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Yegorov YE, Vishnyakova KS, Pan X, Egorov AE, Popov KV, Tevonyan LL, Chashchina GV, Kaluzhny DN. Mechanisms of Phototoxic Effects of Cationic Porphyrins on Human Cells In Vitro. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031090. [PMID: 36770766 PMCID: PMC9921399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic effects of four cationic porphyrins on various human cells were studied in vitro. It was found that, under dark conditions, porphyrins are almost nontoxic, while, under the action of light, the toxic effect was observed starting from nanomolar concentrations. At a concentration of 100 nM, porphyrins caused inhibition of metabolism in the MTT test in normal and cancer cells. Furthermore, low concentrations of porphyrins inhibited colony formation. The toxic effect was nonlinear; with increasing concentrations of various porphyrins, up to about 1 μM, the effect reached a plateau. In addition to the MTT test, this was repeated in experiments examining cell permeability to trypan blue, as well as survival after 24 h. The first visible manifestation of the toxic action of porphyrins is blebbing and swelling of cells. Against the background of this process, permeability to porphyrins and trypan blue appears. Subsequently, most cells (even mitotic cells) freeze in this swollen state for a long time (24 and even 48 h), remaining attached. Cellular morphology is mostly preserved. Thus, it is clear that the cells undergo mainly necrotic death. The hypothesis proposed is that the concentration dependence of membrane damage indicates a limited number of porphyrin targets on the membrane. These targets may be any ion channels, which should be considered in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegor E. Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (D.N.K.)
| | - Khava S. Vishnyakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anton E. Egorov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Popov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I.Kulakov, 4 Oparina Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liana L. Tevonyan
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Galina V. Chashchina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry N. Kaluzhny
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (D.N.K.)
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Banaspati A, Ramu V, Raza MK, Goswami TK. Copper(ii) curcumin complexes for endoplasmic reticulum targeted photocytotoxicity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30722-30733. [PMID: 36349155 PMCID: PMC9606729 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04813b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three copper(ii) complexes viz. [Cu(cur)(L)(ClO4)] (1-3), where Hcur is curcumin and L is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 2), or dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz, 3) were synthesized, fully characterized by various physicochemical methods and evaluated for their light-assisted chemotherapeutic potential. The complexes [Cu(acac)(L)(ClO4)] (4-6), where Hacac is acetylacetone and L is phen (in 4), dpq (in 5) and dppz (in 6), were synthesized and used as controls. The solid state structures of complexes 4 and 5 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The curcumin complexes (1-3) were redox inactive at the copper centre, whereas the acetylacetonato complexes (4-6) displayed a Cu(ii)/Cu(i) couple at ∼0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode in DMF. Complexes 1-3 showed an intense curcumin-based band at ∼440 nm in DMF-Tris-HCl buffer (pH = 7.2) (1 : 9 v/v) which masks the copper based d-d band. The complexes bind to human serum albumin (HSA) with moderate efficacy. They also displayed significant binding affinity for calf-thymus (CT) DNA. The lipophilic curcumin complexes show remarkable visible light induced cytotoxicity (IC50 = ∼4 μM) with high phototoxic indices (PI) with low dark toxicity in human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. The corresponding acetylacetonato controls (4-6) did not show significant cytotoxicity in the dark or light. DCFDA and annexin V-FITC/PI assays using flow cytometry confirm the induction of significant apoptosis in cancer cells via generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species upon photoactivation. Confocal microscopic images using complex 3 demonstrate localization of the complexes predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum of HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Banaspati
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University Guwahati 781014 Assam India
| | - Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Tridib K Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University Guwahati 781014 Assam India
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Das D, Noor A, Raza MK, Goswami TK. Co(II) complexes of curcumin and a ferrocene-based curcuminoid: a study on photo-induced antitumor activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:881-893. [PMID: 34550450 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Co(II) complexes having a ferrocene-based curcuminoid (Fc-curH) ligand viz. [Co(L)2(Fc-cur)]ClO4 (1, 2), where L is phenanthroline base, namely, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 1) and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz in 2) have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated as photochemotherapeutic agents in vitro. The corresponding Co(II) complexes of the naturally occurring polyphenol curcumin (curH), namely, [Co(L)2(cur)]ClO4 (3, 4), where L is phen (in 3) and dppz (in 4) were synthesized and their photo-induced anticancer activities compared with their ferrocene containing counterparts 1 and 2. The Co(II) acetylacetonato complex viz. [Co(phen)2(acac)]ClO4 (5) was structurally characterized through X-ray crystallography and used as control for cellular experiments. The Co(II) complexes having ferrocene-based curcuminoid are remarkably stable at physiological condition with higher lipophilicity compared to their curcumin analogues. The complexes display significant binding propensity to calf thymus (ct) DNA and human serum albumin (HSA). The complexes 1-4 display remarkable visible light induced cytotoxicity with the ferrocenyl analogues showing more phototoxic index (PI). The Co(II) curcumin complexes localize in the nucleus and mitochondria of A549 cells. The primary cell death mechanism is believed to be apoptotic in nature induced by light assisted generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Aisha Noor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Tridib K Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India.
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Photochemical and photocytotoxic evaluation of new Oxovanadium (IV) complexes in photodynamic application. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Banaspati A, Raza MK, Goswami TK. Ni(II) curcumin complexes for cellular imaging and photo-triggered in vitro anticancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112632. [PMID: 32781350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nickel(II) complexes [Ni(cur)(L)2](OAc) (1-3) where L is N,N-donor heterocyclic bases namely 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 1), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq in 2), dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz in 3) and Hcur is curcumin were prepared, fully characterized and light-induced in vitro anticancer activity studied. Three nickel(II) complexes containing acetylacetonato (Hacac) ligand, viz.[Ni(acac)(L)2](OAc) (4-6) where L is phen (in 4), dpq (in 5), dppz (in 6) were prepared and used as controls. Complex 4 was structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique, which revealed an octahedral NiN4O2 geometry around the metal centre. Complexes 1-3 showed an intense curcumin-based band at ∼440 nm in DMSO-Tris-HCl buffer (pH = 7.2) (1:4 v/v) which masks the nickel based d-d band. The curcumin comlexes (1-3) were redox inactive at the nickel centre, whereas the acetylacetonato complexes (4-6) displayed an irreversible voltammetric response at ∼1.00 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode in DMF. The complexes bind to calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) with considerable affinity and interacted with human serum albumin (HSA) with moderate affinity. The Ni(II) curcumin complexes display significant in vitro light-induced cytotoxicity in HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and A549 (lung cancer cells) involving reactive oxygen species (ROS), with very low dark toxicity. The complexes were found to be much less toxic to immortalized lung epithelial normal cells (HPL1D). Confocal microscopic images using complex 2 and 3 showed that they primarily localize in the cytosol of A549 cells. The mechanism of cell death is mainly apoptosis in nature showing arrest of sub-G1 phase of cell cycle progression in A549 cells under visible light exposure and involves significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as observed from JC-1 assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Banaspati
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Tridib K Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India.
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Combination of Near Infrared Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Indocyanine Green with Etoposide to Treat Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9060063. [PMID: 28587258 PMCID: PMC5483882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) has been reported as a potential near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. However the application of ICG-mediated PDT is both intrinsically and physiologically limited. Here we report a combination of ICG-PDT with a chemotherapy drug etoposide (VP-16), aiming to enhance the anticancer efficacy, to circumvent limitations of PDT using ICG, and to reduce side effects of VP-16. We found in controlled in vitro cell-based assays that this combination is effective in killing non-small-cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC, A549 cell line). We also found that the combination of ICG-PDT and VP-16 exhibits strong synergy in killing non-small-cell lung cancer cells partially through inducing more DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), while it has a much weaker synergy in killing human normal cells (GM05757). Furthermore, by studying the treatment sequence dependence and the cytotoxicity of laser-irradiated mixtures of ICG and VP-16, we found that the observed synergy involves direct/indirect reactions between ICG and VP-16. We further propose that there exists an electron transfer reaction between ICG and VP-16 under irradiation. This study therefore shows the anticancer efficacy of ICG-PDT combined with VP-16. These findings suggest that ICG-mediated PDT may be applied in combination with the chemotherapy drug VP-16 to treat some cancers, especially the non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Kovaleva OA, Tsvetkov VB, Mamaeva OK, Ol’shevskaya VA, Makarenkov AV, Dezhenkova LG, Semeikin AS, Borisova OF, Shtil AA, Shchyolkina AK, Kaluzhny DN. Preferential DNA photocleavage potency of Zn(II) over Ni(II) derivatives of carboxymethyl tetracationic porphyrin: the role of the mode of binding to DNA. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2014; 43:545-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-014-0984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Two combined photosensitizers: a goal for more effective photodynamic therapy of cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1122. [PMID: 24625981 PMCID: PMC3973236 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic modality for the treatment of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, mainly cancer. It involves the selective uptake of a photosensitizer (PS) by neoplastic tissue, which is able to produce reactive oxygen species upon irradiation with light, leading to tumor regression. Here a synergistic cell photoinactivation is reported based on the simultaneous administration of two PSs, zinc(II)-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and the cationic porphyrin meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) in three cell lines (HeLa, HaCaT and MCF-7), using very low doses of PDT. We detected changes from predominant apoptosis (without cell detachment) to predominant necrosis, depending on the light dose used (2.4 and 3.6 J/cm2, respectively). Analysis of changes in cytoskeleton components (microtubules and F-actin), FAK protein, as well as time-lapse video microscopy evidenced that HeLa cells were induced to undergo apoptosis, without losing adhesion to the substrate. Moreover, 24 h after intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice, ZnPc and TMPyP were preferentially accumulated in the tumor area. PDT with combined treatment produced significant retardation of tumor growth. We believe that this combined and highly efficient strategy (two PSs) may provide synergistic curative rates regarding conventional photodynamic treatments (with one PS alone).
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Gyulkhandanyan A, Gyulkhandanyan L, Ghazaryan R, Fleury F, Angelini M, Gyulkhandanyan G, Sakanyan V. Assessment of new cationic porphyrin binding to plasma proteins by planar microarray and spectroscopic methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 31:363-75. [PMID: 22871064 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.703063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins have a unique aromatic structure determining particular photochemical properties that make them promising photosensitizers for anticancer therapy. Previously, we synthesized a set of artificial porphyrins by modifying side-chain functional groups and introducing different metals into the core structure. Here, we have performed a comparative study of the binding properties of 29 cationic porphyrins with plasma proteins by using microarray and spectroscopic approaches. The porphyrins were noncovalently immobilized onto hydrogel-covered glass slides and probed to bio-conjugated human and bovine serum albumins, as well as to human hemoglobin. The signal detection was carried out at the near-infrared fluorescence wavelength (800 nm) that enabled the effect of intrinsic visible wavelength fluorescence emitted by the porphyrins tested to be discarded. Competition assays on porphyrin microarrays indicated that long-chain fatty acids (FAs) (palmitic and stearic acids) decrease porphyrin binding to both serum albumin and hemoglobin. The binding affinity of different types of cationic porphyrins for plasma proteins was quantitatively assessed in the absence and presence of FAs by fluorescent and absorption spectroscopy. Molecular docking analysis confirmed results that new porphyrins and long-chain FAs compete for the common binding site FA1 in human serum albumin and meso-substituted functional groups in porphyrins play major role in the modulation of conformational rearrangements of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Gyulkhandanyan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, 5/1 P. Sevak str. 0014, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
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Dye DF, Köpke T, Ramabhadran RO, Raghavachari K, Zaleski JM. Gating the Mechanistic Pathway to the Elusive 4-Membered Ring Azeteoporphyrin. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13110-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203451k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Dye
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Tillmann Köpke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Zaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Villanueva A, Stockert JC, Cañete M, Acedo P. A new protocol in photodynamic therapy: enhanced tumour cell death by combining two different photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:295-7. [PMID: 20221454 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combined application of two photosensitisers (PSs), zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and the cationic porphyrin meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (T4MPyP), on HeLa cells produced an enhanced lethal effect relative to treatments with single PSs. Thus, the proper combination of PSs may constitute a new strategy to improve the efficacy of clinical photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Villanueva
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Edificio de Biología. E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
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