increased HR (+10 bpm; P < 0.01), decreased stroke volume (-13 ml; P < 0.01), and a blunted forearm skin blood flow response to isometric exercise. In response to cold stress, subjects who had taken CBD had blunted BP (-6 mmHg; P < 0.01) and increased HR (+7 bpm; P < 0.05), with lower total peripheral resistance. CONCLUSIONS This data shows that acute administration of CBD reduces resting BP and the BP increase to stress in humans, associated with increased HR. These hemodynamic changes should be considered for people taking CBD. Further research is required to establish whether CBD has a role in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Jadoon
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Garry D Tan
- The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fischedick JT. Identification of Terpenoid Chemotypes Among High (-)- trans-Δ 9- Tetrahydrocannabinol-Producing Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:34-47. [PMID: 28861503 PMCID: PMC5436332 DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: With laws changing around the world regarding the legal status of Cannabis sativa (cannabis) it is important to develop objective classification systems that help explain the chemical variation found among various cultivars. Currently cannabis cultivars are named using obscure and inconsistent nomenclature. Terpenoids, responsible for the aroma of cannabis, are a useful group of compounds for distinguishing cannabis cultivars with similar cannabinoid content. Methods: In this study we analyzed terpenoid content of cannabis samples obtained from a single medical cannabis dispensary in California over the course of a year. Terpenoids were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and peak identification was confirmed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Quantitative data from 16 major terpenoids were analyzed using hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Results: A total of 233 samples representing 30 cultivars were used to develop a classification scheme based on quantitative data, HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA. Initially cultivars were divided into five major groups, which were subdivided into 13 classes based on differences in terpenoid profile. Different classification models were compared with PLS-DA and found to perform best when many representative samples of a particular class were included. Conclusion: A hierarchy of terpenoid chemotypes was observed in the data set. Some cultivars fit into distinct chemotypes, whereas others seemed to represent a continuum of chemotypes. This study has demonstrated an approach to classifying cannabis cultivars based on terpenoid profile.
Collapse
|
23
|
Russo M, Naro A, Leo A, Sessa E, D'Aleo G, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Evaluating Sativex® in Neuropathic Pain Management: A Clinical and Neurophysiological Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis. PAIN MEDICINE 2016; 17:1145-54. [PMID: 26764336 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to better investigate the role of Sativex(®) in improving pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by means of either clinical or neurophysiological assessment. SETTING Pain is a common symptom of MS, affecting up to 70% of patients. Pain treatment is often unsatisfactory, although emerging drugs (including cannabinoids) are giving encouraging results. Clinical pain assessment in MS is very difficult, and more objective tools are necessary to better quantify this symptom and its potential response to the treatments. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We enrolled 20 MS patients (10 with and 10 without neuropathic pain), who underwent a specific clinical (such as visual analog scale) and neurophysiological assessment (by means of laser-evoked potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation), before and after 4 weeks of Sativex administration. RESULTS One month of drug administration in MS patients with neuropathic pain successfully reduced pain rating and improved quality of life. Interestingly, such effects were paralleled by an increase of fronto-central γ-band oscillation and of pain-motor integration strength. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Sativex may be effective in improving MS-related neuropathic pain, maybe through its action on specific cortical pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Leo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Edoardo Sessa
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Smith LA, Azariah F, Lavender VTC, Stoner NS, Bettiol S. Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD009464. [PMID: 26561338 PMCID: PMC6931414 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009464.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis has a long history of medicinal use. Cannabis-based medications (cannabinoids) are based on its active element, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and have been approved for medical purposes. Cannabinoids may be a useful therapeutic option for people with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting that respond poorly to commonly used anti-emetic agents (anti-sickness drugs). However, unpleasant adverse effects may limit their widespread use. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of cannabis-based medications for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer. SEARCH METHODS We identified studies by searching the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and LILACS from inception to January 2015. We also searched reference lists of reviews and included studies. We did not restrict the search by language of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a cannabis-based medication with either placebo or with a conventional anti-emetic in adults receiving chemotherapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two review authors independently conducted eligibility and risk of bias assessment, and extracted data. We grouped studies based on control groups for meta-analyses conducted using random effects. We expressed efficacy and tolerability outcomes as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included 23 RCTs. Most were of cross-over design, on adults undergoing a variety of chemotherapeutic regimens ranging from moderate to high emetic potential for a variety of cancers. The majority of the studies were at risk of bias due to either lack of allocation concealment or attrition. Trials were conducted between 1975 and 1991. No trials involved comparison with newer anti-emetic drugs such as ondansetron. Comparison with placebo People had more chance of reporting complete absence of vomiting (3 trials; 168 participants; RR 5.7; 95% CI 2.6 to 12.6; low quality evidence) and complete absence of nausea and vomiting (3 trials; 288 participants; RR 2.9; 95% CI 1.8 to 4.7; moderate quality evidence) when they received cannabinoids compared with placebo. The percentage of variability in effect estimates that was due to heterogeneity rather than chance was not important (I(2) = 0% in both analyses).People had more chance of withdrawing due to an adverse event (2 trials; 276 participants; RR 6.9; 95% CI 1.96 to 24; I(2) = 0%; very low quality evidence) and less chance of withdrawing due to lack of efficacy when they received cannabinoids, compared with placebo (1 trial; 228 participants; RR 0.05; 95% CI 0.0 to 0.89; low quality evidence). In addition, people had more chance of 'feeling high' when they received cannabinoids compared with placebo (3 trials; 137 participants; RR 31; 95% CI 6.4 to 152; I(2) = 0%).People reported a preference for cannabinoids rather than placebo (2 trials; 256 participants; RR 4.8; 95% CI 1.7 to 13; low quality evidence). Comparison with other anti-emetics There was no evidence of a difference between cannabinoids and prochlorperazine in the proportion of participants reporting no nausea (5 trials; 258 participants; RR 1.5; 95% CI 0.67 to 3.2; I(2) = 63%; low quality evidence), no vomiting (4 trials; 209 participants; RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.44; I(2) = 0%; moderate quality evidence), or complete absence of nausea and vomiting (4 trials; 414 participants; RR 2.0; 95% CI 0.74 to 5.4; I(2) = 60%; low quality evidence). Sensitivity analysis where the two parallel group trials were pooled after removal of the five cross-over trials showed no difference (RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.7) with no heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%).People had more chance of withdrawing due to an adverse event (5 trials; 664 participants; RR 3.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 12; I(2) = 17%; low quality evidence), due to lack of efficacy (1 trial; 42 participants; RR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.9; very low quality evidence) and for any reason (1 trial; 42 participants; RR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.9; low quality evidence) when they received cannabinoids compared with prochlorperazine.People had more chance of reporting dizziness (7 trials; 675 participants; RR 2.4; 95% CI 1.8 to 3.1; I(2) = 12%), dysphoria (3 trials; 192 participants; RR 7.2; 95% CI 1.3 to 39; I(2) = 0%), euphoria (2 trials; 280 participants; RR 18; 95% CI 2.4 to 133; I(2) = 0%), 'feeling high' (4 trials; 389 participants; RR 6.2; 95% CI 3.5 to 11; I(2) = 0%) and sedation (8 trials; 947 participants; RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8; I(2) = 31%), with significantly more participants reporting the incidence of these adverse events with cannabinoids compared with prochlorperazine.People reported a preference for cannabinoids rather than prochlorperazine (7 trials; 695 participants; RR 3.3; 95% CI 2.2 to 4.8; I(2) = 51%; low quality evidence).In comparisons with metoclopramide, domperidone and chlorpromazine, there was weaker evidence, based on fewer trials and participants, for higher incidence of dizziness with cannabinoids.Two trials with 141 participants compared an anti-emetic drug alone with a cannabinoid added to the anti-emetic drug. There was no evidence of differences between groups; however, the majority of the analyses were based on one small trial with few events. Quality of the evidence The trials were generally at low to moderate risk of bias in terms of how they were designed and do not reflect current chemotherapy and anti-emetic treatment regimens. Furthermore, the quality of evidence arising from meta-analyses was graded as low for the majority of the outcomes analysed, indicating that we are not very confident in our ability to say how well the medications worked. Further research is likely to have an important impact on the results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Cannabis-based medications may be useful for treating refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, methodological limitations of the trials limit our conclusions and further research reflecting current chemotherapy regimens and newer anti-emetic drugs is likely to modify these conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Marston, Oxford, UK, OX3 0FL
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hellem T, Shi X, Latendresse G, Renshaw PF. The Utility of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Understanding Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2015; 21:244-75. [PMID: 26282670 PMCID: PMC5495546 DOI: 10.1177/1078390315598606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present a systematic review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies of substance use disorders. As a noninvasive and nonionizing imaging technique, MRS is being widely used in substance abuse research to evaluate the effects substances of abuse have on brain chemistry. Nearly 40 peer-reviewed research articles that focused on the utility of MRS in alcohol, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, cocaine, opiates, opioids, marijuana, and nicotine use disorders were reviewed. Findings indicate inconsistencies with respect to alterations in brain chemistry within each substance of abuse, and the most consistent finding across substances was decreased N-acetylaspartate and choline levels with chronic alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine use. Variation in the brain regions studied, imaging technique, as well as small sample sizes might explain the discrepancies in findings within each substance. Future well-designed MRS studies offer promise in examining novel treatment approaches in substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Hellem
- Tracy Hellem, PhD, RN, Diagnostic Neuroimaging and College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xianfeng Shi
- Xianfeng Shi, PhD, Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gwen Latendresse
- Gwen Latendresse, PhD, CNM, FACNM, College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- Perry F. Renshaw, MD, PhD, MBA, Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA and VISN 19 MIRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The short way to chiral compounds with hexahydrofluoreno[9,1-bc]furan framework: Synthesis and cytotoxic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1472-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Foadi N, Berger C, Pilawski I, Stoetzer C, Karst M, Haeseler G, Wegner F, Leffler A, Ahrens J. Inhibition of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels by the synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:1238-45. [PMID: 24755846 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid has been demonstrated to alleviate pain in patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain. Cannabinoids interact with several molecules within the pain circuit, including a potent inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels. In this study, we closely characterized this property on neuronal and nonneuronal sodium channels. METHODS The inhibition of sodium inward currents by ajulemic acid was studied in vitro. Human embryonic kidney 293t cells were used as the expression system for Nav1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.5N406K, 1.5F1760A, and 1.7; Nav1.8 was transiently expressed in ND7/23 cells. Nav1.2, Nav1.3, and Nav 1.8 were from rats, and Nav1.4, Nav1.5, and Nav1.7 were of human origin. Sodium currents were analyzed by means of the whole cell patch-clamp technique. The investigated concentrations of ajulemic acid were 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 μmol/L. RESULTS Ajulemic acid reversibly and concentration-dependently inhibited all voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) isoforms investigated in this study, including Nav1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, and 1.8. Tonic block of resting channels yielded half-maximal inhibitory concentration values between 2 and 9 μmol/L and was strongly enhanced on inactivated channels, suggesting state-dependent inhibition by ajulemic acid. Tonic block did not differ significantly when comparing Nav1.2 and Nav1.3, Nav1.4 and Nav1.5, and Nav1.7 and Nav1.8. Statistical analysis of other combinations of subunits (e.g., Nav1.2 and Nav1.4) by analysis of variance yielded a significant difference in block. Although we did not observe any relevant use-dependent block, ajulemic acid induced a strong hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage dependency of fast inactivation and modest shift of slow inactivation. The local anesthetic-insensitive Nav1.5 constructs N406K and F1760A displayed a preserved sensitivity to block by ajulemic acid. Finally, we found that low concentrations of ajulemic acid efficiently inhibited Navβ4 peptide-mediated resurgent currents in Nav1.5. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that block of sodium channels can be a relevant mechanism by which ajulemic acid alleviates neuropathic pain. The potent inhibition of resurgent currents and the preserved block on local anesthetic-insensitive channels indicates that ajulemic acid interacts with a conserved but yet unknown site of sodium channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar Foadi
- From the *Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, and † Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Vries M, van Rijckevorsel DCM, Wilder-Smith OHG, van Goor H. Dronabinol and chronic pain: importance of mechanistic considerations. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:1525-34. [PMID: 24819592 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.918102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although medicinal cannabis has been used for many centuries, the therapeutic potential of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC; international non-proprietary name = dronabinol) in current pain management remains unclear. Several pharmaceutical products with defined natural or synthesized Δ9-THC content have been developed, resulting in increasing numbers of clinical trials investigating the analgesic efficacy of dronabinol in various pain conditions. Different underlying pain mechanisms, including sensitization of nociceptive sensory pathways and alterations in cognitive and autonomic processing, might explain the varying analgesic effects of dronabinol in chronic pain states. AREAS COVERED The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and mechanisms of action of products with a defined dronabinol content are summarized. Additionally, randomized clinical trials investigating the analgesic efficacy of pharmaceutical cannabis based products are reviewed for the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain. EXPERT OPINION We suggest a mechanism-based approach beyond measurement of subjective pain relief to evaluate the therapeutic potential of dronabinol in chronic pain management. Development of objective mechanistic diagnostic biomarkers reflecting altered sensory and cognitive processing in the brain is essential to evaluate dronabinol induced analgesia, and to permit identification of responders and/or non-responders to dronabinol treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan de Vries
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Pain and Nociception Neuroscience Research Group , Route 690, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen , The Netherlands +31 024 361 0903 ; +31 024 354 0501 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Robson PJ. Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicines. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:24-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Robson
- Cannabinoid Research Institute; GW Research Ltd; Porton Down Science Park Salisbury SP4 0JQ UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dudášová A, Keir SD, Parsons ME, Molleman A, Page CP. The effects of cannabidiol on the antigen-induced contraction of airways smooth muscle in the guinea-pig. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:373-9. [PMID: 23428645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in the airways, but its psychoactive effects preclude its therapeutic use for the treatment of airways diseases. In the present study we have investigated the effects of (-)-cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component of cannabis for its actions on bronchial smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo. Guinea-pig bronchial smooth muscle contractions induced by exogenously applied spasmogens were measured isometrically. In addition, contractile responses of bronchial smooth muscle from ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs were investigated in the absence or presence of (-)-cannabidiol. Furthermore, the effect of (-)-cannabidiol against ovalbumin-induced airway obstruction was investigated in vivo in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs. (-)-Cannabidiol did not influence the bronchial smooth muscle contraction induced by carbachol, histamine or neurokinin A. In contrast, (-)-cannabidiol inhibited anandamide- and virodhamine-induced responses of isolated bronchi. A fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride reversed the inhibitory effect of (-)-cannabidiol on anandamide-induced contractions. In addition, (-)-cannabidiol inhibited the contractile response of bronchi obtained from allergic guinea-pigs induced by ovalbumin. In vivo, (-)-cannabidiol reduced ovalbumin-induced airway obstruction. In conclusion, our results suggest that cannabidiol can influence antigen-induced airway smooth muscle tone suggesting that this molecule may have beneficial effects in the treatment of obstructive airway disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dudášová
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, CP Snow Building, Hatfield, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Lopes CFB, de Angelis BB, Prudente HM, de Souza BVG, Cardoso SV, de Azambuja Ribeiro RIM. Concomitant consumption of marijuana, alcohol and tobacco in oral squamous cell carcinoma development and progression: recent advances and challenges. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1026-33. [PMID: 22727410 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) corresponds to 95% of all malignant tumours of the mouth. The association between alcohol and tobacco is the major risk factor for this disease, increasing the chances for the development of OSCC by 35-fold. The plant, Cannabis sativa is smoked as cigarettes or blunts and is commonly used in association with tobacco and alcohol. Any type of smoking habit exposes individuals to a wide range of carcinogens or pro-carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as some ethanol derived substances such as acetaldehyde (AA), and all are genotoxic in the same way. In addition, ethanol acts in the oral mucosa as a solvent and therefore increases the cellular membrane permeability to carcinogens. Carcinogens found in tobacco are also concentrated in marijuana, but the latter also contains high levels of cannabinoids, bioactive compounds responsible for several effects such as euphoria and analgesia. However, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), the major psychotropic cannabinoid found in plants, causes a reduction of cellular metabolism and induction of apoptosis, both of which are anti-neoplastic properties. Apart from limited epidemiologic and experimental data, the effects of concomitant chronic exposure to marijuana (or Δ(9)-THC), tobacco and alcohol in OSCC development and progression is poorly known. This paper reviews the most recent findings on the effects of marijuana over cellular proliferation, as well as in the risk for OSCC, with emphasis on its interaction with tobacco and ethanol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Fabio Baeta Lopes
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro-oeste, Faculdade de Medicina, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xiong W, Cui T, Cheng K, Yang F, Chen SR, Willenbring D, Guan Y, Pan HL, Ren K, Xu Y, Zhang L. Cannabinoids suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1121-34. [PMID: 22585736 PMCID: PMC3371734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and intrathecal administration of derivatives of a nonpsychoactive component of marijuana significantly suppresses chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, without causing analgesic tolerance, in several rodent models. Certain types of nonpsychoactive cannabinoids can potentiate glycine receptors (GlyRs), an important target for nociceptive regulation at the spinal level. However, little is known about the potential and mechanism of glycinergic cannabinoids for chronic pain treatment. We report that systemic and intrathecal administration of cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychoactive component of marijuana, and its modified derivatives significantly suppress chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain without causing apparent analgesic tolerance in rodents. The cannabinoids significantly potentiate glycine currents in dorsal horn neurons in rat spinal cord slices. The analgesic potency of 11 structurally similar cannabinoids is positively correlated with cannabinoid potentiation of the α3 GlyRs. In contrast, the cannabinoid analgesia is neither correlated with their binding affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors nor with their psychoactive side effects. NMR analysis reveals a direct interaction between CBD and S296 in the third transmembrane domain of purified α3 GlyR. The cannabinoid-induced analgesic effect is absent in mice lacking the α3 GlyRs. Our findings suggest that the α3 GlyRs mediate glycinergic cannabinoid-induced suppression of chronic pain. These cannabinoids may represent a novel class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic pain and other diseases involving GlyR dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Riether D. Selective cannabinoid receptor 2 modulators: a patent review 2009--present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:495-510. [PMID: 22537079 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.682570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The activation of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) affects a myriad of immune responses from inflammation to neuroprotection, demonstrates analgesic effects and suppresses responses in many animal models of pain. Questions around the involvement of CB1 activation in these effects remain, but efforts have been directed toward the discovery of highly selective CB2 modulators lacking the psychotropic effects of cannabinoids, which are mediated by the CB1 receptor. AREAS COVERED This review covers the patent literature which was published since April 2009 on CB2 selective modulators. It provides a general summary of the CB2 biology supporting the interest in CB2 as a drug target, new potential therapeutic indications and the development status of selective CB2 agonists. EXPERT OPINION There is a continuous interest in the CB2 receptor as a drug target. Many highly selective compounds of various chemotypes have been identified and their analgesic effects in animal models further support the potential of this mechanism in pain therapy. Several companies have initiated clinical trials. While some of these have been terminated for various reasons, one can anticipate the emergence of new drugs from CB2 modulation once a better understanding around the cannabinoid receptors is gained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Riether
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Atwood BK, Lee D, Straiker A, Widlanski TS, Mackie K. CP47,497-C8 and JWH073, commonly found in 'Spice' herbal blends, are potent and efficacious CB(1) cannabinoid receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:139-45. [PMID: 21333643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
'Spice' is an herbal blend that has been reported to produce cannabis-like effects when smoked and is marketed as an alternative to marijuana. Synthetic additives have been identified in numerous 'Spice' preparations from different sources. Common among many of the preparations were the compounds JWH018 and a dimethyloctyl variant of CP47,497 (CP47,497-C8) and, more recently JWH073. The synaptic effects of each of these compounds were uncharacterized. We previously reported that JWH018 is a potent and efficacious CB(1) cannabinoid receptor agonist. In this study we have examined the abilities of CP47,497-C8 and JWH073 to inhibit neurotransmission in cultured autaptic hippocampal neurons. Each inhibited EPSCs with an efficacy and potency similar to JWH018. We also analyzed these compounds' effects on promoting internalization of CB(1) receptors in HEK293 cells stably expressing CB(1) receptors. Similar to our neurotransmission data, CP47,497-C8 internalized CB(1) in a fashion indistinguishable from JWH018. However, JWH073 was less potent and produced slower internalization than JWH018 and CP47,497-C8. It appears that 'Spice' contains a number of cannabinoid receptor agonists that activate CB(1) receptors to inhibit synaptic transmission with similar potencies and efficacies. It is highly probable that the cannabis-like effects of 'Spice' are due to the presence of these and analogous synthetic additives acting on CB(1) receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady K Atwood
- The Gill Center and Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Atwood BK, Mackie K. CB2: a cannabinoid receptor with an identity crisis. Br J Pharmacol 2010. [PMID: 20590558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CB(2) was first considered to be the 'peripheral cannabinoid receptor'. This title was bestowed based on its abundant expression in the immune system and presumed absence from the central nervous system. However, multiple recent reports question the absence of CB(2) from the central nervous system. For example, it is now well accepted that CB(2) is expressed in brain microglia during neuroinflammation. However, the extent of CB(2) expression in neurons has remained controversial. There have been studies claiming either extreme-its complete absence to its widespread expression-as well as everything in between. This review will discuss the reported tissue distribution of CB(2) with a focus on CB(2) in neurons, particularly those in the central nervous system as well as the implications of that presence. As CB(2) is an attractive therapeutic target for pain management and immune system modulation without overt psychoactivity, defining the extent of its presence in neurons will have a significant impact on drug discovery. Our recommendation is to encourage cautious interpretation of data that have been presented for and against CB(2)'s presence in neurons and to encourage continued rigorous study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady K Atwood
- The Gill Center and the Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
CB(2) was first considered to be the 'peripheral cannabinoid receptor'. This title was bestowed based on its abundant expression in the immune system and presumed absence from the central nervous system. However, multiple recent reports question the absence of CB(2) from the central nervous system. For example, it is now well accepted that CB(2) is expressed in brain microglia during neuroinflammation. However, the extent of CB(2) expression in neurons has remained controversial. There have been studies claiming either extreme-its complete absence to its widespread expression-as well as everything in between. This review will discuss the reported tissue distribution of CB(2) with a focus on CB(2) in neurons, particularly those in the central nervous system as well as the implications of that presence. As CB(2) is an attractive therapeutic target for pain management and immune system modulation without overt psychoactivity, defining the extent of its presence in neurons will have a significant impact on drug discovery. Our recommendation is to encourage cautious interpretation of data that have been presented for and against CB(2)'s presence in neurons and to encourage continued rigorous study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady K Atwood
- The Gill Center and the Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lazzari P, Fadda P, Marchese G, Casu G, Pani L. Antinociceptive activity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol non-ionic microemulsions. Int J Pharm 2010; 393:238-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
Foadi N, Leuwer M, Demir R, Dengler R, Buchholz V, de la Roche J, Karst M, Haeseler G, Ahrens J. Lack of positive allosteric modulation of mutated alpha(1)S267I glycine receptors by cannabinoids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 381:477-82. [PMID: 20339834 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of inhibitory synaptic transmission within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a key role in the development of chronic pain following inflammation or nerve injury. Inhibitory postsynaptic transmission in the adult spinal cord involves mainly glycine. Ajulemic acid and HU210 are non-psychotropic, synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabidiol is a non-psychotropic plant constituent of cannabis sativa. There are hints that non-cannabinoid receptor mechanisms of these cannabinoids might be mediated via glycine receptors. In this study, we investigated the impact of the amino acid residue serine at position 267 on the glycine-modulatory effects of ajulemic acid, cannabidiol and HU210. Mutated alpha(1)S267I glycine receptors transiently expressed in HEK293 cells were studied by utilising the whole-cell clamp technique. The mutation of the alpha(1) subunit TM2 serine residue to isoleucine abolished the co-activation and the direct activation of the glycine receptor by the investigated cannabinoids. The nature of the TM2 (267) residue of the glycine alpha(1) subunit is crucial for the glycine-modulatory effect of ajulemic acid, cannabidiol and HU210. An investigation of the impact of such mutations on the in vivo interaction of cannabinoids with glycine receptors should permit a better understanding of the molecular determinants of action of cannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar Foadi
- Clinic for Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine; OE 8050, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Atwood BK, Huffman J, Straiker A, Mackie K. JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB receptor agonist. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:585-93. [PMID: 20100276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 'Spice' is an herbal blend primarily marketed in Europe as a mild hallucinogen with prominent cannabis-like effects and as a legal alternative to cannabis. However, a recent report identified a number of synthetic additives in samples of 'Spice'. One of these, the indole derivative JWH018, is a ligand for the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB(1)) cannabinoid receptor and inhibits cAMP production in CB(1) receptor-expressing CHO cells. Other effects of JWH018 on CB(1) receptor-mediated signalling are not known, particularly in neurons. Here we have evaluated the signalling pathways activated by JWH018 at CB(1) receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the effects of JWH018 on neurotransmission in cultured autaptic hippocampal neurons. We further analysed its activation of ERK1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and internalization of CB(1) receptors in HEK293 cells stably expressing this receptor. KEY RESULTS In cultured autaptic hippocampal neurons, JWH018 potently inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (IC(50)= 14.9 nM) in a concentration- and CB(1) receptor-dependent manner. Furthermore, it increased ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation (EC(50)= 4.4 nM). We also found that JWH018 potently induced rapid and robust CB(1) receptor internalization (EC(50)= 2.8 nM; t(1/2)= 17.3 min). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS JWH018, a prominent component of several herbal preparations marketed for their psychoactivity, is a potent and effective CB(1) receptor agonist that activates multiple CB(1) receptor signalling pathways. Thus, it is likely that the subjective effects of 'Spice' are due to activation of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors by JWH018, added to this herbal preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady K Atwood
- The Gill Center and the Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fischedick J, Van Der Kooy F, Verpoorte R. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:201-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Fischedick
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University
| | - Frank Van Der Kooy
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jung J, Meyer MR, Maurer HH, Neusüss C, Weinmann W, Auwärter V. Studies on the metabolism of the Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol precursor Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (Delta9-THCA-A) in rat using LC-MS/MS, LC-QTOF MS and GC-MS techniques. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1423-33. [PMID: 19728318 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Cannabis sativa, Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (Delta9-THCA-A) is the non-psychoactive precursor of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC). In fresh plant material, about 90% of the total Delta9-THC is available as Delta9-THCA-A. When heated (smoked or baked), Delta9-THCA-A is only partially converted to Delta9-THC and therefore, Delta9-THCA-A can be detected in serum and urine of cannabis consumers. The aim of the presented study was to identify the metabolites of Delta9-THCA-A and to examine particularly whether oral intake of Delta9-THCA-A leads to in vivo formation of Delta9-THC in a rat model. After oral application of pure Delta9-THCA-A to rats (15 mg/kg body mass), urine samples were collected and metabolites were isolated and identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high resolution LC-MS using time of flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for accurate mass measurement. For detection of Delta9-THC and its metabolites, urine extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identified metabolites show that Delta9-THCA-A undergoes a hydroxylation in position 11 to 11-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (11-OH-Delta9-THCA-A), which is further oxidized via the intermediate aldehyde 11-oxo-Delta9-THCA-A to 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (Delta9-THCA-A-COOH). Glucuronides of the parent compound and both main metabolites were identified in the rat urine as well. Furthermore, Delta9-THCA-A undergoes hydroxylation in position 8 to 8-alpha- and 8-beta-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A, respectively, (8alpha-Hydroxy-Delta9-THCA-A and 8beta-Hydroxy-Delta9-THCA-A, respectively) followed by dehydration. Both monohydroxylated metabolites were further oxidized to their bishydroxylated forms. Several glucuronidation conjugates of these metabolites were identified. In vivo conversion of Delta9-THCA-A to Delta9-THC was not observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jung
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fischedick JT, Glas R, Hazekamp A, Verpoorte R. A qualitative and quantitative HPTLC densitometry method for the analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:421-6. [PMID: 19609880 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis and cannabinoid based medicines are currently under serious investigation for legitimate development as medicinal agents, necessitating new low-cost, high-throughput analytical methods for quality control. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to develop and validate, according to ICH guidelines, a simple rapid HPTLC method for the quantification of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) and qualitative analysis of other main neutral cannabinoids found in cannabis. METHODOLOGY The method was developed and validated with the use of pure cannabinoid reference standards and two medicinal cannabis cultivars. Accuracy was determined by comparing results obtained from the HTPLC method with those obtained from a validated HPLC method. RESULTS Delta(9)-THC gives linear calibration curves in the range of 50-500 ng at 206 nm with a linear regression of y = 11.858x + 125.99 and r(2) = 0.9968. CONCLUSION Results have shown that the HPTLC method is reproducible and accurate for the quantification of Delta(9)-THC in cannabis. The method is also useful for the qualitative screening of the main neutral cannabinoids found in cannabis cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Fischedick
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dalton VS, Wang H, Zavitsanou K. HU210-induced downregulation in cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding strongly correlates with body weight loss in the adult rat. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1343-53. [PMID: 19169813 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro autoradiography was used to examine changes in cannabinoid CB1 receptors (targeted with [(3)H] CP55,940) in rats treated with the potent cannabinoid agonist HU210. Animals were administered with HU210 (25, 50, 100 microg/kg) for 4 or 14 days or received a single 100 microg/kg injection of HU210 and sacrificed 24 h later. The acute dose resulted in a decrease in binding in the caudate putamen and hippocampus. A dose dependent, region-specific reduction (P < 0.0001) in [(3)H] CP55,940 binding was seen in all brain regions examined after 4 and 14 days treatment. A decrease in body weight was recorded during the first 4 days of treatment but after this animals began to gain weight. Correlations (0.865 < r < 0.659, P < 0.0001) between body weight on day four and CB1 receptor binding were found in all brain regions examined suggesting that downregulation of CB1 receptors may contribute to the induction of tolerance to body weight loss induced by HU210.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Dalton
- Radiopharmaceuticals Research Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, PMB 1 Menai, Sydney, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ahrens J, Leuwer M, Demir R, Krampfl K, de la Roche J, Foadi N, Karst M, Haeseler G. Positive allosteric modulatory effects of ajulemic acid at strychnine-sensitive glycine alpha1- and alpha1beta-receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 379:371-8. [PMID: 18985319 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid (CT-3) is a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist which was found to reduce pain scores in neuropathic pain patients in the absence of cannabis-like psychotropic adverse effects. The reduced psychotropic activity of ajulemic acid has been attributed to a greater contribution of peripheral CB receptors to its mechanism of action as well as to non-CB receptor mechanisms. Loss of inhibitory synaptic transmission within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a key role in the development of chronic pain following inflammation or nerve injury. Inhibitory postsynaptic transmission in the adult spinal cord involves mainly glycine. As we hypothesised that additional non-CB receptor mechanisms of ajulemic acid might contribute to its effect in neuropathic pain, we investigated the interaction of ajulemic acid with strychnine-sensitive alpha(1)- and alpha(1)beta-glycine receptors by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Ajulemic acid showed a positive allosteric modulating effect in a concentration range which can be considered close to clinically relevant concentrations (EC(50) values: alpha(1) = 9.7 +/- 2.6 microM and alpha(1)beta = 12.4 +/- 3.4 microM). Direct activation of glycine receptors was observed at higher concentrations above 100 microM (EC(50) values: alpha(1) = 140.9 +/- 21.5 microM and alpha(1)beta = 154.3 +/- 32.1 microM). These in vitro results demonstrate that ajulemic acid modulates strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in clinically relevant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Ahrens
- Clinic for Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, OE 8050, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|