1
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Chandole PK, Pawar TJ, Olivares-Romero JL, Tivari SR, Garcia Lara B, Patel H, Ahmad I, Delgado-Alvarado E, Kokate SV, Jadeja Y. Exploration of novel cationic amino acid-enriched short peptides: design, SPPS, biological evaluation and in silico study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17710-17723. [PMID: 38832247 PMCID: PMC11145139 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical challenge worldwide, necessitating the pursuit of novel approaches to counteract bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this context, we explored the potential of cationic amino acid-enriched short peptides, synthesized via solid-phase methods, as innovative antimicrobial candidates. Our comprehensive evaluation assessed the antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of these peptides against a panel of significant pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Utilizing molecular docking techniques, we delved into the molecular interactions underpinning the peptides' action against these microorganisms. The results revealed a spectrum of inhibitory activities, with certain peptide sequences displaying pronounced effectiveness across various pathogens. These findings underscore the peptides' potential as promising antimicrobial agents, with molecular docking offering valuable insights into their mechanisms of action. This study enriches antimicrobial peptide (AMP) research by identifying promising candidates for further refinement and development toward therapeutic application, highlighting their significance in addressing the urgent issue of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tushar Janardan Pawar
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351 Xalapa 91073 Veracruz Mexico
| | - José Luis Olivares-Romero
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351 Xalapa 91073 Veracruz Mexico
| | - Sunil R Tivari
- Department of Chemistry, Marwadi University Rajkot-360003 Gujarat India
| | - Bianney Garcia Lara
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N Guanajuato-36050 Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Harun Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur District Dhule-425405 Maharashtra India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur District Dhule-425405 Maharashtra India
| | - Enrique Delgado-Alvarado
- Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana Blvd. Av. Ruiz Cortines No. 455 Fracc. Costa Verde Boca del Río 94294 Mexico
| | - Siddhant V Kokate
- Department of Chemistry, S. S. C. College Junnar Pune-410502 Maharashtra India
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2
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Tivari S, Kokate SV, Belmonte-Vázquez JL, Pawar TJ, Patel H, Ahmad I, Gayke MS, Bhosale RS, Jain VD, Muteeb G, Delgado-Alvarado E, Jadeja Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activities for a Novel 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Conjugate with Dipeptide Derivatives: Insights from Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48843-48854. [PMID: 38162790 PMCID: PMC10753551 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Peptide synthesis has opened new frontiers in the quest for bioactive molecules with limitless biological applications. This study presents the synthesis of a series of novel isoquinoline dipeptides using advanced spectroscopic techniques for characterization. These compounds were designed with the goal of discovering unexplored biological activities that could contribute to the development of novel pharmaceuticals. We evaluated the biological activities of novel compounds including their antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. The results show promising activity against Escherichia coli and potent antibacterial activity against MTCC 443 and MTCC 1688. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrate strong antifungal activity, outperforming existing standard drugs. Computational binding affinity studies of tetrahydroisoquinoline-conjugated dipeptides against E. coli DNA gyrase displayed significant binding interactions and binding affinity, which are reflected in antimicrobial activities of compounds. Our integrative significant molecular findings from both wet and dry laboratories would help pave a path for the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. The findings suggest that these isoquinoline-conjugated dipeptides could be excellent candidates for drug development, with potential applications in the fight against bacterial and fungal infections. This research represents an exciting step forward in the field of peptide synthesis and its potential to discover novel bioactive molecules with significant implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil
R. Tivari
- Department
of Chemistry, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat 360003, India
| | - Siddhant V. Kokate
- Department
of Chemistry, S.S.C. College, Junnar, Pune, Maharashtra 410502, India
| | - José L. Belmonte-Vázquez
- Facultad
de Química, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Tushar Janardan Pawar
- Red
de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster
Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic del Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec
351, Xalapa, Veracruz91073, Mexico
| | - Harun Patel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Manoj S. Gayke
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil
University, Mehsana, Gujarat 382715, India
| | - Rajesh S. Bhosale
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil
University, Mehsana, Gujarat 382715, India
| | - Vicky D. Jain
- Department
of Chemistry, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat 360003, India
| | - Ghazala Muteeb
- Department
of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enrique Delgado-Alvarado
- Micro
and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad
Veracruzana, Blvd. Av. Ruiz Cortines No. 455 Fracc, Costa Verde, Boca del Río 94294, Mexico
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
Veracruzana, Blvd. Av. Ruiz Cortines No. 455 Fracc, Costa Verde, Boca del Río 94294, Mexico
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3
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Jagatap V, Ahmad I, Sriram D, Kumari J, Adu DK, Ike BW, Ghai M, Ansari SA, Ansari IA, Wetchoua PO, Karpoormath R, Patel H. Isoflavonoid and Furanochromone Natural Products as Potential DNA Gyrase Inhibitors: Computational, Spectral, and Antimycobacterial Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16228-16240. [PMID: 37179626 PMCID: PMC10173323 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of new antitubercular agents, we here report the antimycobacterial (H37Rv) and DNA gyrase inhibitory potential of daidzein and khellin natural products (NPs). We procured a total of 16 NPs based on their pharmacophoric similarities with known antimycobacterial compounds. The H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis was found to be susceptible to only two out of the 16 NPs procured; specifically, daidzein and khellin each exhibited an MIC of 25 μg/mL. Moreover, daidzein and khellin inhibited the DNA gyrase enzyme with IC50 values of 0.042 and 0.822 μg/mL, respectively, compared to ciprofloxacin with an IC50 value of 0.018 μg/mL. Daidzein and khellin were found to have lower toxicity toward the vero cell line, with IC50 values of 160.81 and 300.23 μg/mL, respectively. Further, molecular docking study and MD simulation of daidzein indicated that it remained stable inside the cavity of DNA GyrB domain for 100 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilas
R. Jagatap
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur District, Dhule 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur District, Dhule 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department
of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology
and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R. R. District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Jyothi Kumari
- Department
of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology
and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R. R. District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Darko Kwabena Adu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of
KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Blessing Wisdom Ike
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of
KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Meenu Ghai
- Discipline
of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University
of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Aamer Ansari
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Priscille Ornella
Mefotso Wetchoua
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of
KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of
KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Harun Patel
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur District, Dhule 425405, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Wyllie JA, McKay MV, Barrow AS, Soares da Costa TP. Biosynthesis of uridine diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: An underexploited pathway in the search for novel antibiotics? IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1232-1252. [PMID: 35880704 PMCID: PMC10087520 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although the prevalence of antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate, there are a dwindling number of effective antibiotics available. Thus, the development of novel antibacterial agents should be of utmost importance. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis has been and is still an attractive source for antibiotic targets; however, there are several components that remain underexploited. In this review, we examine the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of one such component, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, an essential building block and precursor of bacterial peptidoglycan. Furthermore, given the presence of a similar biosynthesis pathway in eukaryotes, we discuss the current knowledge on the differences and similarities between the bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. Finally, this review also summarises the recent advances made in the development of inhibitors targeting the bacterial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Wyllie
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mirrin V McKay
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew S Barrow
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Ahmad I, Pawara RH, Girase RT, Pathan AY, Jagatap VR, Desai N, Ayipo YO, Surana SJ, Patel H. Synthesis, Molecular Modeling Study, and Quantum-Chemical-Based Investigations of Isoindoline-1,3-diones as Antimycobacterial Agents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21820-21844. [PMID: 35785272 PMCID: PMC9244950 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The condensation of phthalic anhydride afforded structurally modified isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives with selected amino-containing compounds. The title compounds (2-30) have been characterized by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. All of the compounds were assessed for their antimycobacterial activity toward the H37Rv strain by a dual read-out assay method. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 27 possessed a significant IC50 of 18 μM, making it the most potent compound of the series. The InhA inhibitory (IC50) activity of compound 27 was 8.65 μM in comparison to Triclosan (1.32 μM). Computational studies like density functional theory (DFT) study, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation studies illustrated the reactivity and stability of the synthesized compounds as InhA inhibitors. A quantum-mechanics-based DFT study was carried out to investigate the molecular and electronic properties, reactivities, and nature of bonding present in the synthesized compounds and theoretical vibrational (IR) and isotropic value (1H and 13C NMR) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqrar Ahmad
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur 425405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul H. Pawara
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur 425405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rukaiyya T. Girase
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur 425405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asama Y. Pathan
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur 425405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vilas R. Jagatap
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur 425405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nisheeth Desai
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored), Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo
- Centre
for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
USM, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay J. Surana
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur 425405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur 425405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Belete TM. Recent Progress in the Development of Novel Mycobacterium Cell Wall Inhibitor to Combat Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221099878. [PMID: 35645569 PMCID: PMC9131376 DOI: 10.1177/11786361221099878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research in drug development against TB, it is still the leading cause of death due to infectious diseases. The long treatment duration, patient noncompliance coupled with the ability of the tuberculosis bacilli to resist the current drugs increases multidrug-resistant tuberculosis that exacerbates the situation. Identification of novel drug targets is important for the advancement of drug development against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of an effective treatment course that could help us eradicates TB. Hence, we require drugs that could eliminate the bacteria and shorten the treatment duration. This review briefly describes the available data on the peptidoglycan component structural characterization, identification of the metabolic pathway, and the key enzymes involved in the peptidoglycan synthesis, like N-Acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, mur enzyme, alanine racemase as well as their inhibition. Besides, this paper also provides studies on mycolic acid and arabinogalactan synthesis and the transport mechanisms that show considerable promise as new targets to develop a new product with their inhibiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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7
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Mi J, Gong W, Wu X. Advances in Key Drug Target Identification and New Drug Development for Tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5099312. [PMID: 35252448 PMCID: PMC8896939 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5099312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infectious disease worldwide. The increasing emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has markedly hampered TB control. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-TB drugs to treat drug-resistant TB and shorten the standard therapy. The discovery of targets of drug action will lay a theoretical foundation for new drug development. With the development of molecular biology and the success of Mtb genome sequencing, great progress has been made in the discovery of new targets and their relevant inhibitors. In this review, we summarized 45 important drug targets and 15 new drugs that are currently being tested in clinical stages and several prospective molecules that are still at the level of preclinical studies. A comprehensive understanding of the drug targets of Mtb can provide extensive insights into the development of safer and more efficient drugs and may contribute new ideas for TB control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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8
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Zheng M, Zheng M, Epstein S, Harnagel AP, Kim H, Lupoli TJ. Chemical Biology Tools for Modulating and Visualizing Gram-Negative Bacterial Surface Polysaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1841-1865. [PMID: 34569792 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cells present a wide diversity of saccharides that decorate the cell surface and help mediate interactions with the environment. Many Gram-negative cells express O-antigens, which are long sugar polymers that makeup the distal portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that constitutes the surface of the outer membrane. This review highlights chemical biology tools that have been developed in recent years to facilitate the modulation of O-antigen synthesis and composition, as well as related bacterial polysaccharide pathways, and the detection of unique glycan sequences. Advances in the biochemistry and structural biology of O-antigen biosynthetic machinery are also described, which provide guidance for the design of novel chemical and biomolecular probes. Many of the tools noted here have not yet been utilized in biological systems and offer researchers the opportunity to investigate the complex sugar architecture of Gram-negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Maggie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Samuel Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Alexa P. Harnagel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Hanee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Tania J. Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
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9
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Karunanidhi S, Chandrasekaran B, Karpoormath R, Patel HM, Kayamba F, Merugu SR, Kumar V, Dhawan S, Kushwaha B, Mahlalela MC. Novel thiomorpholine tethered isatin hydrazones as potential inhibitors of resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105133. [PMID: 34329993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel chemotherapeutic agents against multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are urgently needed at this juncture to save the life of TB-infected patients. In this work, we have synthesized and characterized novel isatin hydrazones 4(a-o) and their thiomorpholine tethered analogues 5(a-o). All the synthesized compounds were initially screened for their anti-mycobacterial activity against the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) under level-I testing. Remarkably, five compounds 4f, 4h, 4n, 5f and 5m (IC50 = 1.9 µM to 9.8 µM) were found to be most active, with 4f (IC50 = 1.9 µM) indicating highest inhibition of H37Rv. These compounds were further evaluated at level-II testing against the five drug-resistant strains such as isoniazid-resistant strains (INH-R1 and INH-R2), rifampicin-resistant strains (RIF-R1 and RIF-R2) and fluoroquinolone-resistant strain (FQ-R1) of MTB. Interestingly, 4f and 5f emerged as the most potent compounds with IC50 of 3.6 µM and 1.9 µM against RIF-R1 MTB strain, followed by INH-R1 MTB strain with IC50 of 3.5 µM and 3.4 µM, respectively. Against FQ-R1 MTB strain, the lead compounds 4f and 5f displayed excellent inhibition at IC50 5.9 µM and 4.9 µM, respectively indicating broad-spectrum of activity. Further, molecular docking, ADME pharmacokinetic and molecular dynamics simulations of the compounds were performed against the DNA gyrase B and obtained encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanandhan Karunanidhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Harun M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa; R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur (Dhule) 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Francis Kayamba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Srinivas Reddy Merugu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Dhawan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Babita Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mavela Cleopus Mahlalela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
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10
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Shaku M, Ealand C, Kana BD. Cell Surface Biosynthesis and Remodeling Pathways in Mycobacteria Reveal New Drug Targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:603382. [PMID: 33282752 PMCID: PMC7688586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.603382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains the leading cause of death from an infectious bacterium and is responsible for 1.8 million deaths annually. The emergence of drug resistance, together with the need for a shorter more effective regimen, has prompted the drive to identify novel therapeutics with the bacterial cell surface emerging as a tractable area for drug development. Mtb assembles a unique, waxy, and complex cell envelope comprised of the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex and an outer capsule like layer, which are collectively essential for growth and pathogenicity while serving as an inherent barrier against antibiotics. A detailed understanding of the biosynthetic pathways required to assemble the polymers that comprise the cell surface will enable the identification of novel drug targets as these structures provide a diversity of biochemical reactions that can be targeted. Herein, we provide an overview of recently described mycobacterial cell wall targeting compounds, novel drug combinations and their modes of action. We anticipate that this summary will enable prioritization of the best pathways to target and triage of the most promising molecules to progress for clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moagi Shaku
- National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christopher Ealand
- National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bavesh D Kana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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