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Shen L, Luo H, Fan L, Tian X, Tang A, Wu X, Dong K, Su Z. Potential Immunoregulatory Mechanism of Plant Saponins: A Review. Molecules 2023; 29:113. [PMID: 38202696 PMCID: PMC10780299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Saponins are extracted from different parts of plants such as seeds, roots, stems, and leaves and have a variety of biological activities including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory effects, and hypoglycemic properties. They demonstrate inherent low immunogenicity and possess the capacity to effectively regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Plant saponins can promote the growth and development of the body's immune organs through a variety of signaling pathways, regulate the activity of a variety of immune cells, and increase the secretion of immune-related cytokines and antigen-specific antibodies, thereby exerting the role of immune activity. However, the chemical structure of plant saponins determines its certain hemolytic and cytotoxicity. With the development of science and technology, these disadvantages can be avoided or reduced by certain technical means. In recent years, there has been a significant surge in interest surrounding the investigation of plant saponins as immunomodulators. Consequently, the objective of this review is to thoroughly examine the immunomodulatory properties of plant saponins and elucidate their potential mechanisms, with the intention of offering a valuable point of reference for subsequent research and advancement within this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhong Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hao Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Anguo Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Sichuan Yuqiang Herbal Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhetong Su
- Guangxi Innovates Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Lipu 546600, China
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Chen X, Yu Y, Zheng Y, Jia J, Jin J, Sun H, Jiang C, Yang H. Structural characterization and adjuvant action of Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide on the immune responses to classical swine fever vaccine in mice. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271996. [PMID: 37795015 PMCID: PMC10545964 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide (PTFP) from dried cultured P. tomentosa flowers, is widely known for its immunomodulatory activities. Here, PTFP was extracted from Paulownia tomentosa flower using hot water extraction, followed by ethanol precipitation methods. Structural characterization of PTFP was revealed by scanning electron microscope, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, gel chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectral. Meanwhile, adjuvant action of PTFT on the immune responses to classical swine fever vaccine in mice was evaluated to further proclaim the immune regulatory effect of PTFP. The results showed that PTFP was a type of heteropolysaccharide with a dense, rough surface and high molecular weight (667.02 kDa), mainly composed of glucose (30.93%), rhamnose (29.99%), galactose (15.66%), arabinose (6.95%), mannose (5.52%), and xylose (4.80%). The results of gel chromatography suggested that the molecular configuration of PTFP may be a spherical structure. The infrared spectrum results confirmed that the functional groups and chemical bond of PTFP contained -OH, O-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, etc. Moreover, PTFP exhibited obvious immune enhancement effect by improving concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CSFV E2-stimulated splenocyte growth and natural killer cell activity in CSFV-immunized mice. Similarly, the titers of CSFV E2-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies and IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in CSFV-immunized mice were distinctly increased by PTFP treatment. Overall, PTFP was a macromolecular heteropolysaccharide primarily containing glucose and rhamnose, and possessed the auxiliary effect of immune enhancement on the immune responses to classical swine fever vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Chen
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaming Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiping Jia
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Chunmao Jiang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Ren R, Zhang Q, Yan G, Yin D, Zhang M, Yang Y. Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides deeply participate in the anti-chronic bronchitis effects of platycodon grandiflorus decoction, a representative of “the lung and intestine are related”. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:927384. [PMID: 36160385 PMCID: PMC9489837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.927384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (PG) root is one of the most commonly used medicine-food materials for respiratory discomfort in Asia, usually in the form of a decoction or leaching solution. As everyone knows, both of decoction and leaching solution is a polyphase dispersion system, containing low-molecular-weight water-soluble active ingredients and hydrophilic macromolecules. This study aimed to discuss the synergistic effect of Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharide (PGP) and platycodin D (PD) in PG decoction against chronic bronchitis (CB) and the mechanism underlying. A series of PGP, PD, and PGD + PD suspensions were administrated to CB model rats, on the levels of whole animal and in situ intestinal segment with or without mesenteric lymphatic vessels ligation. It exhibited that PGP exhibited synergistic effects with PD, on improving the histopathological abnormity, mucus secretion excess, and immunological imbalance in lung of CB model rat, closely associated with its modulations on the mucosal immunity status in small intestine. The polysaccharide macromolecules in PG decoction or leaching solution should be responsible for the modulation of pulmonary immune state, possibly through the common mucosal immune between small intestine and lung. These results might be a new perspective that illustrates the classical theory of “the lung and intestine are related” in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rongrong Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Guiming Yan
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Dengke Yin, ; Ye Yang,
| | - Mingyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Dengke Yin, ; Ye Yang,
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Hioki K, Hayashi T, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Kobiyama K, Temizoz B, Negishi H, Kawakami H, Fuchino H, Kuroda E, Coban C, Kawahara N, Ishii KJ. Machine Learning-Assisted Screening of Herbal Medicine Extracts as Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847616. [PMID: 35663999 PMCID: PMC9160479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are important vaccine components, composed of a variety of chemical and biological materials that enhance the vaccine antigen-specific immune responses by stimulating the innate immune cells in both direct and indirect manners to produce a variety cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. It has been developed by empirical methods for decades and considered difficult to choose a single screening method for an ideal vaccine adjuvant, due to their diverse biochemical characteristics, complex mechanisms of, and species specificity for their adjuvanticity. We therefore established a robust adjuvant screening strategy by combining multiparametric analysis of adjuvanticity in vivo and immunological profiles in vitro (such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor secretion) of various library compounds derived from hot-water extracts of herbal medicines, together with their diverse distribution of nano-sized physical particle properties with a machine learning algorithm. By combining multiparametric analysis with a machine learning algorithm such as rCCA, sparse-PLS, and DIABLO, we identified that human G-CSF and mouse RANTES, produced upon adjuvant stimulation in vitro, are the most robust biological parameters that can predict the adjuvanticity of various library compounds. Notably, we revealed a certain nano-sized particle population that functioned as an independent negative parameter to adjuvanticity. Finally, we proved that the two-step strategy pairing the negative and positive parameters significantly improved the efficacy of screening and a screening strategy applying principal component analysis using the identified parameters. These novel parameters we identified for adjuvant screening by machine learning with multiple biological and physical parameters may provide new insights into the future development of effective and safe adjuvants for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Hioki
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Natsume-Kitatani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Burcu Temizoz
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Negishi
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kawakami
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken J. Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Li Q, Yang T, Zhao S, Zheng Q, Li Y, Zhang Z, Sun X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xie J. Distribution, biotransformation, pharmacological effects, metabolic mechanism and safety evaluation of Platycodin D:A comprehensive review. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:21-29. [PMID: 35114917 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220202090137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng), the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum, is a traditional herb used as both medicine and food. Its clinical application for the treatment of cough, phlegm, sore throat, pulmonary and respiratory diseases has been thousands of years in China. Platycodin D is the main active ingredient in Platycodonis Radix, which belongs to the family of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins because it contains an oleanolane type aglycone linked with double sugar chains. Modern pharmacology has demonstrated that Platycodin D displays various biological activities, such as analgesics, expectoration and cough suppression, promoting weight loss, anti-tumor and immune regulation, suggesting that Platycodin D has the potential to be a drug candidate and an interesting target as a natural product for clinical research. In this review, the distribution and biotransformation, pharmacological effects, metabolic mechanism and safety evaluation of Platycodin D are summarized to lay the foundation for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Tan Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Zheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People\'s Hospital, Weifang, 261041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Xie
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
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Zhu L, Han Z, He Y, Sun H. Caspase-1-Dependent Pyroptosis Mediates Adjuvant Activity of Platycodin D as an Adjuvant for Intramuscular Vaccines. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010134. [PMID: 35011696 PMCID: PMC8750424 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is a potent adjuvant with dual Th1 and Th2 potentiating activity, but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here, the C2C12 myoblast cell line and mice were used as in vitro and in vivo models to identify potential signaling pathways involved in the adjuvant activity of PD. PD induced a transient cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells and in mouse quadricep muscles. A comparative analysis of microarray data revealed that PD induced similar gene expression profiles in the C2C12 cells and in the quadricep muscles, and triggered rapid regulation of death, immune, and inflammation-related genes, both in vivo and in vitro. It was further demonstrated that caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis was involved in the PD-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells via the Ca2+–c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway. Consistently, the in vivo analysis revealed that a local blockage of NLRP3 and caspase-1 inhibited PD-induced cytokine production and immune cell recruitment at the injection site, and impaired the adjuvant activity of PD on antigen-specific immune responses to model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. These findings identified the caspase-1-dependent adjuvanticity of PD and expanded the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of saponin-based adjuvants.
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Wu Y, Huang D, Wang X, Pei C, Xiao W, Wang F, Wang Z. Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome by Platycodin D via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway contributes to attenuation of lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107621. [PMID: 33872850 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical condition with a high mortality rate and no specific treatment is available. An excessive inflammatory response contributes to the development of ALI and accelerates its progression, and the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling pathways are key players in inflammation. Platycodin D has been reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-stress properties in various diseases. However, the effects of PLD in ALI has not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of PLD on ALI and its possible mechanism. Our study found that PLD pre-treatment attenuated lung histopathological injury in LPS-induced SD rats and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and lung wet/dry ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, PLD modulate LPS-induced production of MDA, MPO, GSH, GSH-Px and CAT in lung tissue. In addition, PLD suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory microsomes and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, our results suggest that PLD are protective against LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Demei Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Sharma R, Palanisamy A, Dhama K, Mal G, Singh B, Singh KP. Exploring the possible use of saponin adjuvants in COVID-19 vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2944-2953. [PMID: 33295829 PMCID: PMC7738204 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1833579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective vaccine for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by novel coronavirus strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The protective immunity of certain types of vaccines can be enhanced by the addition of adjuvants. Many diverse classes of compounds have been identified as adjuvants, including mineral salts, microbial products, emulsions, saponins, cytokines, polymers, microparticles, and liposomes. Several saponins have been shown to stimulate both the Th1-type immune response and the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against endogenous antigens, making them very useful for subunit vaccines, especially those for intracellular pathogens. In this review, we discuss the structural characteristics, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship of saponins, biological activities, and use of saponins in various viral vaccines and their applicability to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Sharma
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Arivukarasu Palanisamy
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Gorakh Mal
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Sun H, Fei L, Zhu B, Shi M. Quick and improved immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine by purified active fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:427. [PMID: 33160337 PMCID: PMC7648552 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) raises public health concerns and its eradication in poultry becomes even more important in preventing influenza. AJSAF is a purified active saponin fraction from the stem bark of Albizzia julibrissin. In this study, AJSAF was evaluated for the adjuvant potentials on immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine (IH9V) in mice and chicken in comparison with commercially oil-adjuvant. Results AJSAF significantly induced faster and higher H9 subtype avian influenza virus antigen (H9–Ag)-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibody titers in mice and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and IgY antibody levels in chicken immunized with IH9V. AJSAF also markedly promoted Con A-, LPS- and H9–Ag-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity. Furthermore, AJSAF significantly induced the production of both Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokines, and up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and transcription factors in splenocytes from the IH9V-immunized mice. Although oil-formulated inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine (CH9V) also elicited higher H9–Ag-specific IgG and IgG1 in mice and HI antibody titer in chicken, this robust humoral response was later produced. Moreover, serum IgG2a and IgG2b antibody titers in CH9V-immunized mice were significantly lower than those of IH9V alone group. Conclusions AJSAF could improve antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and simultaneously trigger a Th1/Th2 response to IH9V. AJSAF might be a safe and efficacious adjuvant candidate for H9N2 avian influenza vaccine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02648-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Liyan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Binnian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Minghua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Hu JN, Leng J, Shen Q, Liu Y, Li XD, Wang SH, Li HP, Wang Z, Wang YP, Li W. Platycodin D suppresses cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing ROS-mediated oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation in HEK-293 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22624. [PMID: 32881195 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin, a proven effective chemotherapeutic agent, has been used clinically to treat malignant solid tumors, whereas its clinical use is limited by serious side effect including nephrotoxicity. Platycodin D (PD), the major and marked saponin isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum, possesses many pharmacological effects. In this study, we evaluated its protective effect against cisplatin-induced human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells injury and elucidated the related mechanisms. Our results showed that PD (0.25, 0.5, and 1 μM) can dose-dependently alleviate oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, while increasing the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Moreover, the elevation of apoptosis including Bax, Bad, cleaved caspase-3,-9, and decreased protein levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL induced by cisplatin were reversed after PD treatment. Importantly, PD pretreatment can also regulate PI3K/Akt and ERK/JNK/p38 signaling pathways. Furthermore, PD was found to reduce NF-κB-mediated inflammatory relative proteins. Our finding indicated that PD exerted significant effects on cisplatin induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory, which will provide evidence for the development of PD to attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Leng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Dian Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Han Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, China
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Glycyrrhizin: An alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection and the associated respiratory syndrome? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107618. [PMID: 32592716 PMCID: PMC7311916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Safe and efficient drugs to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic are urgently needed. In this context, we have analyzed the anti-coronavirus potential of the natural product glycyrrhizic acid (GLR), a drug used to treat liver diseases (including viral hepatitis) and specific cutaneous inflammation (such as atopic dermatitis) in some countries. The properties of GLR and its primary active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid are presented and discussed. GLR has shown activities against different viruses, including SARS-associated Human and animal coronaviruses. GLR is a non-hemolytic saponin and a potent immuno-active anti-inflammatory agent which displays both cytoplasmic and membrane effects. At the membrane level, GLR induces cholesterol-dependent disorganization of lipid rafts which are important for the entry of coronavirus into cells. At the intracellular and circulating levels, GLR can trap the high mobility group box 1 protein and thus blocks the alarmin functions of HMGB1. We used molecular docking to characterize further and discuss both the cholesterol- and HMG box-binding functions of GLR. The membrane and cytoplasmic effects of GLR, coupled with its long-established medical use as a relatively safe drug, make GLR a good candidate to be tested against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, alone and in combination with other drugs. The rational supporting combinations with (hydroxy)chloroquine and tenofovir (two drugs active against SARS-CoV-2) is also discussed. Based on this analysis, we conclude that GLR should be further considered and rapidly evaluated for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Mechanisms of Mixed Th1/Th2 Responses in Mice Induced by Albizia julibrissin Saponin Active Fraction by i n Silico Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010048. [PMID: 32012760 PMCID: PMC7158666 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purified active fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponin (AJSAF) is an ideal adjuvant candidate that improves antigen-specific both cellular and humoral immune responses and elicits mixed Th1/Th2 responses, but its mechanisms remain unclear. The key features of action of AJSAF were investigated in mice immunized with Newcastle disease virus-based recombinant influenza vaccine (rL-H5) and AJSAF at the same leg (AJSAF+rL-H5) or different legs (AJSAF/rL-H5). The adjuvant activity of AJSAF on rL-H5 is strictly dependent on their spatial colocalization. Serum H5 antigen (H5Ag)-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibody titers in AJSAF+rL-H5 group were significantly higher than those in AJSAF/rL-H5 group. The mechanisms of selectivity of Th1 or Th2 in mice induced by AJSAF was explored by the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of H5Ag-stimulated splenocytes from the immunized mice using gene microarray and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Compared to rL-H5 alone, AJSAF/rL-H5 induced more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than AJSAF+rL-H5, whereas AJSAF+rL-H5 upregulated higher mRNA expression of Th1 (T-bet, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12β, and IL-12Rβ1) and Th2 (IL-10 and AICDA) immune response genes. The neutrophil response and its derived S100A8 and S100A9 might be involved in the AJSAF-mediated Th1 response. Meanwhile, AJSAF might induce the adaptive immune responses by improving a local innate immune microenvironment. These findings expanded the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of saponin-based adjuvants, and provided new insights into how adjuvants shape adaptive immune responses.
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Noh EM, Kim JM, Lee HY, Song HK, Joung SO, Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Kim KS, Lee YR. Immuno-enhancement effects of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts in splenocytes and a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rat model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:322. [PMID: 31752816 PMCID: PMC6868875 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Platycodon grandiflorum is a flowering plant that is used in traditional medicine for treating pulmonary and respiratory disorders. It exerts various pharmacological effects, including immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. The purpose of this study was to confirm the in vitro and in vivo immune-enhancing effects of P. grandiflorum extract (PGE) on splenocytes isolated from cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppressed rats. Methods For in vitro analysis, splenocytes were treated with PGE at various doses along with CP. Cell viability was measured by a WST-1 assay, and NK cell activity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was also examined. In addition, immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and cytokine levels were measured. For in vivo analysis, Sprague Dawley rats were treated with various doses of PGE along with CP. Complete blood count (CBC) was performed, and plasma levels of IgA, IgG, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12 were quantified. Additionally, tissue damage was assessed through histological analyses of the thymus and spleen. Results PGE treatment enhanced cell viability and natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, and increased the production of CP-induced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) in splenocytes. In addition, in CP-treated rats, PGE treatment induced the recovery of white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, along with mid-range absolute counts, and increased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA). Moreover, PGE attenuated CP-induced spleen and thymic damage. Conclusions Our results confirmed that PGE exerts an immune-enhancing effect both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PGE may have applications as a component of immunostimulatory agents or as an ingredient in functional foods.
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Yang ST, Lin YR, Wu MY, Chiang JH, Yang PS, Hsia TC, Yen HR. Utilization of Chinese medicine for respiratory discomforts by patients with a medical history of tuberculosis in Taiwan. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:313. [PMID: 30497462 PMCID: PMC6267063 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s major communicable infectious diseases, and it still imposes a great health burden in developing countries. The development of drug-resistant TB during the treatment increases the treatment complexity, and the long-term pulmonary complications after completing treatment raise the epidemic health burden. This study intended to investigate the utilization of Chinese medicine (CM) for respiratory symptoms by patients with a medical history of TB in Taiwan. Methods We analyzed a cohort of one million individuals who were randomly selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The inclusion criteria of patients (n = 7905) with history of TB (ICD-9-CM codes 010–018 and A02) were: (1) TB diagnosed between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2010 (2) 18 years old or over (3) Clinical records for at least 2 months with complete demographic information (4) Record of treatment with first-line TB medication prescriptions. CM users for conditions other than respiratory discomforts (n = 3980) were excluded. Finally, a total of 3925 TB patients were categorized as: CM users for respiratory discomforts (n = 2051) and non-CM users (n = 1874). Results Among the 3925 subjects, 2051 (52.25%) were CM users, and 1874 (44.753%) were non-CM users. Female patients and those who were younger (18–39 y/o) and who lived in urbanized areas relatively tended to be CM users (p < .0001). Most of the CM users (1944, 94.78%) received Chinese medicines. The most commonly prescribed herbal formulas and single herbs were Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang and Radix Platycodonis (Jie-Geng), respectively. The core pattern of Chinese medicines for TB patients consisted of Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang, Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (Bei-Mu), Radix Platycodonis (Jie-Geng) and Semen Armeniacae (Xing-Ren). Conclusions The use of CM is popular among patients with a medical history of TB complicated with long-term respiratory discomforts in Taiwan. Further pharmacological investigations and clinical trials are required.
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Wei Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shi M, Yang Z, Fu Y. Platycodin D suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating LXRα in LPS-stimulated primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:138-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Platycodin D inhibits interleukin-13-induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mucus in nasal epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1108-1112. [PMID: 27780139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosal tissue. Platycodin D (PLD), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, has anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of allergic asthma. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of PLD in the nasal mucosa have not been deeply investigated. The objective was to investigate the effect of PLD on inflammatory cytokines and mucus production from nasal epithelial cells. Our study showed that PLD inhibited the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and eotaxin in interleukin (IL)-13-stimulated RPMI2650 cells. PLD also suppressed IL-13-induced mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression in RPMI2650 cells. Moreover, PLD treatment prevented IL-13-induced p-NF-κB p65 expression in RPMI2650 cells, as well as MAPK signaling pathway activation. Taken together, our results provided evidence that PLD inhibits IL-13-induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mucus in nasal epithelial cells by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Lee NK, Nyakudya E, Jeong YS. Bioconversion of Platycodon Grandiflorum
Saponins by the Platycodin D-Converting Microorganism, Yeast Cyberlindnera Fabianii. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Keun Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
| | - Elijah Nyakudya
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
| | - Yong-Seob Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
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An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:154-60. [PMID: 24636069 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of platycodin D (PD) in rat plasma, and to acquire the main pharmacokinetic parameters of PD after oral administration of pure PD or of Platycodi Radix extract (PRE) containing PD. METHOD Plasma samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction using an Oasis® HLB SPE cartridge. Madecassoside was used as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ODS column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (30 : 70, V/V) containing 0.1 mmol·L(-1) ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min(-1). The detection was performed on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source with a chromatographic run time of 3.0 min. The detection was operated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions of m/z 1 223.6→469.2 for PD and of m/z 973.6→469.2 for madecassoside (IS), respectively. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear from 5 to 2 000 ng·mL(-1) (r(2) >0.99) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 ng·mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were below 15% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was from -15% to +15% at three quality control (QC) levels. Plasma concentrations of PD were determined for 24 h after i.v. administration of PD, and oral administration of PD and PRE, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of PD in rats was found to be (0.48 ± 0.19)% when administered PD, and to be (1.81 ± 0.89)% when administered PRE. CONCLUSION The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of PD in rats after administration of PD and Platycodi Radix extract.
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In vivo and in vitro antitumor effects of platycodin d, a saponin purified from platycodi radix on the h520 lung cancer cell. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:478653. [PMID: 25477992 PMCID: PMC4247928 DOI: 10.1155/2014/478653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D is a major pharmacological constituent of Platycodi radix and has showed various pharmacological activities through oxidative stress defense mechanisms. Here, possible antitumor, anticachexia, and immunomodulatory activities of platycodin D were observed on the H520 tumor cell-bearing athymic nude mice after confirming the in vitro cytotoxicity. Platycodin D was orally administered at dose levels of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg, once a day for 35 days from 15 days after implantation. The results were compared with gemcitabine 160 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated mice (7-day intervals). Platycodin D showed favorable cytotoxic effects on the H520 cells, and also dose-dependently decreased the tumor volumes and weights with increases of apoptotic cells (caspase-3 and PARP immunopositive cells), iNOS and TNF-α immunoreactivities, decreases of COX-2 immunoreactivities in tumor masses. Platycodin D also showed dose-dependent immunostimulatory and anticachexia effects. Gemcitabine showed favorable cytotoxity against H520 tumor cell and related in vivo antitumor effects but aggravated the cancer related cachexia and immunosuppress in H520 tumor cell-bearing athymic nude mice. Taken together, it is considered that oral treatment of platycodin D has potent antitumor activities on H520 cells through direct cytotoxic effects, increases of apoptosis in tumor cells, and immunostimulatory effects and can be control cancer related cachexia.
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The Effects of Platycodin D, a Saponin Purified from Platycodi Radix, on Collagen-Induced DBA/1J Mouse Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:954508. [PMID: 24511322 PMCID: PMC3913383 DOI: 10.1155/2014/954508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The object of this study is to observe the effects of platycodin D, a saponin purified from Platycodi Radix, on mice collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). A daily dose of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg platycodin D was administered orally to male DBA/1J mice for 40 days after initial collagen immunization. To ascertain the effects administering the collagen booster, CIA-related features (including body weight, poly-arthritis, knee and paw thickness, and paw weight increase) was measured from histopathological changes in the spleen, left popliteal lymph node, third digit, and the knee joint regions. CIA-related bone and cartilage damage improved significantly in the platycodin D-administered CIA mice. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in the paw were reduced in platycodin D-treated CIA mice compared to CIA control groups. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress, decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the platycodin D group. Finally, the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, involved in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis, was suppressed by treatment with platycodin D. Taken together, these results suggest that platycodin D is a promising new effective antirheumatoid arthritis agent, exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects in CIA mice.
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Lee WH, Gam CO, Ku SK, Choi SH. Single oral dose toxicity test of platycodin d, a saponin from platycodin radix in mice. Toxicol Res 2013; 27:217-24. [PMID: 24278575 PMCID: PMC3834385 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of platycodin D, a saponin from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum in male and female mice. Platycodin D was administered to female and male mice as an oral dose of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg (body wt.). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after treatment, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were examined. As the results, no platycodin D treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations against 14 principle organs were detected up to 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice. Therefore, LD50 (50% lethal dose) and approximate LD of playtcodin D after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered over 2000 mg/kg - the limited dosages recommended by KFDA Guidelines [2009-116, 2009], respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ho Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Korea
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Sun H, Chen L, Wang J, Wang K, Zhou J. Structure–function relationship of the saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum for hemolytic and adjuvant activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2047-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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