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Baxter JR, Holland DC, Gavranich B, Nicolle D, Hayton JB, Avery VM, Carroll AR. NMR Fingerprints of Formyl Phloroglucinol Meroterpenoids and Their Application to the Investigation of Eucalyptus gittinsii subsp. gittinsii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1317-1334. [PMID: 37171174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
NMR fingerprints provide powerful tools to identify natural products in complex mixtures. Principal component analysis and machine learning using 1H and 13C NMR data, alongside structural information from 180 published formyl phloroglucinols, have generated diagnostic NMR fingerprints to categorize subclasses within this group. This resulted in the reassignment of 167 NMR chemical shifts ascribed to 44 compounds. Three pyrano-diformyl phloroglucinols, euglobal In-1 and psiguadiols E and G, contained 1H and 13C NMR data inconsistent with their predicted phloroglucinol subclass. Subsequent reinterpretation of their 2D NMR data combined with DFT 13C NMR chemical shift and ECD calculations led to their structure revisions. Direct covariance processing of HMBC data permitted 1H resonances for individual compounds in mixtures to be associated, and analysis of their 1H/13C HMBC correlations using the fingerprint tool further classified components into phloroglucinol subclasses. NMR fingerprinting HMBC data obtained for six eucalypt flower extracts identified three subclasses of pyrano-acyl-formyl phloroglucinols from Eucalyptus gittinsii subsp. gittinsii. New, eucalteretial F and (+)-eucalteretial B, and known, (-)-euglobal VII and eucalrobusone C, compounds, each belonging to predicted subclasses, were isolated and characterized. Staphylococcus aureus and Plasmodium falciparum screening revealed eucalrobusone C as the most potent antiplasmodial formyl phloroglucinol to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Baxter
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Darren C Holland
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Brody Gavranich
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Dean Nicolle
- Currency Creek Arboretum, PO Box 808, Melrose Park, SA 5039, Australia
| | - Joshua B Hayton
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
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Saber FR, Munekata PES, Rizwan K, El-Nashar HAS, Fahmy NM, Aly SH, El-Shazly M, Bouyahya A, Lorenzo JM. Family Myrtaceae: The treasure hidden in the complex/diverse composition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6737-6755. [PMID: 36748791 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2173720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myrtaceae is one of the most important plants families, being regarded as the eighth largest flowering plant family. It includes many genera of utmost ecological and economical importance distributed all over the world. This review aimed to report the latest studies on this family focusing on certain widely used plants including Eucalyptus sp., Eugenia sp. (Eugenia uniflora, Eugenia sulcata), Syzygium sp. (Syzygium aromaticum and Syzygium cumini), Psidium sp., Pimenta dioica, Myrtus sp. (Myrtus communis), Myrciaria sp. and Melaleuca alternifolia. The extraction of bioactive compounds has been evolving through the optimization of conventional methods and the use of emerging technologies. Supercritical CO2 was applied for essential oils and ultrasound for polyphenols leading to extracts and essential oils rich in bioactive compounds. Advances in the field of encapsulation and delivery systems showed promising results in the production of stable essential oils nanoemulsions and liposomes and the production of plant extracts in the form of nanoparticles. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of patents was noticed especially the application of Myrtaceae extracts in the pharrmacuetucal field. The applications of ceratin plants (Pimenta dioica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Syzygium aromaticum essential oils or Myrciaria cauliflora peel extract) in food area (either as a free or encapsulated form) also showed interesting results in limiting microbial spoilage of fresh meat and fish, slowing oxidative degradation in meat products, and inhibiting aflatoxin production in maize. Despite the massive literature on Myrtaceae plants, advances are still necessary to optimize the extraction with environmentally friendly technologies and carry out risk assessment studies should be accomplished to harness the full potential in food, industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema R Saber
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Paulo E S Munekata
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - Komal Rizwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nouran M Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaza H Aly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jose M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Faezeh Taghizadeh S, Panahi A, Esmaeilzadeh Kashi M, Kretschmer N, Asili J, Ahmad Emami S, Azizi M, Shakeri A. Structural Diversity of Complex Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Eucalyptus Species. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200025. [PMID: 35621714 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several species of the genus Eucalyptus are used in many traditional medicine systems for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, colds, flu, sore throats, and bronchitis. The genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) is a well-known natural source of bioactive phloroglucinols. These polyphenolic compounds bear an aromatic phenyl ring with three hydroxy groups (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) which have been exhibiting a variety of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This review summarizes the literature published from 1997 until the end of 2021 and addresses the structure diversity of phloroglucinols isolated from Eucalyptus species and their biological activities. Phloroglucinol-terpene adducts are the main class of compounds that have been reported in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948978, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Panahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Esmaeilzadeh Kashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Azizi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948978, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
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Abiri R, Atabaki N, Sanusi R, Malik S, Abiri R, Safa P, Shukor NAA, Abdul-Hamid H. New Insights into the Biological Properties of Eucalyptus-Derived Essential Oil: A Promising Green Anti-Cancer Drug. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1877300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rambod Abiri
- Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Narges Atabaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Ruzana Sanusi
- Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Sonia Malik
- Health Science Graduate Program, Biological & Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parastoo Safa
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aini Ab Shukor
- Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Hazandy Abdul-Hamid
- Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang DE 43400 UPM, Malaysia
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A Potential Anti-cancer Compound Separated from the Chloroform Extract of the Chinese Medicine Formula Shenqi San. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:138-144. [PMID: 32166676 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined anti-cancer compounds present in the chloroform extract of the Chinese medicine formula Shenqi San (CE-SS). Silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, octadecylsilyl (ODS) column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to separate the compounds from CE-SS. The structural formulas of the separated compounds were determined using 1D 1H and 13C experiments as well as high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). The corresponding results were compared with the reported literature data. A total of six compounds were separated and their structures were identified on the basis of corresponding spectroscopic and physico-chemical properties. They were Saikogenin F (I), Prosaikogenin D (II), Prosaikogenin F (III), β-sitosterol (IV), 3β,16β,23-trihydroxy-13,28-epoxyurs-11-ene-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (V), and methyl ursolic acid (VI). The separated compounds were evaluated in vitro for their inhibitory ability against the proliferation of A549 cells via MTT assay. Apoptosis was investigated using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) by flow cytometry. Apoptosis-associated proteins were examined by Western blotting. All the compounds were observed to have inhibitory activities against the proliferation of A549 cells to different degrees. Flow cytometry showed that compound V increased the proportion of apoptotic A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting showed that compound V increased the expression of Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved-poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. These results indicated that compound V featured a significant inhibitory effect on A549 cells when compared with other compounds, and it may be considered a potential drug against cancers.
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Wang XJ, Chen JY, Fu LQ, Yan MJ. Recent advances in natural therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. J Chemother 2020; 32:53-65. [PMID: 31928332 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2019.1707417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chun’an First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun’an Branch), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yang Chen
- Research and Development Department, Zhejiang Healthfuture Institute for Cell-Based Applied Technology, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luo-Qin Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Chun’an First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun’an Branch), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Juan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Teixeira A, DaCunha DC, Barros L, Caires HR, Xavier CPR, Ferreira ICFR, Vasconcelos MH. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. decoction extract inhibits the growth of NCI-H460 cells by increasing the p53 levels and altering the cell cycle profile. Food Funct 2019; 10:3188-3197. [PMID: 31165800 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is a widespread evergreen plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Several species of Eucalyptus are known to have a plethora of medicinal properties, particularly anti-tumor activity, which prompts the study of the chemical composition and bioactivity of extracts from this plant. Hereby, the main aims of this work were to (i) profile the phenolic compounds in E. globulus extracts prepared by decoction and infusion; (ii) test the cell growth inhibitory activity of E. globulus decoction and infusion, in three human tumor cell line models: colorectal, pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancer (HCT-15, PANC-1 and NCI-H460, respectively); and (iii) study the mechanism of action of the most potent extract in the most sensitive cell line. Our work demonstrated that both the decoction and infusion preparations revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids and gallotannins, the last group being the most abundant polyphenols found, especially two digalloyl-glucosides. Both extracts inhibited the growth of all the tumor cell lines tested. The decoction extract was the most potent in inhibiting the NCI-H460 cell growth (lower GI50 determined by sulforhodamine B assay), which could be due to its higher content of phenolic compounds. Hence, the effect of the decoction extract on the NCI-H460 cells was further investigated. For this, cell viability (by Trypan blue exclusion assay), the cell cycle profile and apoptosis (by flow cytometry), cell proliferation (by bromodeoxyuridine assay) and protein expression (by western blot) were analyzed. Two different concentrations of the extract (52 μg mL-1 and 104 μg mL-1, corresponding to GI50 and 2 × GI50 concentration) were tested in these studies. Remarkably, the E. globulus decoction extract caused a dose-dependent decrease in the NCI-H460 cell number, which was correlated with a cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in the expression of p53, p21 and cyclin D1 proteins. Interestingly, no differences were found in the levels of ds-DNA damage and in the levels of apoptosis. This work highlights the relevance of the Eucalyptus globulus Labill. extract as a source of bioactive compounds with potential anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Teixeira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
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Tyrosinase inhibitors from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Fitoterapia 2019; 139:104418. [PMID: 31704262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new isoiphionane sesquiterpene, named (3S, 5S, 7S, 10R)-3, 11-dihydroxyisoiphion-4-one (1), two new phloroglucinol glycosides, named eucalglobuside A (2) and eucalglobuside B (3), along with 15 known compounds were isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and in comparison with literature data. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by ECD calculation. All isolates were evaluated their inhibitory activities against the mushroom tyrosinase. As a result, three sesquiterpenoids, 1, 5β, 11-dihydroxy-iphionan-4-one (5), and (-)-globulol (8), exhibited the most potent activities with IC50 values of 14.17 μM, 10.08 μM and 9.79 μM, respectively.
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Wu JW, Li BL, Tang C, Ke CQ, Zhu NL, Qiu SX, Ye Y. Callistemonols A and B, Potent Antimicrobial Acylphloroglucinol Derivatives with Unusual Carbon Skeletons from Callistemon viminalis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1917-1922. [PMID: 31276403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation on the leaves of Callistemon viminalis resulted in the isolation of two unusual compounds, callistemonols A (1) and B (2). Callistemonol A (1) possesses a novel skeleton of a furan ring fusing both an α,β-triketone and a phloroglucinol unit, while callistemonol B (2) is an acylphloroglucinol derivative featuring two methyl substituents on a five-membered ring and an isovaleryl side chain. Their structures were fully characterized on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR parameters, as well as the IR and HRESIMS data. Callistemonol A (1) represents an example of a natural dibenzofuran with two phenyl moieties, and a plausible biogenetic pathway to generate this novel dibenzofuran through a C-C bond-forming radical SAM enzyme is proposed. Moreover, antimicrobial assays, in conjunction with time-killing and biophysical studies, revealed that 1 and 2 exert potent bactericidal activities against a panel of methicillin-resistant pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Wei Wu
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510006 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, & Natural Products Chemistry Department , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Lin Li
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, & Natural Products Chemistry Department , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Qiang Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, & Natural Products Chemistry Department , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, & Natural Products Chemistry Department , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany , South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, & Natural Products Chemistry Department , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
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Zhu HL, Hu YW, Qu W, Zhang J, Guo EY, Jiang XY, Liu WY, Feng F, Xu J. Littordial F, a novel phloroglucinol meroterpenoid from the leaves of Psidium littorale. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pham TA, Hu XL, Huang XJ, Ma MX, Feng JH, Li JY, Hou JQ, Zhang PL, Nguyen VH, Nguyen MT, Xiong F, Fan CL, Zhang XQ, Ye WC, Wang H. Phloroglucinols with Immunosuppressive Activities from the Fruits of Eucalyptus globulus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:859-869. [PMID: 30848923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five new phloroglucinol derivatives, eucalyptins C-G (1-5), together with 13 known analogues (6-18) were isolated from the fruits of Eucalyptus globulus. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-5 were established by means of spectroscopic data analysis, computational calculation methods, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-18 were investigated for their immunosuppressive effects in vitro, and 1, 2, 6, and 7 displayed moderate inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 11.8, 10.2, 18.2, and 19.1 μM, respectively. The stimulation index (SI) of 1 was 64.2 and was compared to that of cyclosporine A (SI = 149.57). Further study demonstrated that 1 exhibited an immunosuppressive effect through inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Anh Pham
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCM Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy , 72 A Nguyen Binh Khiem , Haiphong City , Vietnam
| | - Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCM Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCM Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCM Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Qin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCM Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCM Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Van-Hung Nguyen
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy , 72 A Nguyen Binh Khiem , Haiphong City , Vietnam
| | - Manh-Tuyen Nguyen
- Department of Traditional Medicine , Hanoi University of Pharmacy , 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCM Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
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