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Yang J, Busta L, Jetter R, Sun Y, Wang T, Zhang W, Ni Y, Guo Y. Diversified chemical profiles of cuticular wax on alpine meadow plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLANTA 2023; 257:74. [PMID: 36879182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The alpine meadow plants showed great intra- and inter-genera variations of chemical profiles of cuticular waxes. Developing an understanding of wax structure-function relationships that will help us tackle global climate change requires a detailed understanding of plant wax chemistry. The goal in this study was to provide a catalog of wax structures, abundances, and compositions on alpine meadow plants. Here, leaf waxes from 33 plant species belonging to 11 families were sampled from alpine meadows of the east side of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Across these species, total wax coverage varied from 2.30 μg cm-2 to 40.70 μg cm-2, showing variation both within as well as between genera and suggesting that wax variation is subject to both environmental and genetic effects. Across all wax samples, more than 140 wax compounds belonging to 13 wax compound classes were identified, including both ubiquitous wax compounds and lineage-specific compounds. Among the ubiquitous compounds (primary alcohols, alkyl esters, aldehydes, alkanes, and fatty acids), chain length profiles across a wide range of species point to key differences in the chain length specificity of alcohol and alkane formation machinery. The lineage-specific wax compound classes (diols, secondary alcohols, lactones, iso-alkanes, alkyl resorcinols, phenylethyl esters, cinnamate esters, alkyl benzoates, and triterpenoids) nearly all consisted of isomers with varying chain lengths or functional group positions, making the diversity of specialized wax compounds immense. The comparison of species relationships between chemical data and genetic data highlighted the importance of inferring phylogenetic relationships from data sets that contain a large number of variables that do not respond to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yingpeng Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Guo Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Li Z, Xiao Q, Wang Y, Zhang X, Ni Y. Environment-Driven Adaptations of Leaf Cuticular Waxes Are Inheritable for Medicago ruthenica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:620245. [PMID: 34079563 PMCID: PMC8165318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes covering the plant surface play pivotal roles in helping plants adapt to changing environments. However, it is still not clear whether the responses of plant cuticular waxes to their growing environments are inheritable. We collected seeds of Medicago ruthenica (a perennial legume) populations from 30 growing sites in northern China and examined the variations of leaf cuticular waxes in a common garden experiment. Four wax genes, MrFAR3-1, MrFAR3-2, MrCER1, and MrKCS1, involved in biosynthesis of predominant wax classes (primary alcohol and alkane) and wax precursors, were isolated to test the contributions of genetic variations of the coding sequences (CDS) and the promoter sequences and epigenetic modifications. The plasticity responses of the cuticular waxes were further validated by two stress-modeling experiments (drought and enhancing ultraviolet B). Great variations in total wax coverage and abundance of wax classes or wax compounds were observed among M. ruthenica populations in a common garden experiment. Stress-modeling experiments further validated that M. ruthenica would alter leaf wax depositions under changed growing conditions. The transcriptional levels of the wax genes were positively or negatively correlated with amounts of cuticular waxes. However, the analysis of promoter methylation showed that the methylation level of the promoter region was not associated with their expressions. Although both promoter sequences and CDS showed a number of polymorphic sites, the promoters were not naturally selected and insignificant difference could be observed in the numbers and types of acting elements of the four wax genes among populations. In contrast, the CDS of the wax genes were naturally selected, with a number of missense mutations resulting in alterations of the amino acid as well as their isoelectric points and polarities, which could impact on enzyme function/activity. We conclude that long-term adaptation under certain environments would induce genetic mutation of wax biosynthesis genes, resulting in inheritable alterations of cuticular wax depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianlin Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Klavins L, Klavins M. Cuticular Wax Composition of Wild and Cultivated Northern Berries. Foods 2020; 9:E587. [PMID: 32380739 PMCID: PMC7278608 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer-most layer of plant surface, the cuticle, consists of epi- and intra-cuticular wax. It protects the plant from dehydration, extreme temperatures and UV radiation, as well as attacks from pests such as molds and bacteria. Berry cuticular waxes are studied to understand the metabolism character (factors affecting wax layer composition in different berry species) and increase the microbial resistance and shelf life of berries. The aim of this study was analysis of the surface wax composition of nine species of wild and cultivated berries from Northern Europe. Cuticular wax analysis were done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 59 different compounds were identified belonging to nine groups of compounds, namely, alkanes, phytosterols, alcohols, fatty acids, phenolic acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters and tocopherols. The analyzed blueberries had the highest amount of wax present on their surface (0.9 mg berry-1), triterpenoids were the main wax constituent in these berries, with up to 62% wax composition. Berry species and varieties were compared based on their surface wax composition-similarities were found between different blueberry varieties; however, other berries showed differences based on concentration and composition of cuticular wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linards Klavins
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research, University of Latvia, Jelgava’s Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
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Li Y, Hou X, Li X, Zhao X, Wu Z, Xiao Y, Guo Y. Will the climate of plant origins influence the chemical profiles of cuticular waxes on leaves of Leymus chinensis in a common garden experiment? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:543-556. [PMID: 31988740 PMCID: PMC6972809 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax covering the leaf surface plays important roles in protecting plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. Understanding the way in which plant leaf cuticles reflect their growing environment could give an insight into plant resilience to future climate change. Here, we analyzed the variations of cuticular waxes among 59 populations of Leymus chinensis in a common garden experiment, aiming to verify how environmental conditions influence the chemical profiles of cuticular waxes. In total, eight cuticular wax classes were identified, including fatty acids, aldehydes, primary alcohols, alkanes, secondary alcohols, ketones, β-diketones, and alkylresorcinols, with β-diketones the predominant compounds in all populations (averaged 67.36% across all populations). Great intraspecific trait variations (ITV) were observed for total wax coverage, wax compositions, and the relative abundance of homologues within each wax class. Cluster analysis based on wax characteristics could separate 59 populations into different clades. However, the populations could not be separated according to their original longitudes, latitudes, annual temperature, or annual precipitation. Redundancy analysis showed that latitude, arid index, and the precipitation from June to August were the most important parameters contributing to the variations of the amount of total wax coverage and wax composition and the relative abundance of wax classes. Pearson's correlation analysis further indicated that the relative abundance of wax classes, homologues in each wax class, and even isomers of certain compound differed in their responses to environmental factors. These results suggested that wax deposition patterns of L. chinensis populations formed during adaptations to their long-term growing environments could inherit in their progenies and exhibit such inheritance even these progenies were exported to new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiangyang Hou
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceInstitute of Grassland ResearchHohhotChina
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiao Zhao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zinian Wu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceInstitute of Grassland ResearchHohhotChina
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Sharma P, Madhyastha H, Madhyastha R, Nakajima Y, Maruyama M, Verma KS, Verma S, Prasad J, Kothari SL, Gour VS. An appraisal of cuticular wax of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.: Extraction, chemical composition, biosafety and application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:397-403. [PMID: 30690392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastic and polythene as hydrophobic materials become a grave concern due to their non-biodegradable nature, cumbersome recycling and waste management. Cuticular wax derived from Calotropis procera is explored as an eco-friendly and safe hydrophobic material. The effects of duration of exposure to solvent, solvent type, size and side of the leaf on cuticular wax yield have been studied. Leaf with the smallest area (10 cm2-25 cm2) was found to be the most suitable to isolate the wax. GC-MS analysis of the wax revealed that the wax consists of mainly esters, alkane and alkene. Mitochondrial reductase (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay have been carried out on M5S cell line at various concentrations and the results indicate that up to 1 μg/ml (acetone as solvent) and 3 μg/ml (chloroform as solvent) use of wax has no toxic effect. To evaluate the hydrophobic potential of the wax in developing hydrophobic paper water regains and contact angle has been measured. The gain in hydrophobicity of the paper is evident from the rise in contact angle (≥90˚) of paper coated with wax. Scanning electron micrograph and FTIR spectra generated physical and chemical evidence of coating of wax on paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Yuchi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Masugi Maruyama
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | | | - Shashi Verma
- Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Jagdish Prasad
- Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - S L Kothari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Vinod Singh Gour
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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