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Terzioğlu ME, Edebali E, Bakirci İ. Investigation of the Elemental Contents, Functional and Nutraceutical Properties of Kefirs Enriched with Spirulina platensis, an Eco-friendly and Alternative Protein Source. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2878-2890. [PMID: 37697135 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the use of S. platensis, which is presented as an eco-friendly and alternative protein source, in the production of kefir, a probiotic dairy product, on various physicochemical properties as well as FAA, ACE inhibitory activity, proteolysis, TPC, DPPH, ABTS+, and mineral values was investigated. It was observed that the addition of S. platensis at different ratios to the kefir samples had a statistically very significant (p < 0.01) effect on all physicochemical analyses; L. mesenteroides count; all amino acids except isoleucine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid; ACE inhibitory activity, TN, TCAN, TCAN/TN, mM Gly, TPC, DPPH, ABTS+, Na, Mg, K, and Fe. In plain kefir samples, mineral contents were determined by order of K > P > Na > Ca > Mg > Zn >> Fe > Cr > Cr > Mn. Furthermore, a general increase was observed in FAA, ACE inhibitory activity, TPC, DPPH, ABTS+, and mineral values, as well as in the counts of Lactococcus spp. and L. mesenteroides in the samples, depending on the proportion of S. platensis added, compared to plain kefir samples. In this context, it was concluded that the addition of S. platensis to kefir at different rates could meet various components required by the body on a daily basis and result in a nutraceutical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Emre Terzioğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye.
| | - Ezgi Edebali
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - İhsan Bakirci
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye
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Mansour C, Ben Taheur F, Safta Skhiri S, Jridi M, Saidane Mosbahi D, Zouari N. Probiotics from kefir: Evaluating their immunostimulant and antioxidant potential in the carpet shell clam (Ruditapesdecussatus). Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106641. [PMID: 38588925 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of incorporating kefir into the diet on biometric parameters, as well as the immune and antioxidant responses of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) after an experimental infection by Vibrio alginolyticus. Clams were divided into a control group and a treated group. The control group was fed on spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) alone. While, the treated group was fed on spirulina supplemented with 10% dried kefir. After 21 days, clams were immersed in a suspension of V. alginolyticus 5 × 105 CFU mL -1 for 30 min. Seven days after experimental infection, survival was 100% in both groups. The obtained results showed a slight increase in weight and condition index in clams fed with kefir-supplemented diet for 21 days compared to control clams. Regarding antioxidant responses, the treated group showed higher superoxide dismutase activity compared to the control group. However, the malondialdehyde level was lower in the treated clams than in the control. In terms of immune parameters, the treated group showed slightly elevated activities of phenoloxidase, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase, whereas a decreased lectin activity was observed compared to the control group. The obtained results suggest that kefir enhanced both the antioxidant and immune response of infected clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalbia Mansour
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja (ISBB), University of Jandouba, Beja, 9000, Tunisia
| | - Fadia Ben Taheur
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine (ISBAM), University of Gabes, Medenine, 4119, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Safta Skhiri
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Jridi
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja (ISBB), University of Jandouba, Beja, 9000, Tunisia
| | - Dalila Saidane Mosbahi
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Nacim Zouari
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine (ISBAM), University of Gabes, Medenine, 4119, Tunisia.
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Rahmatnejad E, Habibi H, Torshizi MAK, Seidavi A, Hosseinian A. Effects of the algae derivatives on performance, intestinal histomorphology, ileal microflora, and egg yolk biochemistry of laying Japanese quail. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103605. [PMID: 38471233 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of the Persian Gulf algae derivates, phycocyanin (PC) and fucoidan (FUC), on production performance, egg quality, intestinal histomorphology, ileal microflora, and egg yolk biochemistry of laying Japanese quail. A total of 250 six-wk-old Japanese quails with an average body weight of 215 ± 10 g were allocated to 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate in a completely randomized design. The treatment groups received PC (from Spirulina platensis) and FUC (from brown seaweed) in their drinking water while control groups did not. Treatment groups received PC and FUC at 20 or 40 mg/L levels (denoted as PC20, PC40, FUC20, and FUC40, respectively). All birds were fed the same diet. All treatments significantly improved the percentage of hen day egg production (HDEP) (P = 0.002), egg mass (P = 0.002), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.022) but no difference was noted in egg weight (EW) and feed intake (FI). Different levels of PC and FUC significantly increased the thickness of eggshells (P = 0.022); however, the weight of the digestive tract (liver, spleen, proventriculus, gizzard, and pancreas) and oviduct was not affected. Algal derivates improved the villus height (P = 0.007) and crypt depth (P = 0.007) of the duodenum, as well as, the villus height (P = 0.005) and crypt depth (P = 0.026) of the jejunum. Both algal derivates positively affected the intestinal microflora (populations of Lactobacillus (P = 0.017), Coliform (P = 0.005), and Clostridium (P = 0.000)) whereas aerobic bacteria were unaffected. Yolk cholesterol P = 0.012) and yolk malondialdehyde P = 0.050) content were significantly reduced in experimental treatments compared to the control group. In conclusion, our results showed that the treatment of laying Japanese quails with algal derivates positively affects quail performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, and yolk cholesterol and malondialdehyde. Additional studies exploring optimal dosages and mechanisms of action is warranted to fully understand the scope of the algae derivates in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat Rahmatnejad
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran
| | - Hassan Habibi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
| | | | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Hosseinian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran
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Lijassi I, Arahou F, Mansouri Z, Wahby A, Rhazi L, Wahby I. Comparative Analysis of Effect of Culture Conditions on Growth and C-Phycocyanin Production in Helical and Linear Spirulina. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:152. [PMID: 38652305 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Spirulina (Arthrospira and Spirulina spp.) has always been characterized by the helical trichomes, despite the existence of linear forms. A great debate is now open on the morphological flexibility of Spirulina, but it seems that both trichome morphology and C-phycocyanin (C-PC) concentrations are influenced by the culture conditions.This work compared the effect of some key growth factors (medium pH as well as its carbon, potassium, and salt contents) on the growth and C-PC concentration of helical and linear Spirulina strains. Further, two-phase strategies, including light and nitrogen variation, were applied to increase the in vivo C-PC accumulation into the trichomes. Results showed that high pH induced trichomes elongation and improved growth but decreased C-PC content (+ 65 and + 43% vs. -83 and -49%, for helical and linear strains, respectively). Variations in carbon and salt concentrations negatively impacted growth and C-PC content, even if the linear strain was more robust against these fluctuations. It was also interesting to see that potassium increasing improved growth and C-PC content for both strains.The variation of light wavelength during the enrichment phase (in the two-phase strategy) improved by 50% C-PC accumulation in trichomes, especially after blue lighting for 96 h. Similar result was obtained after 48 h of nitrogen reduction, while its removal from the medium caused trichomes disintegration. The current work highlights the robustness of linear Spirulina strain and presents an efficient and scalable way to increase C-PC in vivo without affecting growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Lijassi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Laboratory of Botany and Valorisation of Plant and Fungal Resources, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Fadia Arahou
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Laboratory of Botany and Valorisation of Plant and Fungal Resources, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zineb Mansouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Laboratory of Botany and Valorisation of Plant and Fungal Resources, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Anass Wahby
- Laboratory of Water, Studies and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Laila Rhazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Laboratory of Botany and Valorisation of Plant and Fungal Resources, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Imane Wahby
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Research Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Laboratory of Botany and Valorisation of Plant and Fungal Resources, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Shi K, Wang W, Sun J, Jiang C, Hao J. A rapid one-step affinity purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464801. [PMID: 38479154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The high-purity phycocyanin has a high commercial value. Most current purification methods of C-phycocyanin involve multiple steps, which are complicated and time-consuming. To solve the problem, this research was studied, and an efficient affinity chromatography purification for C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis was developed. Through molecular docking simulation, virtual screening of ligands was performed, and ursolic acid was identified as the specific affinity ligand, which coupled to Affi-Gel 102 gel via 1-ethyl (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-carbodiimide, hydrochloride as coupling agent. With this customized and synthesized resin, a high-efficiency one-step purification procedure for C-phycocyanin was developed and optimized, the purity was determined to be 4.53, and the yield was 69 %. This one-step purification protocol provides a new approach for purifying other phycobilin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chengcheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resource, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Mróz M, Parchem K, Jóźwik J, Domingues MR, Kusznierewicz B. The Impact of Different Drying Methods on the Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiles of Arthrospira platensis. Molecules 2024; 29:1747. [PMID: 38675566 PMCID: PMC11051859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drying is an inseparable part of industrial microalgae production. In this work, the impacts of eight different drying methods on the metabolome and lipidome of Arthrospira platensis were investigated. The studied drying methods were freeze drying (FD), sun drying (SD), air drying at 40 and 75 °C (AD' and AD″), infrared drying at 40 and 75 °C (IRD' and IRD″), and vacuum drying at 40 and 75 °C (VD' and VD″). Results gathered by reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (RP-LC-ESI-Orbitrap HRMS/MS) analysis allowed researchers to identify a total of 316 metabolites (including lipids) in aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The compounds identified in ethanolic extracts were mainly lipids, such as neutral and polar lipids, chlorophylls and carotenoids, while the compounds identified in the aqueous extracts were mainly amino acids and dipeptides. Among the identified compounds, products of enzymatic and chemical degradation, such as pyropheophytins, monoacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholines were also identified and their amounts depended on the drying method. The results showed that except for FD method, recognized as a control, the most protective method was AD'. Contrary to this, VD' and VD″, under the conditions used, promoted the most intense degradation of valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Mróz
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.P.); (J.J.)
| | - Karol Parchem
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.P.); (J.J.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Jóźwik
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.P.); (J.J.)
| | - M. Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Barbara Kusznierewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.P.); (J.J.)
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Nova M, Citterio S, Martegani E, Colombo S. Unraveling the Anti-Aging Properties of Phycocyanin from the Cyanobacterium Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4215. [PMID: 38673801 PMCID: PMC11050328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, marine natural products have become one of the most important resources of novel lead compounds for critical diseases associated with age. Spirulina, a dietary supplement made from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria: scientific name Arthrospira platensis), is particularly rich in phycocyanin, a phycobiliprotein, which accounts for up to 20% of this cyanobacterium's dry weight and is considered responsible for its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Although the anti-aging activity of phycocyanin has been investigated, how exactly this compound works against aging remains elusive. The aim of our research is to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to investigate the anti-aging properties of phycocyanin from A. platensis. Our results show that phycocyanin has a powerful anti-aging effect, greatly extending the chronological life span of yeast cells in a dose-dependent way, as the effect was also pronounced when cells were grown in SD medium under calorie restriction conditions (0.2% glucose). Both ROS and accumulation of dead cells were followed by staining chronologically aged cells with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) and propidium iodide (PI). Interestingly, we found that most of the aged phycocyanin-treated cells, which were unable to form colonies, were actually ROS+/PI-. Finally, we show that the moment in which phycocyanin is added to the culture does not substantially influence its effectiveness in counteracting chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonia Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (M.N.); (S.C.); (E.M.)
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Alotaiby S, Zhao X, Boesch C, Sergeeva NN. Sustainable approach towards isolation of photosynthetic pigments from Spirulina and the assessment of their prooxidant and antioxidant properties. Food Chem 2024; 436:137653. [PMID: 37832415 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids, chlorophyll and phycocyanin are three types of photosynthetic pigments found in Spirulina that differ in colour, composition, stability, solubility, and commercial importance. Such diversity of structures creates a challenge to extract these pigments simultaneously from the same batch of raw material in an efficient and sustainable manner. This study demonstrates that water can be successfully used as a single solvent together with combined (non)mechanical cell membrane disruption techniques (ultrasonication, centrifugation, freezing/thawing cycle) to extract these photosynthetic pigments from the same batch. This water-based approach delivers a significant improvement in isolating green pigments, which are often overlooked during extraction due to a preference for blue and yellow pigments. Chlorophyll was quantitatively converted to its stable derivatives to carry out a comparative analysis of antioxidant properties (DPPH, TEAC, FRAP), singlet oxygen production and intracellular activities (MTT, ROS assays) using Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorog Alotaiby
- School of Design, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. BOX 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Zhao
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; School of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia N Sergeeva
- School of Design, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; The Leeds Institute of Textile and Colour, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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9
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Zhou Y, Huang Z, Liu Y, Li B, Wen Z, Cao L. Stability and bioactivities evaluation of analytical grade C-phycocyanin during the storage of Spirulina platensis powder. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1442-1453. [PMID: 38258911 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
C-phycocyanin (C-PC) is a natural high-value blue phycobiliprotein from Spirulina platensis, which has wide biological applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. However, the freshness of S. platensis powder (SPP) materials and C-PC purification play critical roles in evaluating the stability and bioactivities of C-PC, which severely affect its commercial application. This study investigated the effect of spray-dried SPP freshness on the biofunctional activities of analytical grade C-PC (AGC-PC). The yield of AGC-PC extracted from spray-dried SPP could reach 101.88 mg/g (75% recovery ratio) after purification by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system. The half-life period (t1/2 ) of AGC-PC stability at 60°C and 8000 lux light could remain 171.70 min and 176.11 h within 6 months storage of spray-dried SPP. The emulsifying activity index (EAI) and foaming capacity (FC) of AGC-PC from fresh-dried SPP showed maximum values of 68.64 m2 /g and 252.9%, respectively. The EC50 of AGC-PC from fresh spray-dried SPP on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+·) scavenging activity could reach 63.76 and 92.93 mg/L, respectively. The EC50 of AGC-PC from fresh spray-dried SPP on proteinase inhibition and anti-lipoxygenase activity were 302.96 and 178.8 mg/L, respectively. The stability and biofunctional activities of AGC-PC remained stable within 6 months storage of SPP, and then rapidly decreased after 9 months storage due to the disintegration of the trimeric (αβ)3 and hexameric (αβ)6 forms of C-PC. It is concluded that the optimal storage period of SPP for preparation of AGC-PC in commercial use should be less than 6 months. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from dried Spirulina platensis powder (SPP) has been widely applied in food nutritional, florescent markers, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc, due to its blue color, fluorescence, and antioxidant properties. However, the effect of dried SPP freshness on the stability and functional activity of C-PC has been rarely reported. This study found that the thermostability, photostability, emulsifying, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of analytical grade C-PC (AGC-PC) significantly decreased after 6 months storage of SPP. Based on investigations, we have proposed that the suitable storage time of dried SPP for preparation of AGC-PC in commercial application should be within 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenghua Huang
- Research Institute of Quality, Safety and Standards of Agricultural Product, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zixuan Wen
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Leipeng Cao
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Aimaretti E, Porchietto E, Mantegazza G, Gargari G, Collotta D, Einaudi G, Ferreira Alves G, Marzani E, Algeri A, Dal Bello F, Aragno M, Cifani C, Guglielmetti S, Mastrocola R, Collino M. Anti-Glycation Properties of Zinc-Enriched Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Contribute to Prevention of Metaflammation in a Diet-Induced Obese Mouse Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:552. [PMID: 38398877 PMCID: PMC10892558 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) exert a key pathogenic role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Thanks to its abundance in bioactive compounds, the microalga Arthrospira platensis (spirulina, SP) is proposed as a nutritional supplement. Here, we investigated the potential anti-glycating properties of SP enriched with zinc (Zn-SP) and the following impact on diet-induced metabolic derangements. Thirty male C57Bl6 mice were fed a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 12 weeks, and a subgroup of HFHS mice received 350 mg/kg Zn-SP three times a week. A HFHS diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance and increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transaminases. Zn-SP administration restored glucose homeostasis and reduced hepatic dysfunction and systemic inflammation. In the liver of HFHS mice, a robust accumulation of AGEs was detected, paralleled by increased expression of the main AGE receptor (RAGE) and depletion of glyoxalase-1, whereas Zn-SP administration efficiently prevented these alterations reducing local pro-inflammatory responses. 16S rRNA gene profiling of feces and ileum content revealed altered bacterial community structure in HFHS mice compared to both SD and HFHS + Zn-SP groups. Overall, our study demonstrates relevant anti-glycation properties of Zn-SP which contribute to preventing AGE production and/or stimulate AGE detoxification, leading to the improvement of diet-related dysbiosis and metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aimaretti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Porchietto
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Giacomo Mantegazza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Debora Collotta
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Giacomo Einaudi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Alves
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Enrica Marzani
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Algeri
- Italian Union of Biological Spirulin (Unione Spirulina Biologica Italiana, USBI), Curtatone (Mantova), 46010 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences (BtBs), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
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11
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Hegazi N, Khattab AR, Saad HH, Abib B, Farag MA. A multiplex metabolomic approach for quality control of Spirulina supplement and its allied microalgae (Amphora & Chlorella) assisted by chemometrics and molecular networking. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2809. [PMID: 38307932 PMCID: PMC10837195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae species are of economic importance regarded as "green gold" being rich in bioactive compounds. Spirulina and Chlorella are the most popular microalgal species and are marketed as healthy food supplements. At the same time, Amphora holds potential as a source of healthy lipids and essential fatty acids. Yet, there are considerable variations in their reported chemical composition, and less is known about their compositional differences. A multiplexed metabolomic approach was adopted for the quality control (QC) of Spirulina supplements and to compare its constitutive metabolome to Chlorella and Amphora. The adopted protocol comprised gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV/Vis) for mapping their primary and secondary metabolome. Interestingly, UPLC-HRMS/MS analysis delineated the abundance of fatty acids in Amphora versus glycolipids enrichment in Spirulina, and porphyrins were the main pigments identified in Spirulina, with scarce occurrence in Chlorella. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) analysis of GC-MS data set revealed palmitic acid, 3-mannobiose, and glyceryl-glycoside as being most enriched in Spirulina, versus sucrose and leucine in Chlorella and Amphora, respectively. Despite being of low discriminatory potential, UV/Vis OPLS-DA modeling showed that Spirulina was distinguished with the UV absorbances of carotenoids and chlorophyll pigments, as indicated by its OPLS-DA derived S-plot. Our study provides a QC approach for the analysis of the microalgal species and poses alternative spectral and compositional markers for their discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Hegazi
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amira R Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, 1029, Egypt
| | - Hamada H Saad
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bishoy Abib
- Chemistry Department, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Ismaiel MMS, Piercey-Normore MD. Cooperative antioxidative defense of the blue-green alga Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis under oxidative stress imposed by exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide. Environ Pollut 2024; 341:123002. [PMID: 38000724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an environmentally-safe algaecide used to control harmful algal blooms and as a disinfectant in various domestic and industrial applications. It is produced naturally in sunny-water or as a by-product during growth, and metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. To assess the impact of H2O2 on Arthrospira platensis, several biochemical components, and antioxidant enzymes were analysed. The growth and biomass of A. platensis were decreased under the effect of H2O2. Whereas, the concentration up to 40 μM H2O2 non-significantly induced (at P < 0.05) the Chl a, C-phycocyanin (C-PC), total phycobiliprotein (PBP), and the radical scavenging activity of A. platensis. The half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) for H2O2 were 57, 65, and 74 μM H2O2 with regards to the biomass yield, Chl a, and C-PC content, respectively. While, the total soluble protein, and soluble carbohydrates contents were significantly induced. However, the higher concentrations (60 and 80 μM) were lethal to these components, in parallel to the initiation of the lipid peroxidation process. Surprisingly, the carotenoids content was non-significantly increased by H2O2. Despite the relative consistency of catalase (CAT), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes were boosted by all of the tested concentrations of H2O2. The relative transcript abundance of selected regulatory genes was also investigated. Except for the highest dose (80 μM), the tested concentrations had almost inhibitory effect on the relative transcripts of heat shock protein (HSP90), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), delta-9 desaturase (desC), iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and the Rubisco (the large subunit, rbcL) genes. The results demonstrated the importance of the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants for the cumulative tolerance of A. platensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M S Ismaiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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13
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Uzlasir T, Isik O, Uslu LH, Selli S, Kelebek H. Impact of different salt concentrations on growth, biochemical composition and nutrition quality of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina platensis. Food Chem 2023; 429:136843. [PMID: 37454614 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different salt concentrations on the growth, aroma and quality parameters of P. tricornutum and S. platensis were investigated for the first time.Salt contents were 15, 25, 30 and 35‰ for the P. tricornutum and 20, 25, 30 and 35‰ for the S. platensis culture. Aroma compounds were analyzed by HS-SPME-GC/MS while the organic acid and sugar composition were studied by HPLC-PDA-RID.The main amino acids were glutamic acid (6.24-12.96 mg/100 g) and alanine (3.67-13.65 mg/100 g) while the prevailing sugars were sucrose (229-1099 mg/100 g) and glucose (192-2322 mg/100 g) in the P. tricornutum and S. platensis samples.The most prevailing aroma compound was acetic acid (113 µg/kg) in the P. tricornutum samples and heptadecane (36941 µg/kg) in the S. platensis samples.A significant reduction was found in the amount of aroma compounds, amino acids, sugars and organic acids with increasing salt concentration.The study results are valuable for producing high-quality and flavorful P. tricornutum and S. platensis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turkan Uzlasir
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana Turkey
| | - Oya Isik
- Department of Fishery Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana Turkey
| | - Leyla Hizarci Uslu
- Department of Fishery Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana Turkey
| | - Serkan Selli
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana Turkey
| | - Hasim Kelebek
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana Turkey.
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14
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Arrari F, Jabri MA, Ayari A, Dakhli N, Ben Fayala C, Boubaker S, Sebai H. Chromatographic Analyses of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and Mechanism of Its Protective Effects against Experimental Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in Rats. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1823. [PMID: 37893541 PMCID: PMC10608300 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Obesity is currently a major health problem due to fatty acid accumulation and excess intake of energy, which leads to an increase in oxidative stress, particularly in the liver. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the protective effects of spirulina (SP) against cafeteria diet (CD)-induced obesity, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into four groups and received daily treatments for eight weeks as follows: control group fed a standard diet (SD 360 g/d); cafeteria diet group (CD 360 g/d); spirulina group (SP 500 mg/kg); and CD + SP group (500 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) according to body weight (b.w.) per oral (p.o.). Results: Our results show that treatment with a CD increased the weights of the body, liver, and abdominal fat. Additionally, severe hepatic alteration, disturbances in the metabolic parameters of serum, and lipotoxicity associated with oxidative stress in response to the CD-induced obesity were observed. However, SP treatment significantly reduced the liver alteration of CD feed and lipid profile disorder associated with obesity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that spirulina has a marked potential therapeutic effect against obesity and mitigates disturbances in liver function parameters, histological alterations, and oxidative stress status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Arrari
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia; (M.-A.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Mohamed-Amine Jabri
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia; (M.-A.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Ala Ayari
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia; (M.-A.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Nouha Dakhli
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia; (M.-A.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Chayma Ben Fayala
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathological Anatomy, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathological Anatomy, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia; (M.-A.J.); (H.S.)
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15
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Haron MH, Zhang J, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Pugh ND. Validation of a Toll-like Receptor (TLR)2/TLR1 Activation Assay for Biological Standardization of Arthrospira/ Limnospira Immune-Enhancing Potency. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:281-293. [PMID: 37794652 PMCID: PMC10984802 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2263566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Arthrospira/Limnospira is a popular botanical dietary supplement throughout the world and has been consumed as a food product for hundreds of years. Ongoing efforts from our research group are focused on evaluating the utility of a Limnospira-derived oral supplement (Immulina) in promoting resilience against influenza viral infection. Like other botanical extracts, Immulina is inherently a complex matrix with variation in the levels of its chemical constituents. Therefore, to ensure therapeutic consistency for future scientific research and clinical studies, we are developing standardization technology using a bioassay and chemical markers. Braun-type lipoproteins, a class of macromolecules that activate the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR1 signaling pathway, have been identified as a major active component within Immulina. Based on the mechanism of action of the Braun-type lipoproteins, an in vitro bioassay was established using the HEK-Blue hTLR2/TLR1 cell line to quantitate the immune-enhancing potency of Immulina. The objective of the current research was to validate that bioassay for Immulina activity quantification using the U.S. FDA guidance document for botanical drug development and U.S. Pharmacopeia recommendations. System suitability, reference standards and defining potency units were established. Validation of performance parameters included precision, specificity, accuracy, linearity, and range. Validating this bioassay for Immulina activity provides a tool for ensuring product consistency and quantifying the potency of this botanical for use in future research as well as material in the consumer market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona H. Haron
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Nirmal D. Pugh
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
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16
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Ziyaei K, Abdi F, Mokhtari M, Daneshmehr MA, Ataie Z. Phycocyanin as a nature-inspired antidiabetic agent: A systematic review. Phytomedicine 2023; 119:154964. [PMID: 37544212 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutraceuticals have been important for more than two decades for their safety, efficacy, and outstanding effects. Diabetes is a major metabolic syndrome, which may be improved using nutritional pharmaceuticals. Some microalgae species, such as spirulina, stand out by providing biomass with exceptional nutritional properties. Spirulina has a wide range of pharmacological effects, mostly related to phycocyanin. Phycocyanin is a protein compound with antidiabetic properties, known as a nutraceutical. OBJECTIVE This review delves into phycocyanin applications in diabetes and its complications and ascertains the mechanisms involved. METHODS Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were systematically reviewed (up to April 30, 2023), in which only animal and cellular studies were found. RESULTS According to animal studies, the administration of phycocyanin affected biochemical parameters (primary outcome) related to diabetes. These results showed an increase in fasting insulin serum and a decrease in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated serum protein, and glycosylated hemoglobin. In cellular studies, though, phycocyanin prevented methylglyoxal and human islet amyloid polypeptide-induced dysfunction in β-cells and induced apoptosis through different molecular pathways (secondary outcome), including activation of Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, and suppression of JNK and p38. Also, phycocyanin exerted its antidiabetic effect by affecting the pathways regulating hepatic glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Thus, based on the available information and literature, targeting these pathways by phycocyanin may unleash an array of benefits, including positive outcomes of the antidiabetic effects of phycocyanin as a nutraceutical. OTHER This systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) at the National Institute of Health. The registration number is CRD42022307522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Ziyaei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Centre, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran; Department of Bioinformatics, Personalized Precision Medicine Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Daneshmehr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ataie
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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17
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Wilkinson IVL, Castro-Falcón G, Roda-Serrat MC, Purdy TN, Straetener J, Brauny MM, Maier L, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Christensen LP, Sieber SA, Hughes CC. The Cyanobacterial "Nutraceutical" Phycocyanobilin Inhibits Cysteine Protease Legumain. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200455. [PMID: 36538283 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The blue biliprotein phycocyanin, produced by photo-autotrophic cyanobacteria including spirulina (Arthrospira) and marketed as a natural food supplement or "nutraceutical," is reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activity. These diverse biological activities have been specifically attributed to the phycocyanin chromophore, phycocyanobilin (PCB). However, the mechanism of action of PCB and the molecular targets responsible for the beneficial properties of PCB are not well understood. We have developed a procedure to rapidly cleave the PCB pigment from phycocyanin by ethanolysis and then characterized it as an electrophilic natural product that interacts covalently with thiol nucleophiles but lacks any appreciable cytotoxicity or antibacterial activity against common pathogens and gut microbes. We then designed alkyne-bearing PCB probes for use in chemical proteomics target deconvolution studies. Target identification and validation revealed the cysteine protease legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase, AEP) to be a target of PCB. Inhibition of this target may account for PCB's diverse reported biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V L Wilkinson
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria C Roda-Serrat
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trevor N Purdy
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jan Straetener
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brauny
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbiome-Host-Interaction Lab, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Maier
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbiome-Host-Interaction Lab, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars P Christensen
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Meng G, Liu J, Ma J, Liu X, Zhang F, Guo Y, Wang C, Song L. Biosorption and bioreduction of aqueous chromium (VI) by different Spirulina strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad070. [PMID: 37475675 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina has emerged as a promising microorganism for the treatment of industrial heavy metal ions in wastewater due to their simplicity of cultivation and harvesting, rich functional binding groups, and high bioreductive activity during the uptake process. While the capacities of biosorption and bioreduction for heavy metal ions differ significantly among various algal strains. Therefore, the physiological characteristics were investigated to identify the different Spirulina strains, and the chromium (VI) adsorption capacities of the algal strains were also evaluated. In this study, it was found that algal strains YCX2643 and CLQ1848 performed higher removal efficiency (86.5% and 83.7%) than the other four Spirulina strains (59.4%, 56.3%, 65.6%, and 66.5%, respectively). Moreover, the mechanisms of chromium (VI) ions binding and biotransformation in the Spirulina cell were scrutinized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and it indicated that the varieties of cellular components involved in high binding affinity may cause the higher biosorption and bioreduction of aqueous chromium (VI) in algal strains YCX2643 and CLQ1848, which could be used as promising biosorbents in the removing heavy metal pollutants from wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Meng
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Yanfeng Guo
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Chuanbao Wang
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Lei Song
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
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19
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Khayatian S, Bavali A, Moradi S, Farhadi M, Behnamedin Jameie S. Fluorescence inner filters of Arthrospira platensis: Novel perspective for precise fluorescence-based sensors. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 284:121791. [PMID: 36057160 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have been reputed as novel biological materials due to their unique structure, surface functionality and optical activity, making them worthwhile agents in biosensing and theranostic applications. However, further scrutiny is required for utilizing them in routine optical techniques due to their complex structure and diverse chemical components. Here, laser induced fluorescence (LIF) features of a bio-compatible microalgae i. e. Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) have been assessed. Typical fluorescence properties as well as the inner filter effects (IFEs) were examined and revealed to be strongly dependent on concentration, excitation wavelength, and detection geometry as well. IFEs and resulting spectral shifts have been analyzed considering various SP chromophores, reabsorption processes, and resonance energy transfer (RET) mainly from "Carotenoids to Phycobilisomes" as well as "Phycobilisomes to Chlorophyll-a". As a result, LIF spectral shift due to the re-absorption events (secondary-IFE) is introduced as a credible parameter for design of precise fluorescence-based sensors, due to being less dependent on ambient noises. We hope that the findings provide novel features regarding the LIF of Spirulina (SP) that could be utilized to design and develop optical sensors in the field of photonics, material diagnosis and biomedical theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Khayatian
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Bavali
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Moradi
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Farhadi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sara L, Thanmayee R, Satyakavya PV, Avulapati T, Swathi K. Screening of Spirulina Components for Anti-Parkinson's and Anti-Alzheimer's Activity by in Silico Methods and Docking Studies. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1423:161-174. [PMID: 37525040 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31978-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis was first isolated from Lake Texcoco by Aztecs in the sixteenth century. In 2012, spirulina was considered to be safe dietary supplement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Spirulina is a cyanophytic microalgae that is often considered as single cell protein. It contains many essential amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, antioxidant pigments, carotenoids, and cyanogenic pigments, that is, phycocyanobilins and phycocyanins (Eriksen, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 80(1):1-4, 2008). Components of spirulina are investigated for many health benefits and for pharmaceutical uses (Karkos et al., Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications). Spirulina has been found to have a role in growth, immunity (Wu et al., Arch Toxicol, 90(8):1817-40, 2016), antioxidant (Wu et al., Arch Toxicol, 90(8):1817-40, 2016), antiviral (Ayehunie et al., J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 18(1):7-12, 1998), antitoxicologic, anti-cancerogenic (Hirahashi et al., Int Immunopharmacol, 2(4):423-34, 2002), antidiabetic (Layam and Reddy, Diabetol Croat, 35(2):29-33, 2006), and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we focused on spirulina components in anti-Parkinson's and anti-Alzheimer's activity. Four potential targets, two for each activity, that is, structure of parkinE3 ligase (PDB ID:4I1H) and structure of BACE bound to 5-(3-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-5-cyclopropyl-2-imino-3-methylimidazolidin-4one (PDBI D:4DJx) for anti-Parkinson's activity and structure of human MAO B in complex with selective inhibitor safinamide (PDB ID:2V5Z) and crystal structure of human BACE-1 in complex with CNP520(PDB ID:6EQM) for anti-Alzheimer's activity, have been selected. The in silico results and scoring of virtual screening, that is, molecular docking, were compared with commonly used marketed drugs such as levodopa for Parkinson's disease (PD) and rivastigmine (Rösler et al., BMJ, 318(7184):633-40, 1999) for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Sara
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (SPMVV), Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravooru Thanmayee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (SPMVV), Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Tejaswini Avulapati
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (SPMVV), Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Konda Swathi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (SPMVV), Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abstract
CONTEXT Vascular dysfunction is considered a hallmark of ageing that has been associated with altered vasomotor responses, in which nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species participate. The consumption of Spirulina extracts, with antioxidant properties, increased recently. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of Spirulina aqueous extract (SAE) on the vascular function of the aorta from aged rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aortic segments from aged male Sprague-Dawley rats (20-22 months old) were exposed to SAE (0.1% w/v, for 3 h) to analyse: (i) the vasodilator response induced by acetylcholine (ACh), by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), by the carbon monoxide releasing molecule (CORM) and by the KATP channel opener, cromakalim (CK); (ii) the vasoconstrictor response induced by KCl and noradrenaline (NA); (iii) the production of NO and superoxide anion, and (iv) the expression of the p-eNOS and HO-1 proteins. RESULTS Incubation with SAE increased the expression of p-eNOS (1.6-fold) and HO-1 (2.0-fold), enhanced NO release (1.4-fold in basal and 1.9-fold in ACh-stimulated conditions) while decreased the production of superoxide (0.7-fold). SAE also increased the sensitivity (measured as pEC50) to ACh (control: -7.06 ± 0.11; SAE: -8.16 ± 0.21), SNP (control: -7.96 ± 0.16; SAE: -9.11 ± 0.14) and CK (control: -7.05 ± 0.39; SAE: -8.29 ± 0.53), and potentiated the response to KCl (1.3-fold) and to NA (1.7-fold). CONCLUSION The antioxidant properties of SAE improved the vasomotor responses of aorta from aged rats. These results may support the use of Spirulina as a protection against vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Majewski
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mercedes Klett-Mingo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Verdasco-Martín
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Otero
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Cristina Otero Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ferrer
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ) Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CONTACT Mercedes Ferrer Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UAM. C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029Madrid, Spain
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22
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Soliman AA, Khaled AA, Kord M, Abdel-Tawwab M, Darwish S, Grana YS, Zaki M, Nour AE, Ali E, Khalil RH, Khalil HS. Growth performance, antioxidant activities, and immunological responses of hapa-reared thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) juveniles fed on diets supplemented with spirulina (Arthrospiraplatensis). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 130:359-367. [PMID: 36126837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) (SP) has been utilized for a long time as a valued feed supplement because of its proteinous content and other beneficial phytochemical compounds. Herein, we investigated the influences of SP-supplemented diets on growth, body somatic indices, digestive enzymes, hepatic antioxidant activities, and immunological responses of hapa-reared thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) juveniles. Fish were assigned in six triplicate groups and were fed for consecutive 60 days on the prepared experimental diets containing varying SP levels as 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 g/kg diet and defined as control (CNT or SP0), SP2, SP4, SP6, SP8, and SP10 groups, respectively. The results indicated that dietary SP supplementation linearly and quadratically improved the fish growth performance, and the highest growth indices were found in the SP8 group. However, dietary SP supplementation did not significantly alter feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (%), hepato-somatic index, and viscera-somatic index among all experimental groups. Meanwhile, digestive enzymes (lipase, α-amylase, and proteases) in the mid-intestine were also linearly and quadratically increased in all SP-fed groups, and their uppermost values were noted in the SP8 group. Hepatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity in SP-supplemented groups were significantly elevated than the CNT group. Conversely, hepatic malondialdehyde contents were decreased significantly along with increasing dietary SP-supplementation levels. The immunological parameters such as lysozyme, respiratory burst, and alternative complement activities were significantly elevated in SP-fed groups than in the CNT group. These findings evoked that feeding SP-supplemented diets (especially at 8.0 g/kg diet) significantly promoted the growth, digestive enzymes, hepatic antioxidant status, and immunity of L. ramada juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt.
| | - Ali A Soliman
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Khaled
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kord
- Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Shawky Darwish
- Limnology Department, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Youssif Shehata Grana
- Limnology Department, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Zaki
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abd-Elaziz Nour
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eglal Ali
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Riad H Khalil
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
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23
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Wang Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Hou Y. Evaluation and analysis of the toxicity of mercury (Hg 2+) to allophycocyanin from Spirulina platensis in vitro. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:76881-76889. [PMID: 35672637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a global environmental pollution problem, heavy metal pollution has brought great harm to human beings. In this work, we studied the toxicity of Hg2+ on allophycocyanin (APC) at the molecular level. Firstly, APC was extracted and purified from Spirulina platensis mud and its purity (A650/A280) reached 3.75. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of APC decreased with increasing Hg2+ concentration from 0 to 5 × 10-6 mol L-1. The theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that the fluorescence quenching of APC by Hg2+ was static and had a good linear relationship. Moreover, the UV-Vis spectra of APC showed a significant decrease at 200 nm and 650 nm with the increase of Hg2+ concentration from 0 to 5×10-6 mol L-1, and a red-shift at 200 nm, which indicated that Hg2+ not only affected the structure of APC but also affected the light absorption and photosynthetic function of APC. Furthermore, the results of molecular simulation demonstrate that Hg2+ combinations with the Met77, Cys81 in the α chain and the Arg77, Cys81 in the β chain, which interact between the peptide chain and the chromophore, and Hg2+ forms a Hg-S bond with -SH. This study provides new insights into the structure and how Hg2+ effect the optical properties of APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Xingteng Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Yatong Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Yanhua Hou
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China.
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Jeyaraja S, Palanivel S, Palanimuthu K, Munusamy C. Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis bio-mimics quantum dots photocatalytic activity: A novel approach for dye degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:68280-68292. [PMID: 35536466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In our present study, the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) an organic dye was carried out using a phycocyanin extract of Spirulina platensis under the irradiation of sunlight. The aim of the present study is to incorporate a simple, novel, an eco-friendly, and cost-effective degradation of dyes without using any harmful metals and chemicals. It was observed that 25 ppm of MG dye got degraded nearly to 100 % at 3 h. The UV absorbance studies indicate the absence of a peak at 620 nm which is a conclusive evidence for MG dye degradation. An optimization study of MG dye degradation was evaluated by Response Surface Methodology using Minitab module 20.4.0.0 statistical software and its percentage of degradation was statistically analyzed using analystat. The FT-IR studies of raw spectra show minimal variation; however, the deconvoluted spectra in the region of 1600-1700 cm-1 indicate the variation in the secondary structure of amide I bands that leads to the dye degradation. The dye degradation study mainly follows the first-order kinetics between the time intervals of 60-180 min. The characteristics of degraded water were assessed by a TOC analyzer. The value of total inorganic carbon (TIC) in MG before treatment was 90 mg/L and seems to be slightly high when compared to MG after treatment which was found to be 87.65 mg/L and the adsorbent-treated water with a low value of 54.25 mg/L. These results well matched with the characteristics of normal water. The presence of phycocyanin in the degraded water was effectively removed by treating with activated carbon and it was confirmed with fluorescence analysis. These results support that the MG dye degradation was exhibited by phycocyanin extract and bio-mimics the quantum dot photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Jeyaraja
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Saravanan Palanivel
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Kowsalya Palanimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Chamundeeswari Munusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India.
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Shaman AA, Zidan NS, Atteia HH, Alalawy AI, Alzahrani S, AlBishi LA, Helal AI, Braiji SH, Farrag F, Shukry M, Sakran MI. Arthrospira platensis nanoparticles defeat against diabetes-induced testicular injury in rat targeting, oxidative, apoptotic, and steroidogenesis pathways. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14456. [PMID: 35560246 DOI: 10.1111/and.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Varieties of studies have been used to investigate the health benefits of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis); however, more research is needed to examine if its nano form may be utilized to treat or prevent several chronic diseases. So, we designed this study to explore the effect and the cellular intracellular mechanisms by which Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) alleviates the testicular injury induced by diabetes in male Wistar rats. Eighty Wistar male rats (n = 80) were randomly allocated into eight groups. Group 1 is untreated rats (control), Group 2 including STZ-induced diabetic rats with 65 mg/kg body weight STZ (STZ-diabetic), Group 3-5: including diabetic rats treated with NSP1, NSP2, and NSP3 at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg body weight, respectively, once daily orally by the aid of gastric gavage for 12 consecutive weeks and groups 6-8 include normal rats received NSP (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg body weight once daily orally. The identical volume of normal saline was injected into both control and diabetic rats. After 12 weeks of diabetes induction, the rats were killed. According to our findings, NSP administration to diabetic rats enhances the total body weight and the weight of testes and accessory glands; in addition, NSP significantly reduced nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in testicular tissue improved sperm parameters. Intriguingly, it raises testicular GSH and SOD activity by a significant amount (p < 0.05). As well, Oral administration of NSP to diabetic rats resulted in a decrease in the blood glucose levels, HA1C, induced in the diabetic group, which overcame the diabetic complications NSP caused down-regulation of apoptotic genes with upregulation of BCL-2 mRNA expression (p < 0.05) and prominent up-regulation of steroidogenesis genes expression level in testes in comparison to the diabetic rats which resulted in improving the decreased levels of testosterone hormone, FSH, and LH induced by diabetes. In the same way, our histopathological findings support our biochemical and molecular findings; in conclusion, NSP exerted a protective effect against reproductive dysfunction induced by diabetes not only through its high antioxidant and hypoglycemic action but also through its down-regulation of Apoptotic genes and up-regulation of steroidogenesis regulatory genes expression level in diabetic testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Ali Shaman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla S Zidan
- Faculty of Home Economics, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of nutrition and food science Faculty of Specific Education, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah H Atteia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Adel I Alalawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharifa Alzahrani
- Pharmacilogy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A AlBishi
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza I Helal
- Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Cell Biology Department, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | | | - Foad Farrag
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Sakran
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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26
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AlFadhly NKZ, Alhelfi N, Altemimi AB, Verma DK, Cacciola F, Narayanankutty A. Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175584. [PMID: 36080350 PMCID: PMC9458102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina is a kind of blue-green algae (BGA) that is multicellular, filamentous, and prokaryotic. It is also known as a cyanobacterium. It is classified within the phylum known as blue-green algae. Despite the fact that it includes a high concentration of nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids—in particular, the necessary omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids—the percentage of total fat and cholesterol that can be found in these algae is substantially lower when compared to other food sources. This is the case even if the percentage of total fat that can be found in these algae is also significantly lower. In addition to this, spirulina has a high concentration of bioactive compounds, such as phenols, phycocyanin pigment, and polysaccharides, which all take part in a number of biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. As a result of this, spirulina has found its way into the formulation of a great number of medicinal foods, functional foods, and nutritional supplements. Therefore, this article makes an effort to shed light on spirulina, its nutritional value as a result of its chemical composition, and its applications to some food product formulations, such as dairy products, snacks, cookies, and pasta, that are necessary at an industrial level in the food industry all over the world. In addition, this article supports the idea of incorporating it into the food sector, both from a nutritional and health perspective, as it offers numerous advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal K. Z. AlFadhly
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq
- Correspondence: (N.K.Z.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Nawfal Alhelfi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq
| | - Ammar B. Altemimi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq
| | - Deepak Kumar Verma
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.K.Z.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, Kerala, India
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27
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Mazo VK, Biryulina NA, Sidorova YS. [ Arthrospira platensis: antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in vitro and in vivo (brief review)]. Vopr Pitan 2022; 91:19-25. [PMID: 36136942 DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2022-91-4-19-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis biomass is a promising food source of biologically active substances with pharmacological activity. The aim of this research was a brief review and analysis of experimental in vitro and in vivo studies of the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of A. platensis biomass, phycocyanins, and their chromophore - phycocyanobilin. Material and methods. For the main search of the literature, the PubMed Internet resource was used, the key component of which is the Medline article database, covering about 75% of the world's medical publications. In addition, Scopus and Web of Science databases were used. Search depth - 20 years. Search keywords: Arthrospira platensis, phycobiliprotein, C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, hypoglycemic effect, hypolipidemic effect, antioxidant activity, in vitro and in vivo studies. Results. A brief description of the composition of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis biomass, methods of its cultivation, phycocyanins extraction methods is presented. The results of experimental studies indicate the presence of pronounced antioxidant properties of A. platensis biomass, mainly due to phycocyanins in its composition. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of A. platensis biomass and extracted phycocyanins intake have been established in vivo when modeling carbohydrate and/or lipid metabolism disorders. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies indicate the presence of pronounced antioxidant properties of phycocyanins. Hypoglycemic effects are shown in particular in experiments on rats with hyperlipidemia and alloxan diabetes fed a diet enriched with A. platensis biomass and on KKAy mice, treated with C-phycocyanin extract. Conclusion. The analysis of the results of in vitro and in vivo studies of the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of A. platensis biomass and extracts with a high content of phycocyanins, presented in a brief review, suggests that their use in the diet of people with impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is promising. Accordingly, from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, clinical studies on the use of spirulina biomass and/or its extracts with a high content of phycocyanins as part of specialized foods intended for the prevention and/or dietary correction of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders should be preceded by additional experimental physical-chemical, physiological and biochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Mazo
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - N A Biryulina
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yu S Sidorova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Awad LZ, El-Mahallawy HS, Abdelnaeim NS, Mahmoud MMA, Dessouki AA, ElBanna NI. Role of dietary Spirulina platensis and betaine supplementation on growth, hematological, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, immune responses, and disease resistance in Nile tilapia. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 126:122-130. [PMID: 35613669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is, a freshwater microalga, broadly used worldwide. It not only stimulates the immune systems of aquatic organisms but also provides a protein-rich diet and commonly used in the manufacture of aquafeeds. This study was planned to evaluate the growth performance, hepato-renal, and immune response biomarkers of Spirulina and Betaine on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and their protective effect against infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. O. niloticus juveniles (20.22 ± 0.86 g) were divided into four groups (n = 10 per replicate). For 8 weeks, the first and second groups (TS&TB) were fed with 0.5% and 0.3% concentrations of Spirulina and Betaine supplemented diets, respectively; the third group (TSB) was fed with a Spirulina and Betaine mixed diet; the fourth group was fed with a basal diet (without supplementation, T0), which served as control. Dietary inclusion of Spirulina and Betaine significantly improved (P ˂ 0.05) the weight gain, final weight, and food conversion ratio, especially in the TS group. The activities of hepatic malonaldehyde were unchanged in TS & TSB groups and the muscular significantly decreased (P ˂ 0.05) in the same groups, while both increased in the TB group; meanwhile, levels of glutathione reductase were significantly upregulated in all treated groups. Serum interleukins, TNF- alpha, and IL-10 levels were also significantly reduced in all treatment groups. A significant protective power against pathogenic Aeromonas infection was evidenced in all treated groups. Findings in this study highlight the reputation of Spirulina and Betaine as immunostimulants and protective agents against A. hydrophila infection in O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Z Awad
- Aquaculture Diseases Control Department, Fish Farming and Technology Institute, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Heba S El-Mahallawy
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Behaviour and Management - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Noha S Abdelnaeim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Manal M A Mahmoud
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Amina A Dessouki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Noha I ElBanna
- Aquaculture Diseases Control Department, Fish Farming and Technology Institute, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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ElFar OA, Billa N, Lim HR, Chew KW, Cheah WY, Munawaroh HSH, Balakrishnan D, Show PL. Advances in delivery methods of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14681-14718. [PMID: 35946342 PMCID: PMC9373759 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dose-dependent therapeutic functions that A. platensis possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of A. platensis constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations.Abbrevations: SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals, IL-4; Interleukin-4, HDL; High-Density Lipoprotein, LDL; Low-Density Lipoprotein, VLDL; Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, C-PC; C-Phycocyanin, APC; Allophycocyanin, PE; Phycoerythrin, COX-2; Cyclooxygenase-2, RCTs; Randomized Control Trials, TNF-α; Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha, γ-LFA; Gamma-Linolenic Fatty Acid, PGs; Polyglycans, PUFAs: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, NK-cell; Natural Killer Cell, FDA; Food and Drug Administration, GRAS; Generally Recognized as Safe, SD; Standard Deviation, API; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, DW; Dry Weight, IM; Intramuscular, IV; Intravenous, ID; Intradermal, SC; Subcutaneous, AERs; Adverse Event Reports, DSI-EC; Dietary Supplement Information Executive Committee, cGMP; Current Good Manufacturing Process, A. platensis; Arthrospira platensis, A. maxima; Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina sp.; Spirulina species, Arthrospira; Spirulina, Tecuitlatl; Spirulina, CRC; Colorectal Cancer, HDI; Human Development Index, Tf; Transferrin, TfR; Transferrin Receptor, FR; Flow Rate, CPP; Cell Penetrating Peptide, SUV; Small Unilamenar Vesicle, LUV; Large Unilamenar Vesicle, GUV; Giant Unilamenar Vesicle, MLV; Multilamenar Vesicle, COVID-19; Coronavirus-19, PEGylated; Stealth, PEG; Polyethylene Glycol, OSCEs; Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, GI; Gastrointestinal Tract, CAP; Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, HPMCP, Hydroxypropyl Methyl-Cellulose Phthalate, SR; Sustained Release, DR; Delay Release, Poly(MA-EA); Polymethyl Acrylic Co-Ethyl Acrylate, f-DR L-30 D-55; Femto-Delay Release Methyl Acrylic Acid Co-Ethyl Acrylate Polymer, MW; Molecular Weight, Tg; Glass Transition Temperature, SN2; Nucleophilic Substitution 2, EPR; Enhance Permeability and Retention, VEGF; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, RGD; Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid, VCAM-1; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, P; Coefficient of Permeability, PES; Polyether Sulfone, pHe; Extracellular pH, ζ-potential; Zeta potential, NTA; Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, PB; Phosphate Buffer, DLS; Dynamic Light Scattering, AFM; Atomic Force Microscope, Log P; Partition Coefficient, MR; Molar Refractivity, tPSA; Topological Polar Surface Area, C log P; Calculated Partition Coefficient, CMR; Calculated Molar Refractivity, Log S; Solubility Coefficient, pka; Acid Dissociation Constant, DDAB; Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide, DOPE; Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, GDP; Good Distribution Practice, RES; Reticuloendothelial System, PKU; Phenylketonuria, MS; Multiple Sclerosis, SLE; Systemic Lupus Erythematous, NASA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, DOX; Doxorubicin, ADRs; Adverse Drug Reactions, SVM; Support Vector Machine, MDA; Malondialdehyde, TBARS; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, CRP; C-Reactive Protein, CK; Creatine Kinase, LDH; Lactated Dehydrogenase, T2D; Type 2 Diabetes, PCB; Phycocyanobilin, PBP; Phycobiliproteins, PEB; Phycoerythrobilin, DPP-4; Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, MTT; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, IL-2; Interleukin-2, IL-6; Interleukin-6, PRISMA; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, STATA; Statistics, HepG2; Hepatoblastoma, HCT116; Colon Cancer Carcinoma, Kasumi-1; Acute Leukaemia, K562; Chronic Leukaemia, Se-PC; Selenium-Phycocyanin, MCF-7; Breast Cancer Adenocarcinoma, A375; Human Melanoma, RAS; Renin-Angiotensin System, IQP; Ile-Gln-Pro, VEP; Val-Glu-Pro, Mpro; Main Protease, PLpro; Papin-Like Protease, BMI; Body Mass Index, IC50; Inhibitory Concentration by 50%, LD50; Lethal Dose by 50%, PC12 Adh; Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells, RNS; Reactive Nitrogen Species, Hb1Ac; hemoglobin A1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ashraf ElFar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Nashiru Billa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wai Yan Cheah
- Centre of Research in Development, Social and Environment (SEEDS), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Liu L, Cai X, Ai Y, Li J, Long H, Ren W, Huang A, Zhang X, Xie ZY. Effects of Lactobacillus pentosus combined with Arthrospira platensis on the growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 120:345-352. [PMID: 34883257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most productive shrimp species in the world. However, shrimp farming is suffering from adverse environmental conditions and disease outbreaks. Typically, Lactobacillus pentosus and Arthrospira platensis are used as substitutes for some antibiotics. In the present study, we assessed the effects of dietary supplements along with living bacteria or cell-free extracts of L. pentosus combined with A. platensis on the growth performance, immune response, intestinal microbiota, and disease resistance of L. vannamei against Vibrio alginolyticus. Shrimp fed L. pentosus live bacteria combined with A. platensis showed the best growth performance and lowest feed conversion rate. The supplementation diet with L. pentosus live bacteria and A. platensis could significantly enhance the trypsin activity in shrimp after the feeding trial. Given the lowest feed conversion rate in shrimp fed L. pentosus live bacteria combined with A. platensis, we reasonably speculated that the decrease in feed conversion rate may be related to the increase in trypsin activity. In addition, dietary cell-free extracts of L. pentosus combined with A. platensis enhanced the expression of immune-related genes after the feeding trial or challenge test. Moreover, results of the bacterial challenge test indicated that the shrimp fed cell-free extracts of L. pentosus combined with A. platensis diet resulted in the highest survival rate, which suggested that cell-free extracts of L. pentosus and A. platensis could improve the disease resistance against V. alginolyticus by up-regulating the expressions of immune-related genes. Dietary L.pentosus or A. platensis, or their combination, reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria, including Proteobacteria in shrimp intestine, which suggested that L. pentosus and A. platensis could improve the growth performance and health of shrimp by regulating the structure of the intestinal microbiota. The findings of this study demonstrated that L. pentosus live bacteria and A. platensis exerted synergistic effects on the growth performance and digestion in shrimp, while cell-free extracts of L. pentosus and A. platensis showed synergistic effects on the immune response and disease resistance of shrimp against V. alginolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoni Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China.
| | - Yu Ai
- College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Wei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Aiyou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan Province, PR China.
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Song X, Zhang L, Hui X, Sun X, Yang J, Wang J, Wu H, Wang X, Zheng Z, Che F, Wang G. Selenium-containing protein from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis antagonizes oxygen glucose deprivation-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting ROS-mediated oxidative damage through regulating MPTP opening. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:629-638. [PMID: 34062090 PMCID: PMC8172226 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1928715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Selenium-containing protein from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis (Se-SP) (syn. Arthrospira platensis [Microcoleaceae]) showed novel antioxidant activity. However, the protective effect of Se-SP against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neural apoptosis has not been reported yet. OBJECTIVE To verify whether Se-SP can inhibit OGD-induced neural apoptosis and explore the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary hippocampal neurons were separated from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. 95% N2 + 5% CO2 were employed to establish OGD model. Neurons were treated with 5 and 10 µg/mL Se-SP under OGD condition for 6 h. Neurons without treatment were the control group. Neural viability and apoptosis were detected by MTT, immunofluorescence and western blotting methods. RESULTS Se-SP significantly improved neuronal viability (from 57.2% to 94.5%) and inhibited apoptosis in OGD-treated primary neurons (from 45.6% to 6.3%), followed by improved neuronal morphology and caspases activation. Se-SP co-treatment also effectively suppressed OGD-induced DNA damage by inhibiting ROS accumulation in neurons (from 225.6% to 106.3%). Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction was also markedly improved by Se-SP co-treatment via balancing Bcl-2 family expression. Moreover, inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) by CsA (an MPTP inhibitor) dramatically attenuated OGD-induced ROS generation (from 100% to 56.2%), oxidative damage, mitochondrial membrane potential (MPP) loss (from 7.5% to 44.3%), and eventually reversed the neuronal toxicity and apoptosis (from 57.4% to 79.6%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Se-SP showed enhanced potential to inhibit OGD-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis by inhibiting ROS-mediated oxidative damage through regulating MPTP opening, indicating that selenium-containing protein showed broad application in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy against human ischaemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Song
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xin Hui
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xiangfu Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taian Traffic Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Juntao Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taian Traffic Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Jinlei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taian Traffic Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Hualian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB-CAS), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica (LMMM-GD), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zuncheng Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, ChinaShandong
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
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Donadio G, Santoro V, Dal Piaz F, De Tommasi N. Food Matrices Affect the Peptides Produced during the Digestion of Arthrospira platensis-Based Functional Aliments. Nutrients 2021; 13:3919. [PMID: 34836173 PMCID: PMC8625638 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) has been credited with multiple beneficial effects, many of which are attributed to bioactive peptides produced during the gastrointestinal digestion of this micro-alga. Many Spirulina-based nutraceuticals have been produced, and numerous functional foods enriched with Spirulina are available on the market. These are subjected to checks aimed at verifying the amount of algae actually present, but few studies relating to the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds in these products have been carried out. However, such investigations could be very important to elucidate the possible critical effects exerted by food matrices on protein digestion and bioactive peptide production. Here, in order to assess the suitability of Spirulina-enriched foods as a source of potentially bioactive peptides, a simulated digestion protocol was used in combination with mass spectrometry quantitative analysis to analyze functionalized pasta and sorbets. In the case of the pasta enriched with Spirulina, the production of peptides was quite similar to that of the Spirulina powder. On the other hand, the type of fruit present in the food matrix influenced the digestion of Spirulina inside the sorbets. In particular, the high concentration of protease inhibitors in kiwifruit drastically reduced the production of peptides from Spirulina in kiwi sorbet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (N.D.T.)
- Department of Clinic Pharmacology, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, Via San Leonardo, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Clinic Pharmacology, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, Via San Leonardo, 84125 Salerno, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84082 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (N.D.T.)
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Diniz AFA, de Oliveira Claudino BF, Duvirgens MV, da Silva Souza PP, Ferreira PB, Júnior FFL, Alves AF, da Silva BA. Spirulina platensis Consumption Prevents Obesity and Improves the Deleterious Effects on Intestinal Reactivity in Rats Fed a Hypercaloric Diet. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021; 2021:3260789. [PMID: 34367461 PMCID: PMC8337120 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3260789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of hypercaloric diets is related to the development of obesity, favoring the etiology of gastrointestinal disorders. In this context, Spirulina platensis (SP), some blue-green algae with antioxidant action, appears as a potential therapeutic alternative to prevent obesity and associated intestinal disorders. Thus, the present study is aimed at evaluating the deleterious effects of the hypercaloric diet on the contractile and relaxing reactivity of the ileum of rats, as well as the possible preventive mechanisms of dietary supplementation with SP. Wistar rats were divided into three groups: fed a standard diet (SD), a hypercaloric diet (HCD), and/or supplemented with 25 mg/kg SP (HCD + SP25) for 8 weeks. The hypercaloric diet was effective in promoting obesity in rats, as well as decreasing potency and ileal relaxing and contractile efficacy. In contrast, dietary supplementation with SP was able to prevent some of the parameters of experimental obesity. In addition, SP prevented the reduction of intestinal reactivity, possibly due to a positive modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) and negative regulation of muscarinic receptors (M3). Thus, food supplementation with Spirulina platensis becomes a promising alternative in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases induced and/or aggravated by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Fellyp Avelino Diniz
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Products Bioactive/Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paula Benvindo Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Products Bioactive/Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Fernandes Lacerda Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Products Bioactive/Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Adriano Francisco Alves
- General Pathology Laboratory-Health Sciences Center-Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Products Bioactive/Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department/Health Sciences Center/Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Aoki J, Sasaki D, Asayama M. Development of a method for phycocyanin recovery from filamentous cyanobacteria and evaluation of its stability and antioxidant capacity. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:40. [PMID: 34134665 PMCID: PMC8210370 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most commercial phycocyanins are extracted from a filamentous cyanobacterium, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. Owing to the expenses of culture and complexities of the physical and chemical methods of phycocyanin purification, a more effective and simple method is required. RESULTS We developed a new method for efficiently recovering the blue pigment protein, phycocyanin, from unique filamentous cyanobacteria, Pseudanabaena sp. ABRG5-3 and Limnothrix sp. SK1-2-1. The cells were cultivated in economy medium BG11 and lysed by adding water in a 1:16 ratio of wet cells to water. After extraction and purification, 28-30% dry cell weight of phycocyanin was obtained and its purity was confirmed. The stabilities of the phycocyanins at different pH in the presence of high temperature and light conditions and their antioxidant abilities were assessed. Results indicated that the phycocyanins were stable and possessed antioxidant properties. Interestingly, the Pseudanabaena phycocyanin was less likely to deteriorate under acidic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we developed a promising and novel method for producing high functional phycocyanin concentrations at a low cost. The possibilities of adapting this new phycocyanin biorefinery to unique bioreactor utilization have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinichi Aoki
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Daisaku Sasaki
- BioX Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., 2-20-11 Inokuchidai, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima 733-0844, Japan
| | - Munehiko Asayama
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Andreeva A, Budenkova E, Babich O, Sukhikh S, Ulrikh E, Ivanova S, Prosekov A, Dolganyuk V. Production, Purification, and Study of the Amino Acid Composition of Microalgae Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092767. [PMID: 34066679 PMCID: PMC8125830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are known to be rich in protein. In this study, we aim to investigate methods of producing and purifying proteins of 98 microalgae including Chlorella vulgaris, Arthrospira platensis, Nostoc sp., Dunaliella salina, and Pleurochrysis carterae (Baltic Sea). Therefore, we studied their amino acid composition and developed a two-stage protein concentrate purification method from the microalgae biomass. After an additional stage of purification, the mass fraction of protein substances with a molecular weight greater than 50 kDa in the protein concentrate isolated from the biomass of the microalga Dunaliella salina increased by 2.58 times as compared with the mass fraction before filtration. In the protein concentrate isolated from the biomass of the microalga Pleurochrysis cartera, the relative content of the fraction with a molecular weight greater than 50.0 kDa reached 82.4%, which was 2.43 times higher than the relative content of the same fractions in the protein concentrate isolated from this culture before the two-stage purification. The possibilities of large-scale industrial production of microalgae biomass and an expanded range of uses determine the need to search for highly productive protein strains of microalgae and to optimize the conditions for isolating amino acids from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andreeva
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (A.A.); (E.B.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.D.)
| | - Ekaterina Budenkova
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (A.A.); (E.B.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.D.)
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (A.A.); (E.B.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.D.)
| | - Stanislav Sukhikh
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (A.A.); (E.B.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.D.)
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Elena Ulrikh
- Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy, 650056 Kemerovo, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Natural Nutraceutical Biotesting Laboratory, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia
- Department of General Mathematics and Informatics, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-384-239-6832
| | - Alexander Prosekov
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia;
| | - Vyacheslav Dolganyuk
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (A.A.); (E.B.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.D.)
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia
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Freitas MA, Vasconcelos A, Gonçalves ECD, Ferrarini EG, Vieira GB, Cicia D, Cola M, Capasso R, Dutra RC. Involvement of Opioid System and TRPM8/TRPA1 Channels in the Antinociceptive Effect of Spirulina platensis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040592. [PMID: 33920609 PMCID: PMC8074039 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a "super-food" and has attracted researchers' attention due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties. Herein, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of Spirulina in different rodent behavior models of inflammatory pain. Male Swiss mice were treated with Spirulina (3-300 mg/kg, p.o.), indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl 10 mL/kg). Behavioral tests were performed with administration of acetic acid (0.6%, i.p.), formalin 2.7% (formaldehyde 1%, i.pl.), menthol (1.2 µmol/paw, i.pl.), cinnamaldehyde (10 nmol/paw, i.pl.), capsaicin (1.6 µg/paw, i.pl.), glutamate (20 µmol/paw, i.pl.), or naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were also exposed to the rotarod and open field test to determine possible effects of Spirulina on locomotion and motor coordination. The quantitative phytochemical assays exhibited that Spirulina contains significant concentrations of total phenols and flavonoid contents, as well as it showed a powerful antioxidant effect with the highest scavenging activity. Oral administration of Spirulina completely inhibited the abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid (ED50 = 20.51 mg/kg). Spirulina treatment showed significant inhibition of formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during the inflammatory phase, and the opioid-selective antagonist markedly blocked this effect. Furthermore, our data indicate that the mechanisms underlying Spirulina analgesia appear to be related to its ability to modulate TRMP8 and TRPA1, but not by TRPV1 or glutamatergic system. Spirulina represents an orally active and safe natural analgesic that exhibits great therapeutic potential for managing inflammatory pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. Freitas
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Amanda Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Elaine C. D. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduarda G. Ferrarini
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B. Vieira
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Donatella Cicia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maíra Cola
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Rafael C. Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.C.D.)
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Ramos-Romero S, Torrella JR, Pagès T, Viscor G, Torres JL. Edible Microalgae and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Alterations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020563. [PMID: 33572056 PMCID: PMC7916042 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine and freshwater algae and their products are in growing demand worldwide because of their nutritional and functional properties. Microalgae (unicellular algae) will constitute one of the major foods of the future for nutritional and environmental reasons. They are sources of high-quality protein and bioactive molecules with potential application in the modern epidemics of obesity and diabetes. They may also contribute decisively to sustainability through carbon dioxide fixation and minimization of agricultural land use. This paper reviews current knowledge of the effects of consuming edible microalgae on the metabolic alterations known as metabolic syndrome (MS). These microalgae include Chlorella, Spirulina (Arthrospira) and Tetraselmis as well as Isochrysis and Nannochloropsis as candidates for human consumption. Chlorella biomass has shown antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic effects in humans and other mammals. The components of microalgae reviewed suggest that they may be effective against MS at two levels: in the early stages, to work against the development of insulin resistance (IR), and later, when pancreatic -cell function is already compromised. The active components at both stages are antioxidant scavengers and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as carotenoids and -3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid; EPA/DHA), prebiotic polysaccharides, phenolics, antihypertensive peptides, several pigments such as phycobilins and phycocyanin, and some vitamins, such as folate. As a source of high-quality protein, including an array of bioactive molecules with potential activity against the modern epidemics of obesity and diabetes, microalgae are proposed as excellent foods for the future. Moreover, their incorporation into the human diet would decisively contribute to a more sustainable world because of their roles in carbon dioxide fixation and reducing the use of land for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos-Romero
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-021-556
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Josep Lluís Torres
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
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Tzachor A, Rozen O, Khatib S, Jensen S, Avni D. Photosynthetically Controlled Spirulina, but Not Solar Spirulina, Inhibits TNF-α Secretion: Potential Implications for COVID-19-Related Cytokine Storm Therapy. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2021; 23:149-155. [PMID: 33566210 PMCID: PMC7874025 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An array of infections, including the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), trigger macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and subsequently hypercytokinemia, commonly referred to as a cytokine storm (CS). It is postulated that CS is mainly responsible for critical COVID-19 cases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recognizing the therapeutic potential of Spirulina blue-green algae (Arthrospira platensis), in this in vitro stimulation study, LPS-activated macrophages and monocytes were treated with aqueous extracts of Spirulina, cultivated in either natural or controlled light conditions. We report that an extract of photosynthetically controlled Spirulina (LED Spirulina), at a concentration of 0.1 µg/mL, decreases macrophage and monocyte-induced TNF-α secretion levels by over 70% and 40%, respectively. We propose prompt in vivo studies in animal models and human subjects to determine the putative effectiveness of a natural, algae-based treatment for viral CS and ARDS, and explore the potential of a novel anti-TNF-α therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Tzachor
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk & Cambridge Global Food Security Research Center, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Or Rozen
- Sphingolipids, Active Metabolites and Immune Modulation Laboratory, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Natural compounds and analytical chemistry Laboratory, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute and Tel Hai college, Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Sophie Jensen
- MATIS - Food and Biotech Research and Development, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Dorit Avni
- Sphingolipids, Active Metabolites and Immune Modulation Laboratory, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shemona, Israel.
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Kang MS, Moon JH, Park SC, Jang YP, Choung SY. Spirulina maxima reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis. Phytomedicine 2021; 81:153420. [PMID: 33278781 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a common oral disease characterized as inflammation on gingival tissue and alveolar bone resorption. Spirulina maxima has been reported to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on gastric ulcers. However, its effects on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption of periodontitis have not been studied. PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the effects of S. maxima on the P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis and to elucidate its mechanism. METHODS The phycocyanin contents in S. maxima were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. 8-week old SD rats were induced periodontitis by inoculation with P. gingivalis for 14 days. The rats were then orally treated with S. maxima 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, or indomethacin (IND, positive control) 5 mg/kg for an additional 14 days. Inflammatory responses, expressions of collagenases in gingival tissue, osteoclast formation and activation, alveolar bone resorption, osteogenesis-related markers, and BMP2/Smad signaling in alveolar bone were measured. RESULTS Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB were decreased in gingival tissue by S. maxima administration. Also, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression were decreased by S. maxima administration. Conversely, S. maxima increased IL-4, anti-inflammatory cytokine from Th2 cells. The osteoprotegerin (OPG) / receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression ratio, which represents osteoclast-osteoblast balance, was increased in S. maxima-treated groups. The alveolar bone loss and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclast cells were also declined in S. maxima-treated groups while the osteoblasts count was increased. Besides, in S. maxima-treated groups, the osteogenesis-related factors were promoted and BMP-2/Smad pathway was up-regulated in a periodontitis condition. CONCLUSION S. maxima reduces periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis through anti-inflammatory effect and resultant reduction in bone loss, suggesting that S. maxima might be a potential agent for treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song Kang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoi Moon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Se Young Choung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea.
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Hassaan MS, Mohammady EY, Soaudy MR, Sabae SA, Mahmoud AMA, El-Haroun ER. Comparative study on the effect of dietary β-carotene and phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina platensis on immune-oxidative stress biomarkers, genes expression and intestinal enzymes, serum biochemical in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 108:63-72. [PMID: 33242597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The current trial investigated the roles of β-carotene and phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina platensis on growth, serum biochemical, digestive enzymes, antioxidant defense, immune responses, and immune gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish (1.52 ± 0.10 g) were randomly stocked to three treatments with three replicates (12 fish per replicate) in nine aquaria (60 L glass aquarium for each), and reared for 70-days. Three tested diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, and were offered for experimental fish until ad-libitum three times daily at 09:00 a.m., 11.00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. The first diet (control) was without supplementation. About 50 mg β-carotene and 50 mg phycocyanin kg-1 were supplemented to the other experimental diets, respectively. Results indicated that feed intake was not (P > 0.05) differ among experimental diets. Compared to control diet wight gain and specific growth rate were significantly (P < 0.05) in fish fed diet containing β-carotene, while, the highest weight gain and the best FCR were detected in phycocyanin diet. Survival fish among treatments was significantly (P < 0.05) differ and the highest survival rate was showed in fish fed diet supplemented with phycocyanin. Either β-carotene or phycocyanin significantly (P < 0.05) improved the intestinal digestive enzymes compared with control diet, where the highest values of chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase and amylase were noticed in fish fed phycocyanin. Diets supplemented with β-carotene and phycocyanin significantly (P < 0.05) improved hematology parameters contents compared with to the control diet, and the best contents were detected in fish fed diet supplemented with phycocyanin. The highest significant (P < 0.05) phagocytic, lysozyme, immunoglobulin M (IgM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities were recorded in diet supplemented with phycocyanin. The transcripts of interferon gamma and interleukin 1β genes were (P < 0.05) up-regulated in the liver of fish fed diet supplemented with β-carotene and phycocyanin, but expression of HSP70 gene down-regulated in fish fed β-carotene and phycocyanin containing diet compared control. The highest gene expression of the interferon gamma and interleukin 1β was observed in fish fed phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Hassaan
- Department of Animal Production, Fish Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha, University, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Eman Y Mohammady
- Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Soaudy
- Department of Animal Production, Fish Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha, University, 13736, Egypt
| | - Soaad A Sabae
- Inland Division, Hydrobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Egypt
| | - Abeer M A Mahmoud
- Inland Division, Hydrobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Egypt
| | - Ehab R El-Haroun
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
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Santos Assunção L, Quênia Muniz Bezerra P, Stahl Hermes Poletto V, de Oliveira Rios A, Graça Ramos I, Duarte Ferreira Ribeiro C, Aparecida Souza Machado B, Izabel Druzian J, Alberto Vieira Costa J, Larroza Nunes I. Combination of carotenoids from Spirulina and PLA/PLGA or PHB: New options to obtain bioactive nanoparticles. Food Chem 2020; 346:128742. [PMID: 33373823 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is an alternative polymer that can be considered environment friendly and renewable to prepare nanoparticles of carotenoids. This study aimed to develop and characterize aqueous dispersion nanoparticles and lyophilized nanoparticles of carotenoid extract obtained from Spirulina sp. LEB 18 by nanoprecipitation, using poly d,l-lactic acid (PLA)/poly d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (75:25 w/w) or PHB as encapsulants. The samples were characterized for the particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, apparent viscosity, pH, color parameters, ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometry, carotenoid profile, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, and thermal analysis. Nanoparticles containing microalgae carotenoid extract showed average particle diameter on a nanoscale (<200 nm), high homogeneity and stability, high thermal stability, and encapsulation efficiency carotenoid (>80%) when compared to nanoparticles containing β-carotene synthetic. PHB or PLA/PLGA as encapsulating material in the production of nanoparticles from microalgae carotenoids can be a polymeric alternative capable of promoting greater stability and application of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Santos Assunção
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-290, Brazil.
| | - Priscilla Quênia Muniz Bezerra
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 474-96203-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Stahl Hermes Poletto
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Oliveira Rios
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid Graça Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-290, Brazil.
| | - Camila Duarte Ferreira Ribeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-290, Brazil; Nutrition School, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Basilio da Gama-s/n-Campus Canela, Salvador, Bahia 40110-907, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- University Center SENAI CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical's Formulations, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Janice Izabel Druzian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 474-96203-900, Brazil
| | - Itaciara Larroza Nunes
- Nutrition School, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Basilio da Gama-s/n-Campus Canela, Salvador, Bahia 40110-907, Brazil; Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga Highway, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88034-000, Brazil.
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Edirisinghe SL, Rajapaksha DC, Nikapitiya C, Oh C, Lee KA, Kang DH, De Zoysa M. Spirulina maxima derived marine pectin promotes the in vitro and in vivo regeneration and wound healing in zebrafish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 107:414-425. [PMID: 33038507 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purified bioactive components of marine algae have shown great pharmaceutical and biomedical potential, including wound healing activity. However, the activity of Spirulina maxima is the least documented with regard to wound healing potential. In the present study, we investigated the regenerative and wound healing activities of a Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima based pectin (SmP) using in vitro human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and in vivo zebrafish model. SmP treated (12.5-50 μg/mL) HDFs showed increased cell proliferation by 20-40% compared to the untreated HDFs. Moreover, in vitro wound healing results in HDFs demonstrated that SmP decreased the open wound area % in concentration-dependent manner at 12.5 (32%) and 25 μg/mL (12%) compared to the control (44%). Further, zebrafish larvae displayed a greater fin regenerated area in the SmP exposed group at 25 (0.48 mm2) and 50 μg/mL (0.51 mm2), whereas the untreated group had the lowest regenerated area (0.40 mm2) at 3 days post amputation. However, fin regeneration was significantly (P < 0.001) higher only in the SmP treated group at 50 μg/mL. Furthermore, the open skin wound healing % in adult zebrafish was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after topical application (600 μg/fish) of SmP (46%) compared to the control (38%). Upregulation of genes such as tgfβ1, timp2b, mmp9, tnf-α, and il-1β, and chemokines such as cxcl18b, ccl34a.4, and ccl34b.4, in the muscle and kidney tissues of SmP treated fish compared to the respective control group was demonstrated using qRT-PCR. Histological analysis results further supported the rapid epidermal growth and tissue remodeling in SmP treated fish, suggesting that SmP exerts positive effects associated with wound healing. Therefore, SmP can be considered a potential regenerative and wound healing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Edirisinghe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - D C Rajapaksha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ah Lee
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Spirulina has previously been reported to improve high-intensity exercise performance and hemoglobin. However, spirulina's effect on arm cycling exercise has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of spirulina supplementation on hemoglobin and on oxygen uptake, RER and HR during seated arm cycling exercise. METHODS In a double-blinded randomized crossover design, eleven males untrained in arm cycling ingested 6 g/day of spirulina or placebo for seven days. Seated on the Arm Crank Ergometer, each participant performed a baseline V̇O2max test, and then after supplementation, 2 × 30-min submaximal exercise bouts corresponding to 55% of their V̇O2max, followed by an incremental test to fatigue. A seven-day wash-out period was required between conditions. Oxygen uptake, RER and HR were measured continuously during exercise and hemoglobin measured prior to exercise after both conditions. RESULTS Spirulina significantly (p < 0.05) increased Hb in comparison to Placebo (144.1 g/l ± 10.5 Vs 154.5 g/l ± 6.9). After spirulina supplementation, during the 30-min exercise bouts, oxygen uptake and HR were significantly lower (2170 ml/min ± 173 Vs 2311 ml/min ± 189 and 154 bpm ± 14 Vs 149 bpm ± 17), RER was not significantly different. In comparison to placebo, Spirulina significantly increased oxygen uptake at time of fatigue (34.10 ml/min/kg ± 6.03 Vs 37.37 ml/min/kg ± 5.98). Time taken to fatigue was not different. CONCLUSION Spirulina supplementation significantly reduces oxygen uptake and HR during arm cycling submaximal exercise, allowing for an increased oxygen uptake during an incremental test to fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gurney
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, London, KT1 2EE UK
| | - Owen Spendiff
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, London, KT1 2EE UK
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Carrizzo A, Izzo C, Forte M, Sommella E, Di Pietro P, Venturini E, Ciccarelli M, Galasso G, Rubattu S, Campiglia P, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Vecchione C. A Novel Promising Frontier for Human Health: The Beneficial Effects of Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228706. [PMID: 33218062 PMCID: PMC7698807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetes are a significant public health problem worldwide. Although several novel pharmacological treatments to reduce the progression of CVDs have been discovered during the last 20 years, the better way to contain the onset of CVDs remains prevention. In this regard, nutraceuticals seem to own a great potential in maintaining human health, exerting important protective cardiovascular effects. In the last years, there has been increased focus on identifying natural compounds with cardiovascular health-promoting effects and also to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved. Although many review articles have focused on the individual natural compound impact on cardiovascular diseases, the aim of this manuscript was to examine the role of the most studied nutraceuticals, such as resveratrol, cocoa, quercetin, curcumin, brassica, berberine and Spirulina platensis, on different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Eleonora Venturini
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S.Andrea, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Petro Campiglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang Q, Liu F, Chen X, Yang Z, Cao Y. Effects of the polysaccharide SPS-3-1 purified from Spirulina on barrier integrity and proliferation of Caco-2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:279-287. [PMID: 32590086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Following ultrasonication combined with a hot water extraction, a new type of bioactive polysaccharide, SPS-3-1, was purified from Spirulina using ultrafiltration centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography. The structure of SPS-3-1 was determined with high performance gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography, periodate oxidation, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and atomic force microscopy performance. SPS-3-1 is a homogeneous β-pyran polysaccharide with 1 → 2, 1 → 3, and 1 → 4 glycosyl bonds, mainly composed of d-ribose, l-rhamnose, l-arabinose, l-foucose, and d-glucose. The molar ratio of these components is 1:0.70:1.03:2.1:6.59. The molecular weight of SPS-3-1 is 623.02 kDa. SPS-3-1 has a linear filament structure with a width of 34.132 nm and a height of 819.169 pm. We found that SPS-3-1 significantly enhanced transepithelial electrical resistance, a tight junction integrity marker, in a Caco-2 intestinal cell monolayer model. Analysis of the effect of SPS-3-1 on cell proliferation showed that SPS-3-1 inhibited the in vitro growth of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells with an IC50 of 566.67 μg/mL and 1078.95 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Greencream Biotech Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510663, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexiang Chen
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Hossain I, Akter S, Nipa NS, Chowdhury UWK, Bhuiyan AS, Ali T, Rafiq K. Reno-pancreas protective effects of Spirulina platensis in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:2511-2519. [PMID: 33867324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of herbal elements are employed in the treatment of diabetes for their better efficacy and safety compare to synthetic drugs. In this experiment Spirulina platensis was used to evaluate the antidiabetic, kidney & pancreas injury protective potential in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Male Long Evans rats having six weeks of age were used for the experiment. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan @ 150 mg/kg and experiment was carried out for a period of six weeks. The study was conducted by dividing the animal into three groups (n=7 rats in each group) indicated as with Group-A (healthy control); Group-B (diabetic control); Group-C (Diabetic rats treated with Spirulina platensis @ 400 mg/kg). Spirulina platensis reduced blood glucose significantly (P<0.01) and improved the body weight losses significantly (P<0.05) compared to diabetic rats after six weeks treatment. The histopathological alteration was observed in the kidney of diabetic rats which was characterized by glomerular hypertrophy, tubular necrosis and interstitial fibrosis. Marked improvements in the histopathological change were noticed in the kidneys of diabetic rats treated with Spirulina platensis. Pancreatic injury was produced by alloxan induction in rats characterized by destruction of the pancreatic β cells mostly in the central portion of the islets of langerhans and lymphocytic infiltrations, atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis, which were suppressed by Spirulina platensis. In addition, alloxan induced diabetic rats showed increased plasma lipid peroxidase level which was ameliorated by Spirulina platensis treatment. Along with previous report the anticipated results would concluded that Spirulina platensis having antioxidant compounds could protect renal tissues damage, stimulate regeneration and reactivation of pancreatic β- cells in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sakila Akter
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Abdus Sattar Bhuiyan
- Department of cardiology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Taskina Ali
- Department of Physiology, Banghabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Nourmohammadi N, Soleimanian-Zad S, Shekarchizadeh H. Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) microencapsulated in alginate and whey protein concentrate addition on physicochemical and organoleptic properties of functional stirred yogurt. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:5260-5268. [PMID: 32520419 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of Spirulina-based functionalized food is usually unpleasant due to its specific sensorial properties. Therefore, Spirulina was encapsulated using alginate and whey protein concentrate (WPC) by emulsification method, and the effect of adding free and microencapsulated Spirulina (MS) to non-fat stirred yogurt was investigated during storage. RESULTS Scanning electron microscope investigated microcapsules morphology and their mean particle size that was 52 μm, and electrostatic interaction between wall materials was illustrated by Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy. The microspheres had appropriate encapsulation efficiency (44.54 ± 0.06%). Complete release of Spirulina from the microcapsules was observed in simulated intestinal fluid, which is favorable for Lactobacillus growth in human intestinal tract. Encapsulation caused meaningful differences in colorimetric factors, markedly in L*. Moreover, free and MS were added to yogurt samples, and the results showed that the physicochemical properties (pH, color, viscosity, water holding capacity and susceptibility to syneresis) and sensorial assessment of MS yogurt were positively affected. During the storage, MS yogurt had higher pH value than the others; furthermore, it showed the lowest syneresis and a constant increase in viscosity. Finally, the sensory evaluation results of MS yogurt, in comparison with the free form of Spirulina utilization, indicated improved acceptance of the produced functional food. CONCLUSION Results showed an obvious impact of encapsulation on the physicochemical properties of yogurt containing MS. The sensory evaluation showed that encapsulation could generally enhance the customer's satisfaction. It can be stated that masking microalgae color and flavor by microencapsulation could be used for dairy products fortification by microalgae. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Nourmohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Sabihe Soleimanian-Zad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Hajar Shekarchizadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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Li W, Lu L, Liu B, Qin S. Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110826. [PMID: 33068929 PMCID: PMC7556228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. At present, no safe and effective radiation protection measures have been approved for clinical use. Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. However, the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis have not been studied. Design X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. Results Phycocyanin alleviated the radiation-induced lung injury and reduced the level of inflammatory factors. Thorax irradiation led to the disorder in microbiota of the lung and gut. The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues was opposite, but that of the microbiota composition was similar. The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. Conclusion Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Lina Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, PR China.
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Balou S, Babak SE, Priye A. Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen Doping and Ultra-Microporosity on the Performance of Biomass and Microalgae-Derived Activated Carbons for CO 2 Capture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:42711-42722. [PMID: 32845602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a unique naturally derived activated carbon with optimally incorporated nitrogen functional groups and ultra-microporous structure to enable high CO2 adsorption capacity. The coprocessing of biomass (Citrus aurantium waste leaves) and microalgae (Spirulina) as the N-doping agent was investigated by probing the parameter space (biomass/microalgae weight ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time) of hydrothermal carbonization and activation process (via the ZnCl2/CO2 activation) to generate hydrochars and activated carbons, respectively, with tunable nitrogen content and pore sizes. The central composite-based design of the experiment was applied to optimize the parameters of the prehydrothermal carbonization procedure resulting in the fabrication of N-enriched carbonaceous products with the highest possible mass yield and nitrogen content. The resulting hydrochars and activated carbon samples were characterized using elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis. We observe that while N-doping and the activation process can individually enhance the CO2 adsorption capacity to some extent, it is the combined effect of the two processes that synergistically work to greatly increase the adsorption capacity of the N-doped activated carbon by an amount which is more than the sum of individual contributions. We analyze the origins of this synergy with both physical and chemical characterization techniques. The resulting naturally derived activated carbon demonstrates one of the highest CO2 adsorption capacities (8.43 mmol/g) with rapid adsorption kinetics and good selectivity and reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Balou
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Seyedeh E Babak
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Aashish Priye
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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Bellahcen TO, AAmiri A, Touam I, Hmimid F, Amrani AE, Cherif A, Cherki M. Evaluation of Moroccan microalgae: Spirulina platensis as a potential source of natural antioxidants. J Complement Integr Med 2020; 17:jcim-2019-0036. [PMID: 32549178 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethanolic, aqueous and lipidic extracts of Spirulina platensis were evaluated for their bioactive substances (polyphenols and fatty acids) and antioxidant activities using two different assays diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and azino-bis (ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonicacid (ABTS)). Methods The phenolic compounds amounts were determined by colorimetric assays and were analyzed by high-performance and liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The identification of phenolic compounds in the extract was accomplished by comparison of their retention times with those of pure standards. The chemical composition of fatty acids in lipidic extract was determined by GC/FIDs and GC/MS method. Results The obtained results revealed that using DPPH, the ethanolic extract recorded the highest activity with (IC50=449 μg/mL ± 83). It was characterized with a high levels of phenolic and flavonoid content 0.33 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g dw and 0.21 ± 0.01 mg quercetin/g dw, respectively. The ethanolic extract showed the presence of caffeic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, quercetin and apigenin. Those entire phenolic compounds seem participle synergistically to the pronounced higher activity. To the best of our knowledge, the apigenin (4', 5, 7,-trihydroxyflavone), a natural compound which is famously known by its potent antiradical activity, was identified for the first time in Moroccan S. platensis only in the ethanolic extract. A high positive correlation (r=0.895) between the antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of ethanolic extract was observed. For ABTS, lipidic extract showed the highest activity with (IC50=740 μg/mL ± 12). A total of 15 fatty acids compounds, amounting 89.73% of the extract were identified. γ-linolenic acid (GLA) (39.02%) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (13.85%) were the major component and contribute greatly to the antioxidant activity observed. The lipidic extract has a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (70.95%) which are often exhibited very high antioxidant activity since they have two or more double bonds and chain lengths. The aqueous extract either with DPPH or ABTS methods, recorded low antioxidant activity. Its correlation was r=0.499, lower than found in the ethanolic extract. Conclusions These results showed that Spirulina platensis could be considered as a valuable source of fatty acids and phenolics with potent antioxidant activity. It may be employed in the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs as an alternative source of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touria Ould Bellahcen
- Laboratoire Santé et Environnement, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences - Ain Chock - Université Hassan II de Casablanca, B.P 5366 Mâarif, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abderrahmane AAmiri
- Laboratoire Santé et Environnement, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences - Ain Chock - Université Hassan II de Casablanca, B.P 5366 Mâarif, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ikram Touam
- Laboratoire Santé et Environnement, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences - Ain Chock - Université Hassan II de Casablanca, B.P 5366 Mâarif, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Hmimid
- Equipe de Biotechnologie, Environnement et Santé, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences - Université Chouaib Doukkali, El-Jadida, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz El Amrani
- Laboratoire Synthèse, Extraction et Etude Physico-Chimique des Molécules Organiques, Université Hassan II de Faculté des Sciences Aîn -Chock, B.P 5366 Mâarif, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdelmjid Cherif
- Laboratoire Génie des Matériaux pour Environnement et Valorisation (GEMEV), Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, B.P 5366 Mâarif, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mounia Cherki
- Laboratoire Santé et Environnement, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences - Ain Chock - Université Hassan II de Casablanca, B.P 5366 Mâarif, Casablanca, Morocco
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