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Lobato Duarte J, Delello Di Filippo L, Tavares AG, Chorilli M. Analytical Method for Quantifying Monoterpenoids (p-Cymene and Myrcene) in Nanoemulsions Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:506-511. [PMID: 38400759 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myrcene and cymene, aromatic monoterpenes found in plants and essential oils, possess distinctive aromatic qualities. However, their volatility and limited solubility pose challenges in precise handling and formulation. Meanwhile, nanoemulsions emerge as promising drug delivery systems, improving the bioavailability and stability of these active ingredients. OBJECTIVE This article aimed to develop an HPLC method for the quantification of two monoterpenoids, p-cymene and myrcene, in nanoemulsions. METHOD The method used a Phenomenex® Synergi™ Fusion-RP column (150 mm × 4.6 mm id, 4 μm particle size) on an HPLC system with isocratic elution. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and water (60:40, v/v) and was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and selectivity. RESULTS The method provided accurate and precise results with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and RSD values of less than 2%. The method can be used for quality control of nanoemulsions containing these monoterpenoids and as a reference for future studies on their efficacy and stability. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates the feasibility of using HPLC for the quantification of monoterpenoids in nanoemulsions and its potential as a quality control tool for nanoemulsion-based drug delivery systems. HIGHLIGHTS The method's accuracy, precision, and reliability, as evidenced by high correlation coefficients and low RSD values, underscore its suitability for ensuring the consistent formulation of these monoterpenoid-containing nanoemulsions, while also serving as a reference point for future research endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Alberto Gomes Tavares
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n - Campos Ville Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
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Rontani JF, Smik L, Divine D, Husum K, Belt ST. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry selected reaction monitoring analyses of mono-, di- and tri-unsaturated C 25 highly branched isoprenoid alkene biomarkers in sea ice and sediment samples: A comparative study. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2024; 38:e9704. [PMID: 38356092 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The efficiency of selected ion monitoring (SIM) and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) analyses for the quantification of three mono-, di- and tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes (IP25 , IPSO25 and HBI III, respectively), often used as proxies for the occurrence of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice or the adjacent open waters, was compared. METHODS Gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/SIM and GC/MS/MS/SRM analyses were carried out on dilute solutions made from purified standards of these three HBIs, and then on hydrocarbon fractions of several sediment and sea ice sample extracts. More efficient and specific SRM transitions were selected after collision-induced dissociation of each precursor ion at different collision energies. RESULTS SRM analysis avoided any overestimation of IP25 resulting from the contribution of the coeluting 13 C mass isotopomer of IPSO25 (M+ ˙ + 2) to the SIM target ion. In contrast, SRM analysis is less reliable for IPSO25 quantification in cases where several regio-isomers are present, likely due to intense double bond migrations following electron impact. In the case of HBI III, SRM analysis constitutes a potentially suitable alternative to SIM analysis, especially in terms of improving limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Despite the intense migrations of HBI double bonds under electron ionization, the selected SRM transitions should be more suitable than SIM target ions for IP25 and HBI III quantification in complex hydrocarbon fractions of natural samples. However, the advantage is less evident for IPSO25 due to the presence of numerous regio-isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rontani
- Aix-Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS/INSU/IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Lukas Smik
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- Centre for Resilience in Environment, Water and Waste, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Dmitry Divine
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katrine Husum
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simon T Belt
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Cecchi L, Orlandini S, Balli D, Zanoni B, Migliorini M, Giambanelli E, Catola S, Furlanetto S, Mulinacci N. Analysis of Volatile Hydrocarbons (Pentene Dimers and Terpenes) in Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology and Validation of HS-SPME-GC-MS Method. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:2813-2825. [PMID: 38263713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
A head space-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of pentene dimers from lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) was proposed. A Doehlert design was performed; the conditions of the HS-SPME preconcentration step (extraction temperature, extraction time, sample amount, and desorption time) were optimized by response surface methodology, allowing defining the method operable design region. A quantitative method was set up using the multiple internal standard normalization approach: four internal standards were used, and the most suitable one was selected for area normalization of each external standard. The quantitative method was successfully validated and applied to a series of monocultivar EVOOs. This is the first paper in which a quantitative method using commercial standards has been proposed for the analysis of an important class of molecules of EVOO such as pentene dimers. The optimized method is suitable for routine analysis aimed at characterizing high quality EVOOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50144, Italy
| | - Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Diletta Balli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto F.no, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Bruno Zanoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50144, Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Firenze 50028, Italy
| | - Elisa Giambanelli
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Firenze 50028, Italy
| | - Stefano Catola
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Firenze 50028, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto F.no, Florence 50019, Italy
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Wrobel SA, Koslitz S, Bury D, Hayen H, Koch HM, Brüning T, Käfferlein HU. Human biomonitoring of neonicotinoid exposures: case studies after the use of a spray-agent to ornamental plants and a topical medication to pets. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1321138. [PMID: 38322362 PMCID: PMC10844535 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1321138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetamiprid (ACE) and imidacloprid (IMI) are insecticides of global importance and are used as spray and watering agents for ornamental plants to control biting and sucking insects or as topical medications on pets to remove and control fleas. Human biomonitoring data on ACE and IMI exposures when applying these products are limited. We investigated exposures to ACE and IMI in male volunteers after the domestic application of either an ACE-containing agent or an IMI-containing spot-on medication. Complete and consecutive urine samples were collected for up to 56 h after application. Urine samples were analyzed for ACE, IMI, and their respective metabolites (N-desmethyl-ACE, IMI-olefin, and sum of 4-/5-hydroxy-IMI) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fairly uniform concentrations of N-desmethyl-ACE could be observed before and after orchid treatment, so that an ACE exposure associated with orchid treatment can most likely be excluded. In contrast, after the application of the IMI-containing medication, elevated concentrations of IMI, 4-/5-hydroxy-IMI, and IMI-olefin were quantified in urine samples post-20 h with maximum concentrations of 3.1, 14.9, and 8.0 μg/g creatinine, respectively, well above general background levels. Nevertheless, the IMI intake (10.6 μg/kg bw), calculated from the excreted amounts, was around five times below the current European acceptable daily intake. Based on the case results here, household exposures to ACE and IMI after spray treatment of ornamental plants and anti-flea treatment of dogs can be regarded as low and safe. However, people regularly applying neonicotinoid-containing formulations, such as professional gardeners and employees in animal shelters, should be studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A. Wrobel
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko U. Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
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Dunkle MN, Benedetti C, Pijcke P, van Belzen R, Boekwa M, Mitsios M, Ruitenbeek M, Bellos G. Comparing different methods for olefin quantification in pygas and plastic pyrolysis oils: Gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet detection versus comprehensive gas chromatography versus bromine number titration. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464569. [PMID: 38091845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In steam cracking, upstream pyrolysis oil hydroprocessing, and in many downstream processes, olefinic content is key to assess process performance and process safety risk associated with highly exothermic reactions. When looking to plastic pyrolysis oils as a potential feedstock, as well as downstream products such as pyrolysis gasoline (pygas), these materials contain unsaturated hydrocarbons which are not present in fossil feedstocks. Pygas is a product of pyrolysis and exhibits a large number of chemical structural similarities with plastic pyrolysis oils, especially in terms of olefins structure. Quantification of the unsaturation content (olefins and di-olefins) is extremely important in industry, hence the focus of this manuscript. Detailed hydrocarbon analysis with flame ionization detection is inadequate to fully characterize the hydrocarbon composition of such samples, especially when peaks are closely eluting, or even co-eluting. In this study, the gas chromatography coupled to vacuum ultraviolet (GC-VUV) detection method previously described for the analysis of liquid hydrocarbon streams1 and plastic pyrolysis oils2 has been compared with comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) and the industry standard for olefin quantification (i.e., bromine number titration). Although based on different methodologies, a correlation between the olefin content obtained from GC-VUV and the bromine number titration method is hereby presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Dunkle
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cesare Benedetti
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Pijcke
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon van Belzen
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Mbambo Boekwa
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Marios Mitsios
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | | | - George Bellos
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
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Li R, Gao Y, Han Y, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Fu H, Wang G. Elucidating the mechanisms of rapid O 3 increase in North China Plain during COVID-19 lockdown period. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167622. [PMID: 37806584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) levels in North China Plain (NCP) suffered from rapid increases during the COVID-19 period. Many previous studies have confirmed more rapid NOx reduction compared with VOCs might be responsible for the O3 increase during this period, while the comprehensive impacts of each VOC species and NOx on ambient O3 and their interactions with meteorology were not revealed clearly. To clarify the detailed reasons for the O3 increase, a continuous campaign was performed in a typical industrial city of NCP. Meanwhile, the machine-learning technique and the box model were employed to reveal the mechanisms of O3 increase from the perspective of meteorology and photochemical process, respectively. The result suggested that the ambient O3 level in Tangshan increased from 18.7 ± 4.63 to 45.6 ± 8.52 μg/m3 (143%) during COVID-19 lockdown, and the emission reduction and meteorology contributed to 54 % and 46 % of this increment, respectively. The lower wind speed (WS) coupled with regional transport played a significant role on O3 increase (30.8 kg/s). The O3 sensitivity verified that O3 production was highly volatile organic compounds (VOC)-sensitive (Relative incremental reactivity (RIR): 0.75), while the NOx showed the negative impact on O3 production in Tangshan (RIR: -0.59). It suggested that the control of VOCs rather than NOx might be more effective in reducing O3 level in Tangshan because it was located on the VOC-limited regime. Besides, both of ozone formation potential (OFP) analysis and observation-based model (OBM) demonstrated that the alkenes (36.3 ppb) and anthropogenic oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (15.2 ppb) showed the higher OFP compared with other species, and their reactions released a large number of HO2 and RO2 radicals. Moreover, the concentrations of these species did not experience marked decreases during COVID-19 lockdown, which were major contributors to O3 increase during this period. This study also underlined the necessity of priority controlling alkenes and OVOCs across the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
| | - Yining Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tangshan Ecological Environment Publicity and Education Center, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Tangshan Ecological Environment Publicity and Education Center, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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Sun J, He P, Wang R, Zhang ZY, Dai YQ, Li XY, Duan SY, Liu CP, Hu H, Wang GJ, Zhang YP, Xu F, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Yang HF. Association between urinary neonicotinoid insecticide levels and dyslipidemia risk: A cross-sectional study in Chinese community-dwelling elderly. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132159. [PMID: 37531759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has demonstrated that neonicotinoids (NEOs) exposure can cause lipid accumulation and increased leptin levels. However, the relationship between NEOs exposure and dyslipidemia in humans remains unclear, and the interactive effects of NEOs and their characteristic metabolites on dyslipidemia remain unknown. We detected 14 NEOs and their metabolites in urine samples of 500 individuals (236 and 264 with and without dyslipidemia, respectively) randomly selected from the baseline of the Yinchuan community-dwelling elderly cohort (Ningxia, China). The NEOs and their metabolites were widely detected in urine (87.2-99.6 %) samples, and the median levels ranged within 0.06-0.55 μg/g creatinine. The positive associations and dose-dependent relationships of thiacloprid, imidacloprid-olefin, and imidacloprid-equivalent total with dyslipidemia were validated using restricted cubic spline analysis. Mixture models revealed a positive association between the NEOs mixture and dyslipidemia risk, with urine desnitro-imidacloprid ranked as the top contributor. The Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression models showed that the NEOs mixtures were associated with increased dyslipidemia when the chemical mixtures were ≥ 25th percentile compared to their medians, and desnitro-imidacloprid and imidacloprid-olefin were the major contributors to the combined effect. Given the widespread use of NEOs and the dyslipidemia pandemic, further investigations are urgently needed to confirm our findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Pei He
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Dai
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Si-Yu Duan
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Cai-Ping Liu
- Yinchuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Hao Hu
- Yinchuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Guang-Jun Wang
- Yinchuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Yinchuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China.
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, PR China.
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Niu Z, Kong S, Zheng H, Hu Y, Zheng S, Cheng Y, Yao L, Liu W, Ding F, Liu X, Qi S. Differences in compositions and effects of VOCs from vehicle emission detected using various methods. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:122077. [PMID: 37343912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust and oil fuel evaporation emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The differences in VOC compositions and their effects determined using different methods have not been addressed sufficiently. In this study, VOC samples are obtained from single gasoline and diesel vehicle exhausts using a portable emission measurement system, from a tunnel in Yichang City, and from gasoline and diesel evaporation at gas stations. A total of 107 VOCs are analysed. The calculated VOC source profiles (based on VOC source profiles of single-vehicle type and vehicle fleet composition in the tunnel) and the tested source profiles (from a tunnel test) are compared. The results show that gasoline burning can reduce alkenes from a mass fraction of 53.1% (for evaporation) to 3.6% (for burning), as well as increase the mass fraction of alkenes from 1.3% (for diesel evaporation) to 34.0% (for diesel burning). The calculated VOC source profiles differed from the tested VOC source profiles, with a coefficient of divergence of 0.6. Ethane, ethylene, n-undecane, and n-dodecane are used to distinguish VOCs in gasoline and diesel exhausts. Cis-2-butene, 2-methylpentane, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and n-decane can be used to separate gasoline from diesel. The xylene/ethylbenzene ratios accurately reveal the photochemical age. Gasoline burning increases health risks associated with VOCs compared with gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, it modifies the main contributor to ozone formation potential. This study is expected to facilitate refined VOC source apportionment and studies pertaining to speciated emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China
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Sun W, Lange MI, Gadau J, Buellesbach J. Decoding the genetic and chemical basis of sexual attractiveness in parasitic wasps. eLife 2023; 12:e86182. [PMID: 37431891 PMCID: PMC10435230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Attracting and securing potential mating partners is of fundamental importance for reproduction. Therefore, signaling sexual attractiveness is expected to be tightly coordinated in communication systems synchronizing senders and receivers. Chemical signaling has permeated through all taxa of life as the earliest and most widespread form of communication and is particularly prevalent in insects. However, it has been notoriously difficult to decipher how exactly information related to sexual signaling is encoded in complex chemical profiles. Similarly, our knowledge of the genetic basis of sexual signaling is very limited and usually restricted to a few case studies with comparably simple pheromonal communication mechanisms. The present study jointly addresses these two knowledge gaps by characterizing two fatty acid synthase genes that most likely evolved by tandem gene duplication and that simultaneously impact sexual attractiveness and complex chemical surface profiles in parasitic wasps. Gene knockdown in female wasps dramatically reduces their sexual attractiveness coinciding with a drastic decrease in male courtship and copulation behavior. Concordantly, we found a striking shift of methyl-branching patterns in the female surface pheromonal compounds, which we subsequently demonstrate to be the main cause for the greatly reduced male mating response. Intriguingly, this suggests a potential coding mechanism for sexual attractiveness mediated by specific methyl-branching patterns in complex cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. So far, the genetic underpinnings of methyl-branched CHCs are not well understood despite their high potential for encoding information. Our study sheds light on how biologically relevant information can be encoded in complex chemical profiles and on the genetic basis of sexual attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Sun
- Institute for Evolution & Biodiversity, University of Münster, HüfferstrMünsterGermany
| | - Michelle Ina Lange
- Institute for Evolution & Biodiversity, University of Münster, HüfferstrMünsterGermany
| | - Jürgen Gadau
- Institute for Evolution & Biodiversity, University of Münster, HüfferstrMünsterGermany
| | - Jan Buellesbach
- Institute for Evolution & Biodiversity, University of Münster, HüfferstrMünsterGermany
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10
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Qiao X, Sun M, Wang Y, Zhang D, Zhang R, Zhao B, Zhang J. Strong relations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation to alkene and nitrous acid during various episodes. Environ Pollut 2023; 326:121465. [PMID: 36958651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is one of the critical secondary pollutants in photochemical smog. This study investigated the relationship between PAN and PAN precursors with the Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism version 2 model in six episodes recorded in Zhengzhou. In all episodes, peroxyacetyl radical (PA) was primarily produced by acetaldehyde oxidation, with more than 70% contributions. In photochemical episodes and photochemical-haze co-occurring episodes (combined episodes), methylglyoxal secondarily contributes 8.1%-10.6% to PA while in haze pollution, the propagation of other radicals to PA is the second most important source (12.0%-19.1%). Among anthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons, alkene restricted PAN formation as first-generation precursors, with the relative incremental reactivity of PAN (RIRPAN) more than 0.6 during three-type episodes. Nitrous acid (HONO) also played important role in PAN formation. Especially during photochemical episodes, RIRPAN(HONO) reached 0.79, which was comparable to the RIRPAN value of alkene. Through sensitivity analysis of the relative formation of PAN to O3 (the amount of PAN generated when 100 ppb O3 formed), HONO was identified as the key precursor of PAN in haze pollution by promoting the oxidation of NMHC, while alkene predominated the relative formation of PAN to O3 in photochemical and combined pollution through producing acetaldehyde. The sensitivity of PAN to HONO is obviously enhanced with higher NOx/VOC ratios during photochemical and combined pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing, 100161, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School for Environment and Sustainability and Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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11
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Peng Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Jing S, An J, Gao Y, Huang C, Yan R, Dai H, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Li M, Hu J, Shi Z, Li L, Lou S, Tao S, Hu Q, Lu J, Chen C. Observation-based sources evolution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:794-805. [PMID: 36182184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been decreasing due to implement of control measures in China, in contrast to the fact that an increase in emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) has been reported. This study employed seven years continuous NMHCs measurements and the related activities data of Shanghai, a megacity in China, to explore evolution of emissions and effectiveness of air pollution control measures. The mixing ratio of NMHCs showed no statistical interannual changes, of which their compositions exhibited marked changes. This resulted in a decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8%/year (p < 0.05, the same below), which should be beneficial to ozone pollution mitigation as its production in Shanghai is in the NMHCs-limited regime. Observed alkanes, aromatics and acetylene changed by +3.7%/year, -5.9%/year and -7.4%/year, respectively, and alkenes showed no apparent trend. NMHCs sources were apportioned by a positive matrix factorization model. Accordingly, vehicular emissions (-5.9%/year) and petrochemical industry emissions (-7.1%/year) decreased significantly, but the decrease slowed down; significant reduction in solvent usage (-9.0%/year) appeared after 2010; however, emissions of natural gas (+12.6%/year) and fuel evaporation (with an increasing fraction) became more important. The inconsistency between observations and inventories was found in interannual trend and speciation as well as source contributions, emphasizing the need for further validation in NMHCs emission inventory. Our study confirms the effectiveness of measures targeting mobile and centralized emissions from industrial sources and reveals a need focusing on fugitive emissions, which provided new insights into future air policies in polluted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Rusha Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haixia Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Li Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shikang Tao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qinyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Changhong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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12
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Li B, Ho SSH, Li X, Guo L, Feng R, Fang X. Pioneering observation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Hangzhou in eastern China and implications for upcoming 2022 Asian Games. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:723-734. [PMID: 36182177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical for air pollution mitigation. Continuous measurements of atmospheric VOCs were conducted from January to February in Hangzhou in 2021. The average measured concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 38.2 ± 20.9 ppb, > 42% lower than that reported by previous studies at the urban center in Hangzhou. The VOC concentrations and proportions were similar between weekdays and weekends. During the long holidays of the Spring Festival in China, the concentrations of TVOCs were ∼50% lower than those during the regular days, but their profiles showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Further, we deduced that aromatics and alkenes were the most crucial chemicals promoting the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in Hangzhou. According to interspecies correlations, combustion processes and solvent use were inferred as major VOC emission sources. This study provides implications for air quality improvements before and during the upcoming Asian Games that will be hosted in Hangzhou in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, 89512, USA
| | - Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liya Guo
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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13
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Xu Z, Zou Q, Jin L, Shen Y, Shen J, Xu B, Qu F, Zhang F, Xu J, Pei X, Xie G, Kuang B, Huang X, Tian X, Wang Z. Characteristics and sources of ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) at a regional background site, YRD region, China: Significant influence of solvent evaporation during hot months. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159674. [PMID: 36283529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Continuous measurement of 98 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted during 2017-2019 at a regional background site (Shanxi) located at northeast of Zhejiang Province, YRD region, China. The average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 25.4 ± 18.4 ppbv, and an increasing trend (+12.2 %) was observed. Alkanes were the most abundant VOC group among all seasons, accounting for 43.5 % of TVOCs. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), aromatics, halides and alkenes contributed 15.9 %, 15.7 %, 11.7 % and 10.3 % of TVOCs concentration, respectively. Biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) and OVOCs showed distinguished diurnal cycle from primary anthropogenic VOCs. Photochemical reactivity analysis based on ozone formation potential (OFP) and OH loss rate (LOH) indicated that aromatics and alkenes were the most significant contributor, respectively. Toluene, xylene (m/p- and o-), ethene and propene were the largest contributor of annual OFP, with the mean OFP being 33.8 ± 44.3 μg·m-3, 31.9 ± 32.1 μg·m-3, 9.29 ± 11.4 μg·m-3, 22.1 ± 21.3 μg·m-3 and 12.8 ± 19.5 μg·m-3, respectively. Seven sources were identified with positive matrix factorization (PMF): petrochemical industry (13.8 %), biogenic emission (1.0 %), solvent usage-toluene (16.9 %), vehicular exhaust (43.8 %), Integrated circuits industry (3.8 %), solvent usage-C8 aromatics (10.9 %), and gasoline evaporation (9.8 %). Vehicular exhaust was the most significant source (43.8 %) during the whole measurement period. Solvent usage, petrochemical industry, and gasoline evaporation showed high temperature dependency. The integrated contribution of solvent usage and industrial processes were higher than vehicular exhaust during hot months. These sources also have higher chemical reactivities and can contribute more on O3 formation. Our results are helpful on determining the control strategies aiming at alleviating O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengning Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaoli Zou
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, 310058, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, 310058, China
| | - Yemin Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, 310058, China
| | - Jiasi Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, 310058, China
| | - Bingye Xu
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, 310058, China
| | - Fangqi Qu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiangyu Pei
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangzhao Xie
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binyu Kuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xudong Tian
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, 310058, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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14
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Cao TT, Zheng YH, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cong QX, Wang YH, Dong HM. [Characterization of VOCs Emissions from Caged Broiler House in Winter]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:4357-4366. [PMID: 36224122 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202112225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions from poultry and livestock facilities affect the surrounding environmental quality and human health. However, VOCs emissions from broiler houses have been less characterized, and studies of related dominant odorants, carcinogenic risk, and ozone formation potential are still lacking. To fill this research gap, VOCs pollutants emitted from a broiler house were investigated in this study. The VOCs emission characteristics of the broiler house during three different periods of broiler growth (early, middle, and later) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 77 types of VOCs were detected, including 16 types of halogenated hydrocarbons, 21 types of alkanes, 5 types of olefins, 12 types of aromatic hydrocarbons, 15 types of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), and 8 types of sulfides. During the entire 42-day growth period, the concentrations of halogenated hydrocarbons, alkanes, olefin, aromatic hydrocarbons, and OVOCs in the broiler house showed few changes. However, with the growth of broilers, the intake of sulfur-containing amino acids and the fecal emission coefficient increased, resulting in the gradual conversion of the VOCs to sulfide. Therefore, emissions of sulfur-containing VOCs increased in the early and middle growth periods. Moreover, the increase in ventilation in the house during the later growth period resulted in a decrease in the sulfur-containing VOCs concentrations. The dominant odorants in the broiler house were naphthalene, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, carbon disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methanethiol, methanethiol, and thiophene. Methanethiol had the highest odorous values, ranging from 2172.4 to 19090.9. Meanwhile, there were acceptable levels of carcinogenic risk in the early and middle growth periods, with a lifetime cancer risk (LCR) of 7.7×10-6 and 4.5×10-6, respectively. The average ozone formation potential (OFP) was (1458.9±787.4) μg·m-3. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the monitoring of malodorous substances and formulation of emission reduction strategies in broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MARA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun-Hao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MARA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MARA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MARA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qun-Xin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MARA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan-Hao Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong-Min Dong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MARA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Zhou Z, Xiao LH, Fei LL, Yu W, Lin M, Huang JJ, Zhang ZS, Tao J. [Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in a Typical Industrial Area in Dongguan During Periods of Ozone and Non-ozone Pollution in Summer]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:4497-4505. [PMID: 36096590 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics and sources of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a typical industrial zone in Dongguan, 56 VOCs species were continuously measured in Houjie Town of Dongguan in summer of 2020. In addition, mass concentrations of O3, NOx, and CO and meteorological data were synchronously collected. Then, characteristics of total VOCs and major species, the contributions of major VOCs species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and source apportionment of VOCs under the different ozone concentrations were discussed. The mean mixing ratio of VOCs was 53.1×10-9 including aromatics (24.7×10-9), alkanes (23.7×10-9), alkenes (3.9×10-9), and alkynes (0.7×10-9). The mean mixing ratios of aromatics, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes increased approximately 10%, 43%, 38%, and 98% during the period of ozone pollution, respectively, compared with those during the period of non-ozone pollution. Aromatics contributed the most to OFP during the periods of both ozone pollution and non-ozone pollution, followed by alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Solvent sources, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) leakage, fossil fuel combustion, and hydrocarbon volatilization were resolved using the PMF model, which accounted for 60%±20%, 16%±11%, 15%±11%, and 9%±6% of total VOCs, respectively. During the period of ozone pollution, the contribution of solvent sources to the total VOCs decreased to 44%, whereas that of LPG leakage and hydrocarbon volatilization increased to 21% and 16%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- Dongguan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Station of Guangdong Province, Dongguan 523009, China
| | - Lin-Hai Xiao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei-Lei Fei
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Dongguan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Station of Guangdong Province, Dongguan 523009, China
| | - Man Lin
- Dongguan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Station of Guangdong Province, Dongguan 523009, China
| | - Jun-Jun Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
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16
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He C, van Mourik L, Brandsma S, Thai P, Wang X, Chen S, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Semiquantitative Characterization of Bromo-chloro Paraffins and Olefins in the Australian Environment. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12452-12459. [PMID: 35976999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A semiquantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry method was developed and applied to assess the occurrence of bromo-/chloro paraffins (BCPs) and olefins (BCOs) in the environment. More than 400 possible BCPs and BCO congener groups were detected in dust, air, and sewage sludge samples collected from Australia. Median chain analytes with the number of halogen atoms <7 (CnHmClxBry, 14 ≤ n ≤ 17, x + y < 7) prevailed in the dust and sludge samples, while short chain analytes (CnHmClxBry, 10 ≤ n ≤ 13, x + y < 7) predominated the air samples. The estimated concentrations of ∑BCPs and ∑BCOs in dust and sludge were approximately 20% that of the chlorinated paraffins (CPs) present, with the median concentrations of 5.4 μg/g (dust) and 0.18 μg/g (sludge) for ∑BCPs and 22 μg/g (in dust) and 0.50 μg/g (sludge) for BCOs. In the air samples, the concentrations of BCPs (0.020 pg/m3) and BCOs (0.032 pg/m3) were 3-4 orders of magnitudes lower than the concentrations of CPs (790 pg/m3). Significant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between the concentration of CPs, BCPs, and BCOs in all the matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Sicco Brandsma
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Phong Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Shuo Chen
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
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17
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Cecinato A, Bacaloni A, Romagnoli P, Perilli M, Balducci C. Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:65904-65923. [PMID: 35876994 PMCID: PMC9492597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signature of airborne particulates and deposition dusts is subject of study since decades. Usually, three complementary composition markers are investigated, namely, (i) specific organic compounds; (ii) concentration ratios between congeners, and (iii) percent distributions of homologs. Due to its intrinsic limits (e.g., variability depending on decomposition and gas/particle equilibrium), the identification of pollution sources based on molecular signatures results overall restricted to qualitative purposes. Nevertheless, chemical fingerprints allow drawing preliminary information, suitable for successfully approaching multivariate analysis and valuing the relative importance of sources. Here, the state-of-the-art is presented about the molecular fingerprints of non-polar aliphatic, polyaromatic (PAHs, nitro-PAHs), and polar (fatty acids, organic halides, polysaccharides) compounds in emissions. Special concern was addressed to alkenes and alkanes with carbon numbers ranging from 12 to 23 and ≥ 24, which displayed distinct relative abundances in petrol-derived spills and exhausts, emissions from microorganisms, high vegetation, and sediments. Long-chain alkanes associated with tobacco smoke were characterized by a peculiar iso/anteiso/normal homolog fingerprint and by n-hentriacontane percentages higher than elsewhere. Several concentration ratios of PAHs were identified as diagnostic of the type of emission, and the sources of uncertainty were elucidated. Despite extensive investigations conducted so far, the origin of uncommon molecular fingerprints, e.g., alkane/alkene relationships in deposition dusts and airborne particles, remains quite unclear. Polar organics resulted scarcely investigated for pollution apportioning purposes, though they looked as indicative of the nature of sources. Finally, the role of humans and living organisms as actual emitters of chemicals seems to need concern in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University Roma-1 “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
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Qin G, Gao S, Fu Q, Fu S, Jia H, Zeng Q, Fan L, Ren H, Cheng J. Investigation of VOC characteristics, source analysis, and chemical conversions in a typical petrochemical area through 1-year monitoring and emission inventory. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:51635-51650. [PMID: 35247176 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To effectively investigate the characteristics, source analysis, and chemical conversions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution in a typical petrochemical area, 81 VOC species from nine sampling sites were collected from 1st January to 31th December 2019 in Jinshan District. Results showed the concentration of VOCs was 51.63 ± 36.05 ppbv, and VOCs were dominated by alkane (40.10%) and alkenes (39.91%). The temporal variations of VOCs showed that the highest average VOC concentration appeared in July, and the lowest concentration of VOCs was in February. The concentration of VOCs was mainly connected with industrial processes and was transported to other areas through the downwind direction. Six PMF-derived sources including petrochemical industry, solvent utilization, vehicle exhaust, fuel evaporation, combustion, and other industry processes, contributing 37.08%, 16.74%, 16.69%, 14.99%, 9.53%, and 4.97%, respectively. Meanwhile, an anthropogenic VOC emission inventory was established by emission factors and the activity statistics for 2019, results indicated that the total emission of VOCs was estimated as 6.22 kt, petrochemical industry was the most important contributor of human-produced VOCs. The LOH concentration was 396.12 ppbv via OH radical loss rate method, and the OFP was 210.44 ppbv based on the MIR factor. Alkenes and aromatics were the important components of O3 formation. This study provides effective information for corresponding governments to establish VOCs contamination control directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Qin
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Song Gao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Shuang Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haohao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qingrui Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Linping Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huarui Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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19
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Shi J, Bao Y, Ren L, Chen Y, Bai Z, Han X. Mass Concentration, Source and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Nine Cities of Northeast China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19084915. [PMID: 35457782 PMCID: PMC9028055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
From April 2008 to July 2009, ambient measurements of 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, were conducted in nine industrial cities (Shenyang, Fushun, Changchun, Jilin, Harbin, Daqing, Huludao, Anshan and Tianjin) of the Northeast Region, China (NRC). Daqing had the highest concentration of VOCs (519.68 ± 309.88 μg/m3), followed by Changchun (345.01 ± 170.52 μg/m3), Harbin (231.14 ± 46.69 μg/m3), Jilin (221.63 ± 34.32 μg/m3), Huludao (195.92 ± 103.26 μg/m3), Fushun (135.43 ± 46.01 μg/m3), Anshan (109.68 ± 23.27 μg/m3), Tianjin (104.31 ± 46.04 μg/m3), Shenyang (75.2 ± 40.09 μg/m3). Alkanes constituted the largest percentage (>40%) in concentrations of the quantified VOCs in NRC, and the exception was Tianjin dominated by aromatics (about 52.34%). Although alkanes were the most abundant VOCs at the cities, the most important VOCs contributing to ozone formation potential (OFP) were alkenes and aromatics. Changchun had the highest OFP (537.3 μg/m3), Tianjin had the lowest OFP (111.7 μg/m3). The main active species contributing to OFP in the nine cities were C2~C6 alkanes, C7~C8 aromatic hydrocarbons, individual cities (Daqing) contained n-hexane, propane and other alkane species. Correlation between individual hydrocarbons, B/T ratio and principal component analysis model (PCA) were deployed to explore the source contributions. The results showed that the source of vehicle exhausts was one of the primary sources of VOCs in all nine cities. Additionally, individual cities, such as Daqing, petrochemical industry was founded to be an important source of VOCs. The results gained from this study provided a large of useful information for better understanding the characteristics and sources of ambient VOCs incities of NRC. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the nine cities were within the safe range recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (HQ < 1), and the lifetime carcinogenic risk values of benzene were 3.82 × 10−5~1.28 × 10−4, which were higher than the safety range specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (R < 1.00 × 10−6). The results of risk values indicated that there was a risk of cancer in these cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuzhai Bao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liang Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Yuanqi Chen
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
| | - Xinyu Han
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-8715-0201
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Wang F, Zhang Z, Wang G, Wang Z, Li M, Liang W, Gao J, Wang W, Chen D, Feng Y, Shi G. Machine learning and theoretical analysis release the non-linear relationship among ozone, secondary organic aerosol and volatile organic compounds. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:75-84. [PMID: 35459516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) pollutions are prevalent air quality issues in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have significant impact on the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) contributing PM2.5. Herein, we investigated 54 VOCs, O3 and SOA in Tianjin from June 2017 to May 2019 to explore the non-linear relationship among O3, SOA and VOCs. The monthly patterns of VOCs and SOA concentrations were characterized by peak values during October to March and reached a minimum from April to September, but the observed O3 was exactly the opposite. Machine learning methods resolved the importance of individual VOCs on O3 and SOA that alkenes (mainly ethylene, propylene, and isoprene) have the highest importance to O3 formation; alkanes (Cn, n ≥ 6) and aromatics were the main source of SOA formation. Machine learning methods revealed and emphasized the importance of photochemical consumptions of VOCs to O3 and SOA formation. Ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) calculated by consumed VOCs quantitatively indicated that more than 80% of the consumed VOCs were alkenes which dominated the O3 formation, and the importance of consumed aromatics and alkenes to SOAFP were 40.84% and 56.65%, respectively. Therein, isoprene contributed the most to OFP at 41.45% regardless of the season, while aromatics (58.27%) contributed the most to SOAFP in winter. Collectively, our findings can provide scientific evidence on policymaking for VOCs controls on seasonal scales to achieve effective reduction in both SOA and O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Gen Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution Jinan University, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiqing Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Da Chen
- Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Hazards Prevention and Emergency Response, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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21
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Raut S, von Gersdorff GJ, Münsterer J, Kammhuber K, Hensel O, Sturm B. Influence of pre-drying storage time on essential oil components in dried hops (Humulus lupulus L.). J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:2247-2255. [PMID: 33009828 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that duration of pre-drying storage impacts on hop quality. However, little knowledge exists regarding its actual effects on valuable hop components. To investigate these effects, fresh hop cones were stored for 5 or 24 h and dried for 210 min at 65 °C thereafter. Furthermore, to understand the effect of freezing hop cones on the essential oil content, both fresh and stored samples were frozen before and after drying. RESULTS The results from gas chromatography analysis show an increase in linalool, β-caryophyllene, humulene, geraniol content and decrease in myrcene content dependent on the period of storage. Total colour difference ΔE values of 4.61 and 5.27 were obtained for fresh and stored hops respectively, indicating discoloration of hops during storage. Modelling of moisture curves revealed the Wang and Singh model to be suitable, with R adj 2 values of 0.978 and 0.989 and root-mean-square error values of 0.037 and 0.019 for fresh and stored hops respectively. CONCLUSION The results from this study provide an in-depth understanding on the changes occurring within the hop cones both during storage and drying and will further help hop processors optimize their storage times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvari Raut
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Gardis Je von Gersdorff
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Jakob Münsterer
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Hop Competence Centre Production Technologies, Wolnzach, Germany
| | - Klaus Kammhuber
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Hop Research Centre Hüll, Wolnzach, Germany
| | - Oliver Hensel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Barbara Sturm
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
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22
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Taghouti M, Martins-Gomes C, Félix LM, Schäfer J, Santos JA, Bunzel M, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Polyphenol composition and biological activity of Thymus citriodorus and Thymus vulgaris: Comparison with endemic Iberian Thymus species. Food Chem 2020; 331:127362. [PMID: 32590268 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The polyphenol compositions of Thymus × citriodorus and Thymus vulgaris extracts as obtained by exhaustive hydroethanolic (HE) extraction and aqueous decoction (AD) were compared. In addition, their compositions and bioactivities were compared to those of Thymus pulegioides and Thymus mastichina, grown under the same edaphoclimatic conditions, and Thymus carnosus. Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant polyphenol followed by luteolin-hexuronide, salvianolic acids I and K. Cluster analysis suggests a similarity of the polyphenol composition of T. citriodorus and T. vulgaris. A significant antioxidant activity was observed and correlated with their polyphenol levels. The same being observed for the higher anti-proliferative activity/cytotoxicity of HE extracts on Caco-2 and HepG2 cells as compared to AD extracts. Significant association between the total phenolic compounds with the anti-proliferative activity, for both cell lines, was observed. These results support the importance of salvianolic acids levels in Thymus extracts and their in vitro anti-proliferative/cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Taghouti
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Research Centre Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Research Centre Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - João A Santos
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Research Centre Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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23
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Deming BL, Ziemann PJ. Quantification of alkenes on indoor surfaces and implications for chemical sources and sinks. Indoor Air 2020; 30:914-924. [PMID: 32115779 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces are known to support organic films, but their thickness, composition, and variability between environments remain poorly characterized. Alkenes are expected to be a significant component of these films, with the reaction with O3 being a major sink for O3 and source of airborne chemicals. Here, we present a sensitive, microscale, nanospectrophotometric method for quantifying the alkene (C=C bond) content of surface films and demonstrate its applicability in five studies relevant to indoor air chemistry. Collection efficiencies determined for a filter wipe method were ~64%, and the overall detection limit for monoalkenes was ~10 nmol m-2 . On average, painted walls and glass windows sampled across the University of Colorado Boulder campus were coated by ~4 nm thick films containing ~20% alkenes, and a simple calculation indicates that the lifetime for these alkenes due to reaction with O3 is ~1 hour, indicating that the films are highly dynamic. Measurements of alkenes in films of skin oil, pan-fried cooking oils, a terpene-containing cleaner, and on various surfaces in a closed classroom overnight (where carboxyl groups were also measured) provided insight into the effects of chemical and physical processes on film and air composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Deming
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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24
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Larmené-Beld KHM, van Berkel S, Wijnsma R, Taxis K, Frijlink HW. Prefilled Cyclic Olefin Sterilized Syringes of Norepinephrine Injection Solution Do Not Need to Be Stabilized by Antioxidants. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:247. [PMID: 32862255 PMCID: PMC7456634 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine is a potent α-sympathomimetic drug which plays an important role in the acute treatment of hypotension and shock. Commercially available norepinephrine solutions contain sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) as an antioxidant. However, prefilled cyclic olefin polymer syringes are not compatible with sodium metabisulfite. The aim of this study was to develop a new formulation of 0.1-mg/mL norepinephrine solution without sodium metabisulfite which is chemically stable and sterile and can be stored in prefilled polymer syringes. Formulation studies were performed with 0.1-mg/mL norepinephrine solution with 0, 0.05, or 0.1% ascorbic acid added as antioxidant. The syringes were filled under nitrogen gassing, stored at 20 ± 5°C, and protected from daylight. Based on the formulation test results, the final formulation was defined and stability testing at 20 ± 5°C was performed measuring norepinephrine concentration, pH, clarity, color of the solution, subvisible particles, and sterility at time intervals up to 12 months. The norepinephrine concentrations at t = 22 weeks were 100.4%, 95.4%, and 92.2% for the formulations with no ascorbic acid and with 0.05% and 0.10% ascorbic acid, respectively. Three batches for the stability study were produced containing norepinephrine, sodium edetate, sodium chloride, and water for injections filled under nitrogen gassing and stored at 20 ± 5°C. Norepinephrine concentrations were respectively 98.8%, 98.6%, and 99.3% for batches 1, 2, and 3 at t = 12 months. It can be concluded that norepinephrine (0.1 mg/mL) solution without metabisulfite is stable for at least 12 months at room temperature when protected from daylight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H M Larmené-Beld
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PTE2), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan van Berkel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Rommert Wijnsma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Taxis
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PTE2), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Single cell MS (SCMS) techniques are under rapid development for molecular analysis of individual cells among heterogeneous populations. Lipids are basic cellular constituents playing essential functions in energy storage and the cellular signaling processes of cells. Unsaturated lipids are characterized with one or multiple carbon-carbon double (C═C) bonds, and they are critical for cell functions and human diseases. Characterizing unsaturated lipids in single cells allows for better understanding of metabolomic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of rare cells (e.g., cancer stem cells); however, these studies remain challenging. We developed a new technique using a micropipette needle, in which Paternò-Büchi (PB) reactions at C═C bond can be induced, to determine locations of C═C bonds in unsaturated lipids at the single-cell level. The micropipette needle is produced by combining a pulled glass capillary needle with a fused silica capillary. Cell lysis solvent and PB reagent (acetone or benzophenone) are delivered into the micropipette needle (tip size ≈ 15 um) through a fused silica capillary. The capillary needle plays multiple functions (i.e., single cell sampling probe, cell lysis container, microreactor, and nano-ESI emitter) in the experiments. Both regular (no reaction) and reactive (with PB reaction) SCMS analyses of the same cell can be achieved. C═C bond locations were determined from MS scan and MS/MS of PB products assisted by Python programs. This technique can potentially be used for other reactive SCMS studies to enhance molecular analysis for broad ranges of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Yang E, Fournelle F, Chaurand P. Silver spray deposition for AgLDI imaging MS of cholesterol and other olefins on thin tissue sections. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4428. [PMID: 31410898 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Olefins such as cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids play important biological roles. Silver-assisted laser desorption ionization (AgLDI) takes advantage of the strong affinity of silver to conjugate with double bonds to selectively ionize these molecules for imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiments. For IMS studies, two main approaches for silver deposition have been described in the literature: fine coating by silver sputtering and spray deposition of silver nanoparticles. While these approaches allow for extremely high resolution IMS experiments to be conducted, they are not readily available to all laboratories. Herein, we present a silver nitrate spray deposition approach as an alternative to silver sputtering and nanoparticle deposition for routine IMS analysis. The silver nitrate spray has the same level of specificity and sensitivity for olefins, particularly cholesterol, and has shown to be capable of IMS experiments down to 10-μm spatial resolution. Minimal sample preparation and the affordability of silver nitrate make this a convenient and accessible technique worth considering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Frédéric Fournelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Wei X, Cao P, Wang G, Han J. Microbial inoculant and garbage enzyme reduced cadmium (Cd) uptake in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Bge.) under Cd stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 192:110311. [PMID: 32061988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Bge.) negatively affects the quality of its harvested roots, and seriously threatens human health. This study investigates the effect of a microbial inoculant (MI) and garbage enzyme (GE) on Cd uptake, the accumulation of bioactive compounds, and the community composition of microbes in the rhizosphere soil of S. miltiorrhiza under Cd stress. S. miltiorrhiza seedlings were transplanted to Cd-contaminated pots and irrigated with an MI, GE, a combination of an MI and GE (MIGE) or water (control). The results indicated that treatments with an MI, GE or MIGE can reduce Cd uptake in S. miltiorrhiza. The MIGE treatment had greater efficiency in reducing Cd uptake than the control (reduction by 37.90%), followed by the GE (25.31%) and MI (5.84%) treatments. Treatments with an MI, GE and MIGE had no significant impact on fresh and dry root biomass. Relative to the control, the MI treatment had the highest efficiency in increasing the accumulation of total tanshinones (an increase of 40.45%), followed by the GE treatment (40.08%), with the MIGE treatment (9.90%) treatment not having a more favorable effect than the separate application of an MI or GE. The salvianolic acid content for all groups was higher than the standard prescribed by Chinese pharmacopoeia, notwithstanding a slightly lower level in the treated groups relative to the control. In addition, metagenomic analysis indicated changes in the relative abundance of soil microbes associated with the bioremediation of heavy metals. The relative abundances of Brevundimonas, Microbacterium, Cupriavidus and Aspergillus were significantly greater in the treated groups than in the Control. These results suggest that using MI and GE, either separately or together, may not only improve the quality of S. miltiorrhiza but may also facilitate the microbial remediation of soil contaminated with Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pei Cao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Henao E, Murphy PJ, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Evans DM, Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. Polymethoxy-1-Alkenes Screening of Chlorella and Spirulina Food Supplements Coupled with In Vivo Toxicity Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E111. [PMID: 32050689 PMCID: PMC7077266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected species of cyanobacteria and green algae have been reported to produce lipophilic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs) which were shown to exhibit in vivo teratogenicity. Considering that information on PMAs in Arthospira sp. (known commercially as Spirulina) and Chlorella sp. cultivated for food supplement production was essentially lacking, the present study screened Chlorella (n = 10) and Spirulina (n = 13) food supplements registered in the European Union. Mass spectrometry analysis of column fractionated extracts was performed. None of the four variants previously reported in some cyanobacteria and green algae, nor any potentially related structures were detected in the studied samples. Since the isolated lipophilic fractions contained various compounds, they were further screened for in vivo teratogenicity in Danio rerio embryo, and for the potential to induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the liver and neurotoxicity in the brain of adult zebrafish. None of the tested food supplements had detectable levels of PMAs or any potentially related structures. No teratogenicity was revealed except for spinal curvature induced by fractions obtained from two Chlorella products. Selected fractions revealed cytotoxicity as indicated by an increased level of reactive oxygen species, catalase activity, lipid peroxidation and increased frequency of DNA strand breaks in hepatic tissue. The majority (60%) of Chlorella fractions induced an increase in cholinesterase activity in zebrafish brain homogenate while exposure to 61.5% of Spirulina fractions was associated with its decrease. The present study confirms that Chlorella and Spirulina food supplements are free of teratogenic PMAs, although the observed in vivo toxicities raise questions regarding the quality of selected products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Henao
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, 100-00 Cali, Colombia;
| | - Patrick J. Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Daniel M. Evans
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Piotr Klimaszyk
- Department of Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Jin W, Purves R, Krol E, Badea I, El-Aneed A. Mass Spectrometric Detection and Characterization of Metabolites of Gemini Surfactants Used as Gene Delivery Vectors. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2020; 31:366-378. [PMID: 31922726 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gemini surfactants are a class of lipid molecules that have been successfully used in vitro and in vivo as nonviral gene delivery vectors. However, the biological fate of gemini surfactants has not been well investigated. In particular, the metabolism of gemini surfactants after they enter cells as gene delivery vehicles is unknown. In this work, we used a high-resolution quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Q-Exactive) instrument to detect the metabolites of three model gemini surfactants, namely, (a) unsubstituted (16-3-16), (b) with pyridinium head groups (16(Py)-S-2-S-16(Py)), and (c) substituted with a glycyl-lysine di-peptide (16-7N(GK)-16). The metabolites were characterized, and structures were proposed, based on accurate masses and characteristic product ions. The metabolism of the three gemini surfactants was very different as 16-3-16 was not metabolized in PAM 212 cells, whereas 16(Py)-S-2-S-16(Py) was metabolized primarily via phase I reactions, including oxidation and dealkylation, producing metabolites that could be linked to its observed high toxicity. The third gemini surfactant 16-7N(GK)-16 was metabolized mainly via phase II reactions, including methylation, acetylation, glucose conjugation, palmityl conjugation, and stearyl conjugation. The metabolism of gemini surfactants provides insight for future directions in the design and development of more effective gemini surfactants with lower toxicity. The reported approach can also be applied to study the metabolism of other structurally related gemini surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Drug Design & Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 107 Wiggins Road , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5E5
| | - Randy Purves
- Drug Design & Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 107 Wiggins Road , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5E5
- Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 116 Veterinary Road , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 2R3
| | - Ed Krol
- Drug Design & Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 107 Wiggins Road , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5E5
| | - Ildiko Badea
- Drug Design & Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 107 Wiggins Road , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5E5
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- Drug Design & Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 107 Wiggins Road , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5E5
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Banerjee U, Karney WL, Ault BS, Gudmundsdottir AD. Photolysis of 5-Azido-3-Phenylisoxazole at Cryogenic Temperature: Formation and Direct Detection of a Nitrosoalkene. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030543. [PMID: 32012736 PMCID: PMC7037410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance the versatility of organic azides in organic synthesis, a better understanding of their photochemistry is required. Herein, the photoreactivity of azidoisoxazole 1 was characterized in cryogenic matrices with IR and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The irradiation (λ = 254 nm) of azidoisoxazole 1 in an argon matrix at 13 K and in glassy 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (mTHF) at 77 K yielded nitrosoalkene 3. Density functional theory (DFT) and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations were used to aid the characterization of nitrosoalkene 3 and to support the proposed mechanism for its formation. It is likely that nitrosoalkene 3 is formed from the singlet excited state of azidoisoxazole 1 via a concerted mechanism or from cleavage of an intermediate singlet nitrene that does not undergo efficient intersystem crossing to its triplet configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA; (U.B.); (B.S.A.)
| | - William L. Karney
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA;
| | - Bruce S. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA; (U.B.); (B.S.A.)
| | - Anna D. Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA; (U.B.); (B.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Li YL, Liu LN, Wang Y, Jin HY, Yue HS, Ma SC. [Study on application of salvianolic acids reference extract in quality control of Salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:5446-5450. [PMID: 32237393 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20191014.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the salvianolic acids reference extract for quality control for Salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection. An Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18( 4. 6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) column was used with mobile phase consisting of 0. 1% formic acid-water and 0. 1% formic acid-acetonitrile in gradient elution procedure. The column temperature was 30 ℃; the flow rate was 1 m L·min-1; and the detection wavelength was 288 nm. The content of rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B in S. miltiorrhiza was determined by using the salvianolic acids reference extract as control substance. The content of caffeic acid,salvianolic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B,and salvianolic acid Y in the salvianolic acids for injection was also determined. The linear relationship between chemicals was good( r>0. 998 9),and the injection precision RSD was 0. 30%-0. 90%. The sexual RSD is between 1. 4% and 3. 0%,and the RSD of the reproducibility of the extract is between 2. 1% and 5. 2%. The recovery rate of the three components in S. miltiorrhiza was 96. 80%-99. 20%,and the recovery rate of the six components in salvianolic acids for injection was 88. 90%-107. 5%. The solution of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection were stable within 48 h. A total of 8 batches of S. miltiorrhiza and injection were determined by the reference extract,and the difference was smaller than that measured by the monomer control. This study preliminarily verified that the salvianolic acids reference extract can be used as a substitute for the monomer control for the quality control of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Lei Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050,China
| | - Li-Na Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050,China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050,China
| | - Hong-Yu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050,China
| | - Hong-Shui Yue
- Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. Tianjin 300410,China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050,China
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32
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Yadav R, Sahu LK, Tripathi N, Pal D, Beig G, Jaaffrey SNA. Investigation of emission characteristics of NMVOCs over urban site of western India. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:245-255. [PMID: 31153029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to characterize the variation and emission of C2-C5 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in a semi-urban site of western India based on measurements during February-December 2015. Anthropogenic NMVOCs show clear seasonal dependence with highest in winter and lowest in monsoon season. Biogenic NMVOCs likes isoprene show highest mixing ratios in the pre-monsoon season. The diurnal variation of NMVOC species can be described by elevated values from night till morning and lower values in the afternoon hours. The elevated levels of NMVOCs during night and early morning hours were caused mainly by weaker winds, temperature inversion and reduced chemical loss. The correlations between NMVOCs, CO and NOx indicate the dominant role of various local emission sources. Use and leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributed to the elevated levels of propane and butanes. Mixing ratios of ethylene, propylene, CO, NOx, etc. show predominant emissions from combustion of fuels in automobiles and industries. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionments were performed for the seven major emission sectors (i.e. Vehicular exhaust, Mixed industrial emissions, Biomass/Fired brick kilns/Bio-fuel, Petrochem, LPG, Gas evaporation, Biogenic). Emissions from vehicle exhaust and industry-related sources contributed to about 19% and 40% of the NMVOCs, respectively. And the rest (41%) was attributed to the emissions from biogenic sources, LPG, gasoline evaporation and biomass burning. Diurnal and seasonal variations of NMVOCs were controlled by local emissions, meteorology, OH concentrations, long-range transport and planetary boundary layer height. This study provides a good reference for framing environmental policies to improve the air quality in western region of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - L K Sahu
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nidhi Tripathi
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj, Gandhinagar, India
| | - D Pal
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
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Lim S, Choi AH, Kwon M, Joung EJ, Shin T, Lee SG, Kim NG, Kim HR. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extract from Sargassum serratifolium and its major antioxidant components. Food Chem 2019; 278:178-184. [PMID: 30583359 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sargassum serratifolium has been known to contain a high level of meroterpenoids as antioxidant components. We investigated antioxidant activities and active components in various solvent extracts from S. serratifolium. Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol extracts showed relatively strong DPPH, ABTs, and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Hexane and ethyl acetate extract showed the strongest hydroxyl radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively, scavenging activities. Sargahydroquinoic acid (SHQA), sargachromanol (SCM) and sargaquinoic acid (SQA) were main antioxidant components in S. serratifolium. Ethanol extract showed the highest levels of SHQA, SCM, and SQA which comprised to be 227 ± 6.31 mg/g. SHQA and SCM exhibited stronger antioxidant capacities than SQA based on lower IC50 values in ROS, DPPH, ABTs, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. The result showed that ethanol is the most efficient extracting solvent for the active components from S. serratifolium and the plant has the potential as a natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Hong Choi
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Misung Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Joung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Taisun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gil Kim
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Sharma P, Madhyastha H, Madhyastha R, Nakajima Y, Maruyama M, Verma KS, Verma S, Prasad J, Kothari SL, Gour VS. An appraisal of cuticular wax of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.: Extraction, chemical composition, biosafety and application. J Hazard Mater 2019; 368:397-403. [PMID: 30690392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastic and polythene as hydrophobic materials become a grave concern due to their non-biodegradable nature, cumbersome recycling and waste management. Cuticular wax derived from Calotropis procera is explored as an eco-friendly and safe hydrophobic material. The effects of duration of exposure to solvent, solvent type, size and side of the leaf on cuticular wax yield have been studied. Leaf with the smallest area (10 cm2-25 cm2) was found to be the most suitable to isolate the wax. GC-MS analysis of the wax revealed that the wax consists of mainly esters, alkane and alkene. Mitochondrial reductase (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay have been carried out on M5S cell line at various concentrations and the results indicate that up to 1 μg/ml (acetone as solvent) and 3 μg/ml (chloroform as solvent) use of wax has no toxic effect. To evaluate the hydrophobic potential of the wax in developing hydrophobic paper water regains and contact angle has been measured. The gain in hydrophobicity of the paper is evident from the rise in contact angle (≥90˚) of paper coated with wax. Scanning electron micrograph and FTIR spectra generated physical and chemical evidence of coating of wax on paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Yuchi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Masugi Maruyama
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | | | - Shashi Verma
- Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Jagdish Prasad
- Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - S L Kothari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Vinod Singh Gour
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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Abstract
Pycnanthemum incanum, a species of wild mountain mint endemic to North America, has a pungent mint-like odor that has not been fully characterized. Due in part to its high terpene content, P. incanum has broad potential for health-promoting, cosmetic, culinary, and food flavoring applications. Therefore, odorants of P. incanum were identified by coupling solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), which afforded 24 odorants including 14 odorants with flavor dilution (FD) factors ≥4. Selected odorants, including those with FD factors ≥16, were quantitated by stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs), and odor activity values (OAVs) were determined. The odorants with the highest OAVs included β-ionone (floral, violet; OAV 300), myrcene (terpeny, OAV 120), linalool (floral, citrus; OAV 79), and pulegone (mint, medicinal; OAV 58). An odor-simulation model based on the quantitation closely matched the sensory attributes of the original P. incanum plant material. In addition, enantiomeric proportions of chiral odorants in P. incanum were determined by chiral chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Dein
- Department of Food Science , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - John P Munafo
- Department of Food Science , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
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Fairgrieve-Park L, Fallone CJ, Yahya A. Long TE PRESS and STEAM for measuring the triglyceride glycerol CH 2 protons at 3 T. NMR Biomed 2019; 32:e4021. [PMID: 30376203 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycerol methylene proton resonances (4-4.5 parts per million, ppm), which arise from the triglyceride backbone, are relevant to fat composition assessment and can be measured with proton MRS. The purpose of the presented work is to determine long TE (echo time) point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) values at 3 T to resolve the glycerol resonances from that of overlapping water. The response of the glycerol methylene protons of nine edible oils as a function of PRESS and STEAM TE (mixing time, TM = 20 ms) was investigated. In addition, high resolution NMR spectra of the oils were acquired at 16.5 T. Long TE values where J-coupling losses were lowest were selected, namely a TE of 180 ms for PRESS (first echo time 17 ms) and a TE of 100 ms for STEAM (mixing time 20 ms). Oil olefinic (≈5.4 ppm) to glycerol ratios were calculated from the long TE spectra and correlated with 16.5 T ratios. The two techniques yielded olefinic/glycerol ratios that correlated with 16.5 T ratios (R2 = 0.79 for PRESS and 0.90 for STEAM). The efficacy of the sequences in resolving the glycerol resonance from that of water was verified in vivo on tibial bone marrow of four healthy volunteers. In addition, the potential for using the glycerol methylene signal normalized to the methyl signal (≈0.9 ppm) to assess changes in free fatty acid content was demonstrated by measuring differences in spectra acquired from a triglyceride peanut oil phantom and from a phantom composed of a mixture of peanut oil and free fatty acid oleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara J Fallone
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atiyah Yahya
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Liu K, Zhang JW, Liu XG, Wu QW, Li XS, Gao W, Wang HY, Li P, Yang H. Correlation between macroscopic characteristics and tissue-specific chemical profiling of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytomedicine 2018; 51:104-111. [PMID: 30466607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macroscopic identification has been widely used as a convenient method for herbal authentication and quality assessment. However, sensory evaluation heavily relied on personal experience and lacked enough evidence-based validations. PURPOSE We aim to reveal the correlation between macroscopic characteristics and tissue-specific chemical composition of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SMR), and then develop a rapid method for quality assessment. METHODS Thirty-two batches of SMR were collected and evaluated. The outer-surface color and diameter as the representative tissue features of SMR were selected as the macroscopic indexes. SMR were then divided into three parts along transverse section as outer bark, middle part and central part, to explore the spatial distribution of chemicals. Outer-surface color information was converted into RGB values, while the diameter data were expressed by mean distance, respectively. Thirteen major components including eight salvianolic acids and five tanshinones in each part were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Finally, several mathematical models were established and optimized to evaluate the correlation between outer-surface color, size and chemical distribution. RESULT All five tanshinones mainly distributed in the outer bark while salvianolic acids were averagely existed among three parts. Correlational studies revealed that the surface color depth was significantly and positively correlated with tanshinone contents in the outer bark, while the size showed poor correlation in any chemicals. A color-oriented model was thus developed for the prediction of tanshinone contents in SMR, and a 9 × 9 standard color chart was created for easily use. CONCLUSION This study contributes an alternative method for macroscopic features-based quality evaluation of herbs, and also complements some scientific data for traditional knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qing-Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Yarou BB, Bawin T, Boullis A, Heukin S, Lognay G, Verheggen FJ, Francis F. Oviposition deterrent activity of basil plants and their essentials oils against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:29880-29888. [PMID: 28785944 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The leafminer Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most important pests of tomato, reducing crop yields by up to 100% in greenhouses and fields, in several countries globally. Because synthetic insecticides lead to resistance and have adverse effects on natural enemies and the health of producers, alternative control methods are needed. In this study, we assessed the oviposition-deterring effect of basil plants, Ocimum gratissimum L. and O. basilicum L. (Lamiaceae), using dual-choice behavioural assays performed in flight tunnels. We found that both plants significantly reduced T. absoluta oviposition behaviour on a tomato plant located nearby. To evaluate the potential effect of basil volatile organic compounds, we formulated essential oils of both plant species in paraffin oil, and observed a similar oviposition-deterring effect. Gas chromatography analyses detected 18 constituents in these essential oils which the major constituents included thymol (33.3%), p-cymene (20.4%), γ-terpinene (16.9%), myrcene (3.9%) in O. gratissimum and estragol (73.8%), linalool (8.6%), β-elemene (2.9%) and E-β-ocimene (2.6%) in O. basilicum. Twenty and 33 compounds were identified of the volatiles collected on O. gratissimum and O. basilicum plants, respectively. The main components include the following: p-cymene (33.5%), γ-terpinene (23.6%), α-terpinene (7.2%), α-thujene (6.7%) and E-α-bergamotene (38.9%) in O. gratissimum, and methyl eugenol (26.1%), E-β-ocimene (17.7%), and linalool (9.4%) in O. basilicum. Four compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, Myrcene, Limonene) were common in essential oils and plants. Our results suggest the valuable potential of basil and associated essential oils as a component of integrated management strategies against the tomato leafminer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boni Barthélémy Yarou
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Agro Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege (ULg), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Bawin
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Agro Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege (ULg), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Antoine Boullis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Agro Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege (ULg), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Heukin
- Analytical Chemistry, Agro Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege (ULg), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Georges Lognay
- Analytical Chemistry, Agro Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege (ULg), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - François Jean Verheggen
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Agro Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege (ULg), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Agro Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege (ULg), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Yang X, Cheng S, Wang G, Xu R, Wang X, Zhang H, Chen G. Characterization of volatile organic compounds and the impacts on the regional ozone at an international airport. Environ Pollut 2018; 238:491-499. [PMID: 29604562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted at Beijing Capital International Airport (ZBAA) and a background reference site in four seasons of 2015. Total concentrations of VOCs were 72.6 ± 9.7, 65.5 ± 8.7, 95.8 ± 11.0, and 79.2 ± 10.8 μg/m3 in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The most abundant specie was toluene (10.1%-17.4%), followed by benzene, ethane, isopentane, ethane, acetylene, and n-butane. Seasonal variations of VOCs were analyzed, and it was found that the highest concentration occurring in summer, while the lowest in spring. For the diurnal variation, the concentration of VOCs in the daytime (9:00-15:00) was less than that at night (15:00-21:00) obviously. Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) was calculated by using Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) method. The greatest contribution to OFP from alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 27.3%-51.2% and 36.6%-58.6% of the total OFP. The WRF-CMAQ model was used to simulate the impact of airport emissions on the surrounding area. The results indicated that the maximum impact of VOCs emissions and all sources emissions at the airport on O3 was 0.035 and -23.8 μg/m3, respectively. Meanwhile, within 1 km from the airport, the concentration of O3 around the airport was greatly affected by airport emitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ran Xu
- National Meteorological Center of CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Guolei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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Rontani JF, Aubert C, Belt ST. Electron ionization mass spectrometry fragmentation and multiple reaction monitoring quantification of bacterial metabolites of the sea ice biomarker proxy IP 25 in Arctic sediments. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:775-783. [PMID: 29508936 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 3,9,13-Trimethyl-6-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tetradecan-1,2-diol and 2,8,12-trimethyl-5-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tridecanoic acid appear to be produced during the bacterial metabolism of IP25 , a highly branched isoprenoid lipid often employed for past Arctic sea ice reconstruction. Characterization and quantification of these metabolites in sediments are essential to determine if bacterial degradation may exert a significant influence on IP25 -based palaeo sea ice reconstructions. METHODS Electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) fragmentation pathways of 3,9,13-trimethyl-6-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tetradecan-1,2-diol and 2,8,12-trimethyl-5-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tridecanoic acid trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives were investigated. These pathways were deduced by: (i) low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS), (ii) accurate mass measurement, and (iii) deuterium labelling. RESULTS CID-MS/MS analyses, accurate mass measurement and deuterium-labelling experiments enabled us to elucidate the EIMS fragmentations of 3,9,13-trimethyl-6-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tetradecan-1,2-diol and 2,8,12-trimethyl-5-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tridecanoic acid TMS derivatives. Some specific fragment ions useful in addition to chromatographic retention times for further characterization could be identified. As an application of some of the described fragmentations, the TMS derivatives of these metabolites were characterized and quantified in MRM mode in different Arctic sediments. CONCLUSIONS EIMS fragmentations of 3,9,13-trimethyl-6-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tetradecan-1,2-diol and 2,8,12-trimethyl-5-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tridecanoic acid TMS derivatives exhibit specific fragment ions, which appear to be very useful for the quantification of these bacterial metabolites of the palaeo tracer IP25 in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rontani
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Aubert
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicocinétique (EA 3286), Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Simon T Belt
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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Li W, Polachi N, Wang X, Chu Y, Wang Y, Tian M, Li D, Zhou D, Zhou S, Ju A, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chen M, Huang L, Liu C. A quality marker study on salvianolic acids for injection. Phytomedicine 2018; 44:138-147. [PMID: 29544864 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of Chinese medicine (CM) has being an active and challenging research area for CM. Prof. Chang-Xiao Liu et al first proposed the concept of quality marker (Q-Marker) for the quality evaluation and control on CM. This article describe the exploratory studies of Q-Marker in salvianolic acids for injection (SAI) based on this new concept. PURPOSE This study was designed to screen Q-Marker of SAI and establish its quality control method based on the concept of CM Q-Marker. METHODS Based on the concept of CM Q-Marker, the SAI was investigated for the identification of chemical components and their sources. The pharmacological effects on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion induced injury in rats were also investigated. Furthermore, the target cell extracts and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to screen Q-Markers. Finally, the fingerprints and determination based on Q-Markers were established to assess the quality of SAI more effectively. RESULTS Overall, 20 constituents in SAI were identified. It was found that salvianolic acid B (SA-B), rosmarinic acid (RA), lithospermic acid (LA), salvianolic acid D (SA-D) and salvianolic acid Y (SA-Y) are major chemical components of SAI. Based on chemical components identifications, analysis of their sources, target cell extracts and pharmacokinetic studies, four phenolic acids, namely SA-B, RA, LA and SA-D, were screened and determined as effective Q-Markers of SAI. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the described method is a powerful approach for detecting Q-Markers, which can be used as control index for the quality assessment of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing - 100700, China; Center for Post-doctoral Research, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing - 100700, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China.
| | - Navaneethakrishnan Polachi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin - 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Yang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin - 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Meng Tian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin - 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Dekun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Dazheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Aichun Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China; Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin - 300410, China
| | - Yubo Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin - 300193, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin - 300193, China
| | - Min Chen
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing - 100700, China; Center for Post-doctoral Research, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing - 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing - 100700, China; Center for Post-doctoral Research, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing - 100700, China.
| | - Changxiao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin - 300193, China.
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Martin SJ, Shemilt S, da S Lima CB, de Carvalho CAL. Are Isomeric Alkenes Used in Species Recognition among Neo-Tropical Stingless Bees (Melipona Spp). J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:1066-1072. [PMID: 29147977 PMCID: PMC5735199 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) in recognition is based largely on temperate ant species and honey bees. The stingless bees remain relatively poorly studied, despite being the largest group of eusocial bees, comprising more than 400 species in some 60 genera. The Meliponini and Apini diverged between 80-130 Myr B.P. so the evolutionary trajectories that shaped the chemical communication systems in ants, honeybees and stingless bees may be very different. The aim of this study was to study if a unique species CHC signal existed in Neotropical stingless bees, as has been shown for many temperate species, and what compounds are involved. This was achieved by collecting CHC data from 24 colonies belonging to six species of Melipona from North-Eastern Brazil and comparing the results with previously published CHC studies on Melipona. We found that each of the eleven Melipona species studied so far each produced a unique species CHC signal based around their alkene isomer production. A remarkable number of alkene isomers, up to 25 in M. asilvai, indicated the diversification of alkene positional isomers among the stingless bees. The only other group to have really diversified in alkene isomer production are the primitively eusocial Bumblebees (Bombus spp), which are the sister group of the stingless bees. Furthermore, among the eleven Neotropical Melipona species we could detect no effect of the environment on the proportion of alkane production as has been suggested for some other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Martin
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, The University of Salford, M5 4WT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Sue Shemilt
- Chemical Ecology Group, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratory, Keele University, Newcastle upon Tyne, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Cândida B da S Lima
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, The University of Salford, M5 4WT, Manchester, UK
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Ruí Barbosa, 710 - Centro, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos A L de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Ruí Barbosa, 710 - Centro, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil
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Shao Y, Zhang W, Tong L, Huang J, Li D, Nie W, Zhu Y, Li Y, Lu T. Simultaneous determination of eight bioactive components of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills in rat plasma using UFLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28146302 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid and reliable ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of eight active ingredients, including astragaloside IV, ononin, tanshinol, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, salvianolic acid D, rosmarinic acid and ginsenoside Rg1 , in rat plasma. The plasma samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column (1.7 μm particles, 2.1 × 100 mm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% aqueous formic acid (A)-acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (B) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Quantification was performed on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization by multiple reaction monitoring both in the negative and in the positive ion mode. The lower limit of quantification of tanshinol was 2.0 ng/mL and the others were 5.0 ng/mL. The extraction recoveries, matrix effects, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy of eight tested components were all within acceptable limits. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the eight active constituents after intragastric administration of three doses (1.0, 3.0, 6.0 g/kg body weight) of Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Shao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Tasly Academy, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Tong
- Tasly Academy, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- Tasly Academy, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxiang Li
- Tasly Academy, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Nie
- Tasly Academy, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Tasly Academy, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Stout SA, Payne JR. Footprint, weathering, and persistence of synthetic-base drilling mud olefins in deep-sea sediments following the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 118:328-340. [PMID: 28302359 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Olefin-based synthetic-based drilling mud (SBM) was released into the Gulf of Mexico as a result of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster in 2010. We studied the composition of neat SBM and, using conventional GC-FID, the extent, concentration, and chemical character of SBM-derived olefins in >3600 seafloor sediments collected in 2010/2011 and 2014. SBM-derived (C14-C20) olefins occurred (up to 10cm deep) within a 6.5km2 "footprint" around the well. The olefin concentration in most sediments decreased an order of magnitude between 2010/2011 and 2014, at least in part due to biodegradation, evidenced by the preferential loss C16 and C18 linear (α- and internal) versus branched olefins. Based on their persistence for 4-years in sediments around the Macondo well, and 13-years near a former unrelated drill site (~62km away), weathered SBM-derived olefins released during the DWH disaster are anticipated to persist in deep-sea sediment for (at least) a comparable duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Stout
- NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice, LLC, 300 Ledgewood Pl., Suite 305, Rockland, MA, United States.
| | - James R Payne
- Payne Environmental Consultants, Inc., 1651 Linda Sue Ln., Encinitas, CA, United States
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An J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu B. Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds in an Urban Environment at the Yangtze River Delta, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 72:335-348. [PMID: 28190079 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected continuously during June-August 2013 and December 2013-February 2014 at an urban site in Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta. The positive matrix factorization receptor model was used to analyse the sources of VOCs in different seasons. Eight and seven sources were identified in summer and winter, respectively. In summer and winter, the dominant sources of VOCs were vehicular emissions, liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas (LPG/NG) usage, solvent usage, biomass/biofuel burning, and industrial production. In summer, vehicular emissions made the most significant contribution to ambient VOCs (38%), followed by LPG/NG usage (20%), solvent usage (19%), biomass/biofuel burning (13%), and industrial production (10%). In winter, LPG/NG usage accounted for 36% of ambient VOCs, whereas vehicular emissions, biomass/biofuel burning, industrial production and solvent usage contributed 30, 18, 9, and 6%, respectively. The contribution of LPG/NG usage in winter was approximately four times that in summer, whereas the contribution from biomass/biofuel burning in winter was more than twice that in summer. The sources related to vehicular emissions and LPG/NG usages were important. Using conditional probability function analysis, the VOC sources were mainly associated with easterly, northeasterly and southeasterly directions, pointing towards the major expressway and industrial area. Using the propylene-equivalent method, paint and varnish (23%) was the highest source of VOCs in summer and biomass/biofuel burning (36%) in winter. Using the ozone formation potential method, the most important source was biomass/biofuel burning (32% in summer and 47% in winter). The result suggests that the biomass/biofuel burning and paint and varnish play important roles in controlling ozone chemical formation in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Junxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Mohekar P, Osborne J, Wiman NG, Walton V, Tomasino E. Influence of Winemaking Processing Steps on the Amounts of (E)-2-Decenal and Tridecane as Off-Odorants Caused by Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys). J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:872-878. [PMID: 28064492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown marmorated stink bugs (BMSB) release stress compounds, tridecane and (E)-2-decenal, that affect final wine quality. This study focuses on determining the effect of wine processing on (E)-2-decenal and tridecane release in both red and white wines. Wines were produced by adding live BMSB to grape clusters at densities of 0, 0.3, 1, and 3 bugs/cluster. Compound concentrations were measured using headspace solid phase microextraction with multidimensional gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. For red wines, the highest levels of stress compounds were found using 3 BMSB/cluster [tridecane, 614 μg/L; (E)-2-decenal, 2.0 μg/L]. Pressing was found to be the critical process point for stress compound release, and additional pressing processes, press types, and press fractions were investigated. BMSB taint for white wines was not found to be problematic with respect to wine quality. An action control of 3 BMSB/cluster is recommended as this was related to the known consumption rejection threshold for (E)-2-decenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Mohekar
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University , 100 Wiegand Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - James Osborne
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University , 100 Wiegand Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Nik G Wiman
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , 4017 Agriculture and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Vaughn Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , 4017 Agriculture and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Elizabeth Tomasino
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University , 100 Wiegand Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Inan Genç A, Gok S, Banerjee S, Severcan F. Valdecoxib Recovers the Lipid Composition, Order and Dynamics in Colon Cancer Cell Lines Independent of COX-2 Expression: An ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Study. Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:105-117. [PMID: 27354402 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816654164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostanoids play an important role in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation and cancer. The rate-limiting step in the prostanoid biosynthesis pathway is catalyzed by cyclooxygenases (COXs). Aberrant expression of the inducible isoform COX-2 plays a significant role in colon cancer initiation and progression. In this study, we have hypothesized that COX-2 specific inhibitors such as Valdecoxib (VLX), being highly hydrophobic, may alter biophysical properties of cellular lipids. In this study, COX-2 expressing (HT29) and COX-2 non-expressing (SW620) colon cancer cell lines were treated with VLX and examined using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that VLX treatment decreased lipid fluidity in the cells irrespective of COX-2 expression status and affected order parameters of the lipids in both cell lines. Cluster analysis also indicated that the spectral differences between the two cell lines are profound and could be successfully differentiated. Valdecoxib treatment could enhance the composition, order and dynamics of the lipids of colon cancer cells independently of its COX-2 inhibitory mechanism. Valdecoxib has therapeutic effects upon colon cancer, therefore it can be used as an adjuvant and/or chemopreventive agent for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Inan Genç
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Seher Gok
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Feride Severcan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
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Liu B, Liang D, Yang J, Dai Q, Bi X, Feng Y, Yuan J, Xiao Z, Zhang Y, Xu H. Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds based on 1-year of observational data in Tianjin, China. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:757-769. [PMID: 27567166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
From November 2014 to October 2015, the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), O3 and NOx were simultaneously monitored by using online instruments at the air monitoring station belonged to Tianjin Environmental Protection Bureau (TEPB). The results indicated that VOCs concentrations were higher in autumn and lower in spring, while O3 concentrations were higher in summer, and lower in winter. The diurnal variations of VOCs and NOx (NO2 plus NO) showed opposite tendency comparing to that of O3. The concentrations of alkanes were higher (the average of 18.2 ppbv) than that of aromatics (5.3 ppbv) and alkenes (5.2 ppbv), however, the alkenes and aromatics made larger contributions to ozone because of their high reactivity. Tianjin belonged to the VOC-limited region during most of seasons (except summer) according to the VOC/NOx ratios (the 8:1 threshold). The automobile exhaust, industrial emission, liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas (LPG/NG), combustion, gasoline evaporation, internal combustion engine emission and solvent usage were identified as major sources of VOCs by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model in Tianjin, and the contributions to VOCs for the entire year were 23.1%, 19.9%, 18.6%, 10.6%, 8.7%, 5.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The conditional probability function (CPF) analysis indicated that the contributing directions of automobile exhaust and industrial emission were mainly affected by source distributions, and that of other sources might be mainly affected by wind direction. The backward trajectory analysis indicated that the trajectory of air mass originated from Mongolia, which reflected the features of large-scale and long-distance air transport, and that of beginning in Jiangsu, Shandong and Tianjin, which showed the features of small-scale and short-distance. Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei and Northwest of Shandong were identified as major potential source-areas of VOCs by using potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Danni Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
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Masoumi-Ardakani Y, Mandegary A, Esmaeilpour K, Najafipour H, Sharififar F, Pakravanan M, Ghazvini H. Chemical Composition, Anticonvulsant Activity, and Toxicity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extract of Elettaria cardamomum. Planta Med 2016; 82:1482-1486. [PMID: 27433883 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elettaria cardamomum is an aromatic spice (cardamom) native to the humid Asian areas, which contains some compounds with a potential anticonvulsant activity. Various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects have been related to this plant. This research was conducted to examine the probable protective impact of the essential oil and methanolic extract of E. cardamomum against chemically (pentylentetrazole)- and electrically (maximal electroshock)-induced seizures in mice. In addition, neurotoxicity, acute lethality, and phytochemistry of the essential oil and methanolic extract were estimated. The TLC method showed the presence of kaempferol, rutin, and quercetin in the extract, and the concentration of quercetin in the extract was 0.5 µg/mL. The major compounds in the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (45.6 %), α-terpinyl acetate (33.7 %), sabinene (3.8 %), 4-terpinen-4-ol (2.4 %), and myrcene (2.2 %), respectively. The extract and essential oil showed significant neurotoxicity in the rotarod test at the doses of 1.5 g/kg and 0.75 mL/kg, respectively. No mortalities were observed up to the doses of 2 g/kg and 0.75 mL/kg for the extract and essential oil. The essential oil was effective in both the pentylentetrazole and maximal electroshock models; however, the extract was only effective in the pentylentetrazole model. The study suggested that E. cardamomum methanolic extract had no significant lethality in mice. Both the essential oil and methanolic extract showed movement toxicity. Anticonvulsant effects of E. cardamomum were negligible against the seizures induced by pentylentetrazole and maximal electroshock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Masoumi-Ardakani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Univerity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Univerity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fariba Sharififar
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Pakravanan
- Central Research Laboratory, Deputy of Research, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghazvini
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Univerity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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50
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Wang G, Cheng S, Lang J, Li S, Tian L. On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 46:28-37. [PMID: 27521933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles (LDDVs) were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential (OFP) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOx had been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOx emissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%-45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene, ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%-91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianlei Lang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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