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Wang Y, Zhu Q, Liu S, Jiao L, Dong D. Rapid Determination of Different Ripening Stages of Occidental Pears ( Pyrus communis L.) by Volatile Organic Compounds Using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). Foods 2024; 13:620. [PMID: 38397597 PMCID: PMC10887963 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Determination of Occidental pear (Pyrus communis) ripening is difficult because the appearance of Occidental pears does not change significantly during the ripening process. Occidental pears at different ripening stages release different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can be used to determine fruit ripeness non-destructively and rapidly. In this study, VOCs were detected using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Notably, data were acquired within 1 min. Occidental pears harvested at five separate times were divided into three ripening stages: unripe, ripe, and overripe. The results showed that the composition of VOCs differed depending on the ripening stage. In particular, the concentrations of esters and terpenes significantly increased during the overripe stage. Three ripening stages were clearly discriminated by heatmap clustering and principal component analysis (PCA). This study provided a rapid and non-destructive method to evaluate the ripening stages of Occidental pears. The result can help fruit farmers to decide the optimum harvest time and hence reduce their economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmo Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (D.D.)
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qingzhen Zhu
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (D.D.)
| | - Songzhong Liu
- Institute of Forestry & Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China;
| | - Leizi Jiao
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (D.D.)
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Daming Dong
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (D.D.)
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Nishikido Y, Sekimoto K. Analysis of Volatile Esters and Alkanoic Acids by an Atmospheric Pressure Corona Discharge Ionization Collision-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry in Positive-Ion Mode: Ionization, Fragmentation Patterns, and Discrimination between Isomeric Compounds. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2023; 12:A0127. [PMID: 37538446 PMCID: PMC10394427 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ionization and fragmentation patterns of 24 compounds with elemental composition of CmH2mO2, including isomeric esters and alkanoic acids, were investigated by atmospheric pressure corona discharge ionization collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry in the positive-ion mode. All compounds were ionized as protonated molecules and NH4+ adducts. In addition, fragment ions were observed in mass spectra of esters other than methyl esters, which are owing to the dissociation of the alkyl group in the alcohol side from the protonated molecules. In CID spectra, protonated alkanoic acids/methyl esters split off H2O/CH3OH and CO or the alkyl group in the acid side, depending on the carbon chain length. Protonated esters (other than methyl esters) mainly fragmented the alkyl group in the alcohol side. These general rules on ionization and fragmentation patterns can provide relevant information on the discrimination of isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Nishikido
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22–2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236–0027, Japan
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22–2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236–0027, Japan
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Gao G, Zhang X, Yan Z, Cheng Y, Li H, Xu G. Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds in Different Pear Cultivars during Storage Using HS-SPME with GC-MS. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233778. [PMID: 36496586 PMCID: PMC9735802 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aroma, which plays an essential role in food perception and acceptability, depends on various mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Meanwhile, as a field of metabolomics, VOC analysis is highly important for aroma improvement and discrimination purposes. In this work, VOCs in pear fruits were determined via headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to study variations among different cultivars and storage stages. In 12 cultivars of pear fruits, a total of 121 VOCs were quantified, including 40 esters, 32 alcohols, 16 aldehydes, 13 alkenes, 11 ketones, 4 acids, and 5 other compounds. The types and amounts of VOCs in different cultivars varied dramatically, which were in the range of 13-71 and 3.63-55.65 mg/kg FW (fresh weight), respectively. The Dr. Guyot cultivar showed the highest level of VOCs, both in type and amount. After 21 days storage at 4 °C, total concentration of VOCs increased from initial levels of 50.76 to 101.33 mg/kg FW. Storage at 20 °C made a larger contribution to production for VOCs than that at 4 °C, resulting in the maximum content of VOCs (117.96 mg/kg FW) in fruit after 14 days storage at 4 °C plus 7 days at 20 °C. During storage, the content of esters showed a gradual increase, while the content of alcohols and aldehydes decreased. Based on the results presented, related alcohols were recognized as the intermediates of conversion from aldehydes to esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Xinnan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afffairs, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Haifei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Correspondence:
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Martínez A, Hernández A, Moraga C, Tejero P, de Guía Córdoba M, Martín A. Detection of volatile organic compounds associated with mechanical damage in apple cv. ‘Golden Delicious’ by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and GC-MS analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-extraction for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Apple Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chitarrini G, Lazazzara V, Lubes G, Agnolet S, Valls J, von Lutz H, Brunner K, Lozano L, Guerra W, Ciesa F, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M. Volatile profiles of 47 monovarietal cloudy apple juices from commercial, old, red-fleshed and scab-resistant apple cultivars. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Changes in the Quality of Old Apple Cultivars After Freeze-Drying. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There are several thousand different cultivars of apple trees but only a limited number are cultivated on an industrial scale. Old cultivars can be useful, for example, in the processing industry due to their different composition. In many cases, they have higher organic acid content. The content of mineral components, colour, and polyphenols in the fruit of 7 old apple tree cultivars, growing in the Wolinski National Park, was studied. The changes that occurred in the fruit after freeze-drying were also evaluated. The trees from which the fruit was picked for analysis, despite the lack of chemical protection, were fruiting and the apples had only a few symptoms of damage caused by pests or diseases. The fruit was characterised by a high soluble solids content (14.4-16.4%), in which sugars and especially fructose dominated. The number of organic acids varied greatly and ranged from 0.27 (Oberlander Himbeerapfel) g to 1.07 g/100 g (Winter Goldparmane). The content of polyphenols in fresh apples ranged from 186 mg (Horneburger Pfannkuchenapfel) to 354 mg/100 g (Winter Goldparmane) and increased after freeze-drying from 666 mg (Weisser Winterkalvill) to 1486 mg/100 g (Winter Goldparmane). The dominant group of polyphenolic compounds was phenolic acid. The freeze-drying process caused unfavourable changes in the colour of the pulp. The fruits of Oberlander Himbeerapfel cultivar were most susceptible to these changes. However, the least darkened fruit of Horneburger Pfannkuchenapfel.
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Bianchi F, Soini E, Ciesa F, Bortolotti L, Guerra W, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M. L-ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol content in apple pulp: a comparison between 24 cultivars and annual variations during three harvest seasons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1820515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bianchi
- Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Evelyn Soini
- Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Flavio Ciesa
- Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
- Provincial Environment Agency, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Walter Guerra
- Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
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Determination of Major Phenolics Content in Dried Apples from Three New Cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) Using HPLC-UV-FL with Pentafluorophenyl Stationary Phase. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jud W, Winkler JB, Niederbacher B, Niederbacher S, Schnitzler JP. Volatilomics: a non-invasive technique for screening plant phenotypic traits. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:109. [PMID: 30568721 PMCID: PMC6297985 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change represents a grand challenge for agricultural productivity. Understanding complex plant traits such as stress tolerance, disease resistance or crop yield is thus essential for breeding and the development of sustainable agriculture strategies. When screening for the most robust plant phenotypes, fast, high-throughput phenotyping represents the means of choice. RESULTS We have developed a plant phenotyping platform to measure the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration under ambient, or abiotic and biotic stress conditions. These parameters are highly suitable markers to non-invasively and dynamically study plant growth and plant stress status, making them perfect test variables for long-term, online plant monitoring. Here we introduce the new phenotyping platform, termed VOC-SCREEN, and present results of a first case study with three barley cultivars, demonstrating that the plant's volatilome can be successfully applied to discriminate different barley varieties. CONCLUSION Volatilomics is a promising technique to non-invasively screen for plant phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bishu Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Oszmiański J, Lachowicz S, Gławdel E, Cebulak T, Ochmian I. Determination of phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of 22 old apple cultivars grown in Poland. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Nashi or Williams pear fruits? Use of volatile organic compounds, physicochemical parameters, and sensory evaluation to understand the consumer’s preference. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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